Chinese expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of Meige syndrome (2025)_Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

Authors：

 Neuro-ophthalmology Group of Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association ,  Neuro-ophthalmology Society, Chinese Research Hospital Association

Corresponding?author：

Neuro-ophthalmology Group of Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Email: weishihui706@hotmail.com; Neuro-ophthalmology Society, Chinese Research Hospital Association, Email: 1776839026@qq.com

Keywords：

Meige syndrome; Sensory trick; Neural Circuit Blockade; Deep Brain Stimulation; Expert consensus

DOI：

10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20250414-00169

Video：

Export PDF Favorites Scan Get Citation

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Meige Syndrome (MS) is a neurological disorder characterized by blepharospasm, oromandibular dystonia, and spasmodic torticollis as its primary clinical manifestations. With advancements in neuroscience research and the accumulation of clinical experience, significant progress has been made in understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnostic criteria, and therapeutic strategies for MS both domestically and internationally. To standardize clinical practice and promote academic development, Neuro-ophthalmology Group of Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association, in collaboration with Neuro-ophthalmology Society, Chinese Research Hospital Association, organized a panel of authoritative experts. This expert panel conducted a comprehensive review of the latest research evidence and clinical experiences. Through multiple rounds of expert consultations and in-depth discussions, the original consensus was thoroughly revised and updated. The new consensus aims to provide standardized diagnostic and treatment guidelines for clinicians, foster research innovation and the development of therapeutic techniques in the field of neuro-ophthalmology, address new challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of MS, and ultimately improve patients' quality of life.

Citation： Neuro-ophthalmology Group of Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Neuro-ophthalmology Society, Chinese Research Hospital Association. Chinese expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of Meige syndrome (2025). Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases, 2025, 41(6): 418-427. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20250414-00169 Copy

1.	Zeppieri M, Ameer MA, Jahngir MU, et al. Meige syndrome. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing LLC, 2024.
2.	Pandey S, Sharma S. Meige's syndrome: history, epidemiology, clinical features, pathogenesis and treatment[J]. J Neurol Sci, 2017, 372: 162-170. DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.11.053.
3.	中華醫學會眼科學分會神經眼科學組. 我國Meige綜合征診斷和治療專家共識(2018年)[J]. 中華眼科雜志, 2018, 54(2): 93-96. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2018.02.005.Neuro-ophthalmology Group, Ophthalmology Branch, Chinese Medical Association. Expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of Meige syndrome in China (2018)[J]. Chin J Ophthalmol, 2018, 54(2): 93-96. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2018.02.005.
4.	中國醫師協會神經外科醫師分會功能神經外科專家委員會, 中國醫師協會神經調控專業委員會, 中國醫師協會神經外科醫師分會神經電生理學組, 等. Meige綜合征的神經調控外科治療中國專家共識(2021年版)[J]. 中華神經醫學雜志, 2021, 20(12): 1189-1193. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115354-20210531-00348.Functional Neurosurgery Expert Committee of Neurosurgeon Branch of Chinese Medical Doctors Association, Neuromodulation Committee of Chinese Medical Doctor Association, Neuroelectrophysiology Group of Neurosurgeon Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association. Chinese expert consensus on neuroregulatory surgical treatment of Meige syndrome (2021 edition)[J]. Chin J Neuromed, 2021, 20(12): 1189-1193. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115354-20210531-00348.
5.	Liu J, Li L, Li Y, et al. Regional metabolic and network changes in Meige syndrome[J/OL]. Sci Rep, 2021, 11(1): 15753[2021-08-03]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34344985/. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95333-8.
6.	Liu J, Li L, Chen L, et al. Grey matter changes in Meige syndrome: a voxel-based morphology analysis[J/OL]. Sci Rep, 2020, 10(1): 14533[2020-09-03]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32884000/. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71479-9.
7.	Liu B, Mao Z, Cui Z, et al. Cerebellar gray matter alterations predict deep brain stimulation outcomes in Meige syndrome[J/OL]. Neuroimage Clin, 2023, 37: 103316[2023-01-04]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36610311/. DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103316.
8.	Yang J, Luo C, Song W, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging in blepharospasm and blepharospasm-oromandibular dystonia[J]. J Neurol, 2014, 261(7): 1413-1424. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-014-7359-y.
9.	Liu J, Li L, Li Y, et al. Metabolic imaging of deep brain stimulation in Meige syndrome[J/OL]. Front Aging Neurosci, 2022, 14: 848100[2022-03-17]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35370610/. DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.848100.
10.	Liu B, Mao Z, Yan X, et al. Structural network topologies are associated with deep brain stimulation outcomes in Meige syndrome[J/OL]. Neurotherapeutics, 2024, 21(4): e00367[2024-04-27]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38679556/. DOI: 10.1016/j.neurot.2024.e00367.
11.	Odorfer TM, Volkmann J. Deep brain stimulation for focal or segmental craniocervical dystonia in patients who have failed botulinum neurotoxin therapy-a narrative review of the literature[J]. Toxins (Basel), 2023, 15(10): 606. DOI: 10.3390/toxins15100606.
12.	Zheng W, Hao Q, Chen X, et al. Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation for meige syndrome: long-term outcomes and analysis of prognostic factors[J/OL]. Neurosurgery, 2024, 2024: E1(2024-10-21)[2024-04-14]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39431779/. DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000003228. [published online ahead of print].
13.	Hao QP, Zheng WT, Zhang ZH, et al. Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in primary Meige syndrome: motor and non-motor outcomes[J/OL]. Eur J Neurol, 2024, 31(2): e16121[2024-10-21]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39431779/. DOI: 10.1111/ene.16121.
14.	Xie H, Shan M, Wang S, et al. Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus for primary Meige syndrome: clinical outcomes and predictive factors[J]. J Neurosurg, 2024, 140(6): 1650-1663. DOI: 10.3171/2023.11.JNS232075.
15.	劉剛, 徐瑱, 郭強英, 等. 神經環路阻斷術治療Meige綜合征眼瞼痙攣的效果及安全性[J]. 中華眼科雜志, 2023, 59(1): 31-36. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112142-20220726-00361.Liu G, Xu Z, Guo QY. The efficacy and safety of nerve loop blocking in the treatment of blepharospasm in Meige syndrome[J]. Chin J Ophthalmol, 2023, 59(1): 31-36. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112142-20220726-00361.
16.	Jinnah HA. Medical and surgical treatments for dystonia[J]. Neurol Clin, 2020, 38(2): 325-348. DOI: 10.1016/j.ncl.2020.01.003.
17.	Ravindran K, Ganesh Kumar N, Englot DJ, et al. Deep brain stimulation versus peripheral denervation for cervical dystonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J/OL]. World Neurosurg, 2019, 122: e940-e946[2018-11-10]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30419402/. DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.10.178.
18.	Contarino MF, Van Den Munckhof P, Tijssen MA, et al. Selective peripheral denervation: comparison with pallidal stimulation and literature review[J]. J Neurol, 2014, 261(2): 300-308. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-013-7188-4.
19.	Wu J, Xu H, Wang L, et al. The application of electrophysiology in the correction of spastic torticollis by triple surgery-report of 96 cases[J]. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 2023, 24(1): 462. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-023-06518-3.
20.	Sui Y, Tian Y, Ko WKD, et al. Deep brain stimulation initiative: toward innovative technology, new disease indications, and approaches to current and future clinical challenges in neuromodulation therapy[J/OL]. Front Neurol, 2021, 11: 597451[2021-01-28]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33584498/. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.597451.
21.	Albanese A, Bhatia K, Bressman SB, et al. Phenomenology and classification of dystonia: a consensus update[J]. Mov Disord, 2013, 28(7): 863-873. DOI: 10.1002/mds.25475.
22.	Wood HC. Nervous diseases and their diagnosis: a treatise upon the phenomena produced by diseases of the nervous system, with special reference to their causes[J]. Journal of Mental Science, 1887, 33(143): 431. DOI: 10.1192/bjp.33.143.431.
23.	Meige H. Les convulsions de la face, une forme clinique deconvulsion faciale, bilatérale et médiane[J]. Rev Neurol (Paris), 1910, 20: 437-443.
24.	Henderson JW. Essential blepharospasm[J]. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc, 1956, 54: 453-520.
25.	Paulson GW. Meige's syndrome. Dyskinesia of the eyelids and facial muscles[J]. Geriatrics, 1972, 27(8): 69-73.
26.	Csala B, Deuschl G. Craniocervical dystonia. Pragmatic general concept or nosologic entity?[J]. Nervenarzt, 1994, 65(2): 75-94.
27.	Jankovic J, Orman J. Blepharospasm: demographic and clinical survey of 250 patients[J]. Ann Ophthalmol, 1984, 16(4): 371-376.
28.	Albanese A, Asmus F, Bhatia KP, et al. EFNS guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of primary dystonias[J]. Eur J Neurol, 2011, 18(1): 5-18. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03042.x.
29.	Merikangas JR, Reynolds CF 3rd. Blepharospasm: successful treatment with clonazepam[J]. Ann Neurol, 1979, 5(4): 401-402. DOI: 10.1002/ana.410050418.
30.	Tanner CM, Glantz RH, Klawans HL. Meige disease: acute and chronic cholinergic effects[J]. Neurology, 1982, 32(7): 783-785. DOI: 10.1212/wnl.32.7.783.
31.	Rossi B, Vignocchi G, Siciliano G, et al. Effects of anticholinergic agents on the excitability of the blink reflex in Meige syndrome[J]. Eur Neurol, 1989, 29(5): 281-283. DOI: 10.1159/000116428.
32.	Cramer H, Otto K. Meige's syndrome: clinical findings and therapeutic results in 50 patients[J]. Neuro-Ophthalmology, 1986, 6(1): 3-15. DOI: 10.3109/01658108608997319.
33.	Gillum WN, Anderson RL. Blepharospasm surgery. An anatomical approach[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 1981, 99(6): 1056-1062. DOI: 10.1001/archopht.1981.03930011056015.
34.	McCord CD Jr, Coles WH, Shore JW, et al. Treatment of essential blepharospasm. I. comparison of facial nerve avulsion and eyebrow-eyelid muscle stripping procedure[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 1984, 102(2): 266-268. DOI: 10.1001/archopht.1984.01040030216030.
35.	Patel BC. Surgical management of essential blepharospasm[J]. Otolaryngol Clin North Am, 2005, 38(5): 1075-1098. DOI: 10.1016/j.otc.2005.03.016.
36.	Mauriello JA Jr. Blepharospasm, Meige syndrome, and hemifacial spasm: treatment with botulinum toxin[J]. Neurology, 1985, 35(10): 1499-1500. DOI: 10.1212/wnl.35.10.1499.
37.	Rayess YA, Awaida CJ, Jabbour SF, et al. Botulinum toxin for benign essential blepharospasm: a systematic review and an algorithmic approach[J]. Rev Neurol (Paris), 2021, 177(1-2): 107-114. DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2020.03.022.
38.	Teekaput C, Teekaput K, Thiankhaw K. Preseptal and pretarsal botulinum toxin injection in hemifacial spasm and blepharospasm: a 10-year comparative study[J]. Ther Clin Risk Manag, 2023, 19: 35-42. DOI: 10.2147/TCRM.S396275.
39.	Hao Q, Lv G, Zheng W, et al. Comparison of GPi-DBS, STN-DBS, and pallidotomy in primary Meige syndrome[J]. Brain Stimul, 2023, 16(5): 1450-1451. DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2023.09.023.
40.	Liu J, Ding H, Xu K, et al. Pallidal versus subthalamic deep-brain stimulation for meige syndrome: a retrospective study[J/OL]. Sci Rep, 2021, 11(1): 8742[2021-04-22]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33888857/. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88384-4.
41.	Medina A, Nilles C, Martino D, et al. The prevalence of idiopathic or inherited isolated dystonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Mov Disord Clin Pract, 2022, 9(7): 860-868. DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13524.
42.	Wang L, Chen Y, Hu B, et al. Late-onset primary dystonia in Zhejiang province of China: a service-based epidemiological study[J]. Neurol Sci, 2016, 37(1): 111-116. DOI: 10.1007/s10072-015-2366-z.
43.	Fang XB, Xie MS, Song ZB, et al. Long-term treatment of blepharospasm with botulinum toxin A: a service-based study over a 16-year follow-up in southern China[J]. Neurol Sci, 2020, 41(3): 645-652. DOI: 10.1007/s10072-019-04123-8.
44.	Sun Y, Tsai PJ, Chu CL, et al. Epidemiology of benign essential blepharospasm: a nationwide population-based retrospective study in Taiwan[J/OL]. PLoS One, 2018, 13(12): e0209558[2018-12-26]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30586395/. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209558.
45.	Steeves TD, Day L, Dykeman J, et al. The prevalence of primary dystonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Mov Disord, 2012, 27(14): 1789-1796. DOI: 10.1002/mds.25244.
46.	Nú?ez Medrano JA, Fernández E, Georgescu D, et al. Consensus of the Iberoamerican Oculoplastic Society for diagnosis and management of facial dystonia[J]. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol (Engl Ed), 2019, 94(9): 436-440. DOI: 10.1016/j.oftal.2019.03.018.
47.	Scorr LM, Cho HJ, Kilic-Berkmen G, et al. Clinical features and evolution of blepharospasm: a multicenter international cohort and systematic literature review[J/OL]. Dystonia, 2022, 1: 10359[2022-05-16]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36248010/. DOI: 10.3389/dyst.2022.10359.
48.	Caverzasio S, Amato N, Manconi M, et al. Brain plasticity and sleep: implication for movement disorders[J]. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 2018, 86: 21-35. DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.12.009.
49.	Valencia Uribe J, Hossain N, Rizvi H, et al. A presentation of meige syndrome with associated upper motor neuron symptoms[J/OL]. Cureus, 2024, 16(5): e60101[2024-05-11]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38860087/. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.60101.
50.	Ma H, Qu J, Ye L, et al. Blepharospasm, oromandibular dystonia, and Meige syndrome: clinical and genetic update[J/OL]. Front Neurol, 2021, 12: 630221[2021-03-29]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33854473/. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.630221.
51.	徐瑱, 郭強英, 余尚益, 等. Meige綜合征患者的早期臨床特征分析[J]. 中華眼外傷職業眼病雜志, 2023, 45(4): 280-284. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn116022-20230119-00025.Xu Z, Guo QY, Yu SY. Analysis on the early clinical features of Meige syndrome[J]. Chin J Ocul Traum Occupat Eye Dis, 2023, 45(4): 280-284. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn116022-20230119-00025.
52.	Ganguly J, Kulshreshtha D, Almotiri M, et al. Muscle tone physiology and abnormalities[J]. Toxins (Basel), 2021, 13(4): 282. DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040282.
53.	樊如夢, 胡興越. 原發性肌張力障礙發病機制的研究進展[J]. 世界最新醫學信息文摘(連續型電子期刊), 2019, 19(35): 67-68, 70. DOI: 10.19613/j.cnki.1671-3141.2019.35.029.Fan RM, Hu XY. The progress in the study of the pathogenesis of primary dystonia[J]. World Latest Medicine Information (Electronic Version), 2019, 19(35): 67-68, 70. DOI: 10.19613/j.cnki.1671-3141.2019.35.029.
54.	Hallett M, Evinger C, Jankovic J, et al. Update on blepharospasm: report from the BEBRF International Workshop[J]. Neurology, 2008, 71(16): 1275-1282. DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000327601.46315.85.
55.	Kuyper DJ, Parra V, Aerts S, et al. Nonmotor manifestations of dystonia: a systematic review[J]. Mov Disord, 2011, 26(7): 1206-1217. DOI: 10.1002/mds.23709.
56.	Valls-Sole J, Defazio G. Blepharospasm: update on epidemiology, clinical aspects, and pathophysiology[J/OL]. Front Neurol, 2016, 7: 45[2016-03-31]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27064462/. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00045.
57.	Defazio G, Jinnah HA, Berardelli A, et al. Diagnostic criteria for blepharospasm: a multicenter international study[J]. Parkinsonism Relat Disord, 2021, 91: 109-114. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.09.004.
58.	劉紅舉, 于炎冰, 任鴻翔, 等. 改良Foerster-Dandy手術治療痙攣性斜頸的長期隨訪結果(附550例報告)[J]. 中華神經外科雜志, 2019, 35(1): 6-9. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-2346.2019.01.003.Liu HJ, Yu YB, Ren HX, et al. Long-term follow-up results of 550 cases of spastic torticollis treated with modified Foerster-Dandy operation[J]. Chin J Neurosurg, 2019, 35(1): 6-9. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-2346.2019.01.003.
59.	徐浩, 李俊, 吳俊, 等. 標準三聯術加斜角肌離斷治療側彎型痙攣性斜頸(附25例報道)[J]. 中華腦科疾病與康復雜志(電子版), 2021, 11(1): 23-26. DOI: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-123X.2021.01.006.Xu H, Li J, Wu J, et al. Standard triple operation combined with scalenus ablation for the treatment of lateral flexure spasmodic torticollis with 25 cases report[J]. Chin J Brain Dis Rehabil (Electronic Edition), 2021, 11(1): 23-26. DOI: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-123X.2021.01.006.
60.	朱正凱, 林少華, 李亮明. 旋轉型痙攣性斜頸的個體化手術治療[J]. 海南醫學, 2017, 28(10): 1693-1694. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-6350.2017.10.049.Zhu ZK, Lin SH, Li LM. Individualized surgical treatment for rotatory spasmodic torticollis[J]. Hainan Med J, 2017, 28(10): 1693-1694. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-6350.2017.10.049.
61.	Cohen-Gadol AA, Ahlskog JE, Matsumoto JY, et al. Selective peripheral denervation for the treatment of intractable spasmodic torticollis: experience with 168 patients at the Mayo Clinic[J]. J Neurosurg, 2003, 98(6): 1247-1254. DOI: 10.3171/jns.2003.98.6.1247.
62.	上海交通大學顱神經疾病診治中心. 面肌痙攣診療中國專家共識[J]. 中國微侵襲神經外科雜志, 2014, 19(11): 528-532.Shanghai Jiao Tong University Cranial Nerve Disease Treatment Center. Chinese expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of hemifacial spasm.[J]. Chin J Minim Invasive Neurosurg, 2014, 19(11): 528-532.
63.	中華醫學會神經外科學分會功能神經外科學組, 中國醫師協會神經外科醫師分會功能神經外科專家委員會, 等. 三叉神經痛診療中國專家共識[J]. 中華外科雜志, 2015, 53(9): 657-664. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0529-5815.2015.09.005.Functional Neurosurgery Group, Neurosurgery Branch, Chinese Medical Association; Functional Neurosurgery Expert Committee, Neurosurgery Physicians Branch, Chinese Medical Doctor Association, et al. Chinese expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of trigeminal neuralgia[J]. Chin J Surg, 2015, 53(9): 657-664. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0529-5815.2015.09.005.
64.	中華醫學會兒科學分會神經學組. 兒童抽動障礙診斷與治療專家共識(2017實用版)[J]. 中華實用兒科臨床雜志, 2017, 32(15): 1137-1140. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-428X.2017.15.005.The Subspecialty Group of Neurology, The Society of Pediatrics, Chinese Medical Association. Experts consensus of treatment and diagnosis of tic disorders in children (2017 practical version)[J]. Chin J Appl Clin Pediatr, 2017, 32(15): 1137-1140. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-428X.2017.15.005.
65.	Simonyan K, Barkmeier-Kraemer J, Blitzer A, et al. Laryngeal dystonia: multidisciplinary update on terminology, pathophysiology, and research priorities[J]. Neurology, 2021, 96(21): 989-1001. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000011922.
66.	Bhidayasiri R, Maytharakcheep S, Truong DD. Patient selection and injection techniques for botulinum neurotoxin in oromandibular dystonia[J/OL]. Clin Park Relat Disord, 2022, 7: 100160[2022-08-05]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36033904/. DOI: 10.1016/j.prdoa.2022.100160.
67.	Jochim A, Meindl T, Huber C, et al. Treatment of blepharospasm and Meige's syndrome with abo- and onabotulinumtoxinA: long-term safety and efficacy in daily clinical practice[J]. J Neurol, 2020, 267(1): 267-275. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-019-09581-w.
68.	徐文, 韓德民, 侯麗珍, 等. 痙攣性發音障礙診斷及治療的研究[J]. 中華耳鼻咽喉頭頸外科雜志, 2005, 40(4): 253-257. DOI: 10.3760/j.issn:1673-0860.2005.04.004.Xu W, Han DM, Hou LZ, et al. Patterns of spasmodic dysphonia and botulinum toxin injections[J]. Chin J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2005, 40(4): 253-257. DOI: 10.3760/j.issn:1673-0860.2005.04.004.
69.	Bledsoe IO, Viser AC, San Luciano M. Treatment of dystonia: medications, neurotoxins, neuromodulation, and rehabilitation[J]. Neurotherapeutics, 2020, 17(4): 1622-1644. DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00944-0.
70.	Chiken S, Nambu A. Mechanism of deep brain stimulation: inhibition, excitation, or disruption?[J]. Neuroscientist, 2016, 22(3): 313-322. DOI: 10.1177/1073858415581986.
71.	中華醫學會神經病學分會帕金森病及運動障礙學組, 中華醫學會神經外科學分會功能神經外科學組, 中國神經科學學會神經毒素分會, 等. 肌張力障礙治療中國專家共識[J]. 中華神經科雜志, 2020, 53(11): 868-874. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn113694-20200531-00404.Chinese Society of Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Chinese Society of Functional Neurosurgery, The Neurotoxin Branch of Chinese Neuroscience Society. Chinese expert consensus on the treatment of dystonia[J]. Chin J Neruol, 2020, 53(11): 868-874. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn113694-20200531-00404.
72.	Woehrle JC, Blahak C, Kekelia K, et al. Chronic deep brain stimulation for segmental dystonia[J]. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg, 2009, 87(6): 379-384. DOI: 10.1159/000249819.
73.	Eisenstein SA, Koller JM, Black KD, et al. Functional anatomy of subthalamic nucleus stimulation in Parkinson disease[J]. Ann Neurol, 2014, 76(2): 279-295. DOI: 10.1002/ana.24204.
74.	Husch A, V Petersen M, Gemmar P, et al. PaCER-A fully automated method for electrode trajectory and contact reconstruction in deep brain stimulation[J]. Neuroimage Clin, 2018, 17: 80-89. DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.10.004.

1. Zeppieri M, Ameer MA, Jahngir MU, et al. Meige syndrome. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing LLC, 2024.
2. Pandey S, Sharma S. Meige's syndrome: history, epidemiology, clinical features, pathogenesis and treatment[J]. J Neurol Sci, 2017, 372: 162-170. DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.11.053.
3. 中華醫學會眼科學分會神經眼科學組. 我國Meige綜合征診斷和治療專家共識(2018年)[J]. 中華眼科雜志, 2018, 54(2): 93-96. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2018.02.005.Neuro-ophthalmology Group, Ophthalmology Branch, Chinese Medical Association. Expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of Meige syndrome in China (2018)[J]. Chin J Ophthalmol, 2018, 54(2): 93-96. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2018.02.005.
4. 中國醫師協會神經外科醫師分會功能神經外科專家委員會, 中國醫師協會神經調控專業委員會, 中國醫師協會神經外科醫師分會神經電生理學組, 等. Meige綜合征的神經調控外科治療中國專家共識(2021年版)[J]. 中華神經醫學雜志, 2021, 20(12): 1189-1193. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115354-20210531-00348.Functional Neurosurgery Expert Committee of Neurosurgeon Branch of Chinese Medical Doctors Association, Neuromodulation Committee of Chinese Medical Doctor Association, Neuroelectrophysiology Group of Neurosurgeon Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association. Chinese expert consensus on neuroregulatory surgical treatment of Meige syndrome (2021 edition)[J]. Chin J Neuromed, 2021, 20(12): 1189-1193. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115354-20210531-00348.
5. Liu J, Li L, Li Y, et al. Regional metabolic and network changes in Meige syndrome[J/OL]. Sci Rep, 2021, 11(1): 15753[2021-08-03]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34344985/. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95333-8.
6. Liu J, Li L, Chen L, et al. Grey matter changes in Meige syndrome: a voxel-based morphology analysis[J/OL]. Sci Rep, 2020, 10(1): 14533[2020-09-03]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32884000/. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71479-9.
7. Liu B, Mao Z, Cui Z, et al. Cerebellar gray matter alterations predict deep brain stimulation outcomes in Meige syndrome[J/OL]. Neuroimage Clin, 2023, 37: 103316[2023-01-04]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36610311/. DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103316.
8. Yang J, Luo C, Song W, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging in blepharospasm and blepharospasm-oromandibular dystonia[J]. J Neurol, 2014, 261(7): 1413-1424. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-014-7359-y.
9. Liu J, Li L, Li Y, et al. Metabolic imaging of deep brain stimulation in Meige syndrome[J/OL]. Front Aging Neurosci, 2022, 14: 848100[2022-03-17]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35370610/. DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.848100.
10. Liu B, Mao Z, Yan X, et al. Structural network topologies are associated with deep brain stimulation outcomes in Meige syndrome[J/OL]. Neurotherapeutics, 2024, 21(4): e00367[2024-04-27]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38679556/. DOI: 10.1016/j.neurot.2024.e00367.
11. Odorfer TM, Volkmann J. Deep brain stimulation for focal or segmental craniocervical dystonia in patients who have failed botulinum neurotoxin therapy-a narrative review of the literature[J]. Toxins (Basel), 2023, 15(10): 606. DOI: 10.3390/toxins15100606.
12. Zheng W, Hao Q, Chen X, et al. Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation for meige syndrome: long-term outcomes and analysis of prognostic factors[J/OL]. Neurosurgery, 2024, 2024: E1(2024-10-21)[2024-04-14]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39431779/. DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000003228. [published online ahead of print].
13. Hao QP, Zheng WT, Zhang ZH, et al. Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in primary Meige syndrome: motor and non-motor outcomes[J/OL]. Eur J Neurol, 2024, 31(2): e16121[2024-10-21]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39431779/. DOI: 10.1111/ene.16121.
14. Xie H, Shan M, Wang S, et al. Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus for primary Meige syndrome: clinical outcomes and predictive factors[J]. J Neurosurg, 2024, 140(6): 1650-1663. DOI: 10.3171/2023.11.JNS232075.
15. 劉剛, 徐瑱, 郭強英, 等. 神經環路阻斷術治療Meige綜合征眼瞼痙攣的效果及安全性[J]. 中華眼科雜志, 2023, 59(1): 31-36. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112142-20220726-00361.Liu G, Xu Z, Guo QY. The efficacy and safety of nerve loop blocking in the treatment of blepharospasm in Meige syndrome[J]. Chin J Ophthalmol, 2023, 59(1): 31-36. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112142-20220726-00361.
16. Jinnah HA. Medical and surgical treatments for dystonia[J]. Neurol Clin, 2020, 38(2): 325-348. DOI: 10.1016/j.ncl.2020.01.003.
17. Ravindran K, Ganesh Kumar N, Englot DJ, et al. Deep brain stimulation versus peripheral denervation for cervical dystonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J/OL]. World Neurosurg, 2019, 122: e940-e946[2018-11-10]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30419402/. DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.10.178.
18. Contarino MF, Van Den Munckhof P, Tijssen MA, et al. Selective peripheral denervation: comparison with pallidal stimulation and literature review[J]. J Neurol, 2014, 261(2): 300-308. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-013-7188-4.
19. Wu J, Xu H, Wang L, et al. The application of electrophysiology in the correction of spastic torticollis by triple surgery-report of 96 cases[J]. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 2023, 24(1): 462. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-023-06518-3.
20. Sui Y, Tian Y, Ko WKD, et al. Deep brain stimulation initiative: toward innovative technology, new disease indications, and approaches to current and future clinical challenges in neuromodulation therapy[J/OL]. Front Neurol, 2021, 11: 597451[2021-01-28]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33584498/. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.597451.
21. Albanese A, Bhatia K, Bressman SB, et al. Phenomenology and classification of dystonia: a consensus update[J]. Mov Disord, 2013, 28(7): 863-873. DOI: 10.1002/mds.25475.
22. Wood HC. Nervous diseases and their diagnosis: a treatise upon the phenomena produced by diseases of the nervous system, with special reference to their causes[J]. Journal of Mental Science, 1887, 33(143): 431. DOI: 10.1192/bjp.33.143.431.
23. Meige H. Les convulsions de la face, une forme clinique deconvulsion faciale, bilatérale et médiane[J]. Rev Neurol (Paris), 1910, 20: 437-443.
24. Henderson JW. Essential blepharospasm[J]. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc, 1956, 54: 453-520.
25. Paulson GW. Meige's syndrome. Dyskinesia of the eyelids and facial muscles[J]. Geriatrics, 1972, 27(8): 69-73.
26. Csala B, Deuschl G. Craniocervical dystonia. Pragmatic general concept or nosologic entity?[J]. Nervenarzt, 1994, 65(2): 75-94.
27. Jankovic J, Orman J. Blepharospasm: demographic and clinical survey of 250 patients[J]. Ann Ophthalmol, 1984, 16(4): 371-376.
28. Albanese A, Asmus F, Bhatia KP, et al. EFNS guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of primary dystonias[J]. Eur J Neurol, 2011, 18(1): 5-18. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03042.x.
29. Merikangas JR, Reynolds CF 3rd. Blepharospasm: successful treatment with clonazepam[J]. Ann Neurol, 1979, 5(4): 401-402. DOI: 10.1002/ana.410050418.
30. Tanner CM, Glantz RH, Klawans HL. Meige disease: acute and chronic cholinergic effects[J]. Neurology, 1982, 32(7): 783-785. DOI: 10.1212/wnl.32.7.783.
31. Rossi B, Vignocchi G, Siciliano G, et al. Effects of anticholinergic agents on the excitability of the blink reflex in Meige syndrome[J]. Eur Neurol, 1989, 29(5): 281-283. DOI: 10.1159/000116428.
32. Cramer H, Otto K. Meige's syndrome: clinical findings and therapeutic results in 50 patients[J]. Neuro-Ophthalmology, 1986, 6(1): 3-15. DOI: 10.3109/01658108608997319.
33. Gillum WN, Anderson RL. Blepharospasm surgery. An anatomical approach[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 1981, 99(6): 1056-1062. DOI: 10.1001/archopht.1981.03930011056015.
34. McCord CD Jr, Coles WH, Shore JW, et al. Treatment of essential blepharospasm. I. comparison of facial nerve avulsion and eyebrow-eyelid muscle stripping procedure[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 1984, 102(2): 266-268. DOI: 10.1001/archopht.1984.01040030216030.
35. Patel BC. Surgical management of essential blepharospasm[J]. Otolaryngol Clin North Am, 2005, 38(5): 1075-1098. DOI: 10.1016/j.otc.2005.03.016.
36. Mauriello JA Jr. Blepharospasm, Meige syndrome, and hemifacial spasm: treatment with botulinum toxin[J]. Neurology, 1985, 35(10): 1499-1500. DOI: 10.1212/wnl.35.10.1499.
37. Rayess YA, Awaida CJ, Jabbour SF, et al. Botulinum toxin for benign essential blepharospasm: a systematic review and an algorithmic approach[J]. Rev Neurol (Paris), 2021, 177(1-2): 107-114. DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2020.03.022.
38. Teekaput C, Teekaput K, Thiankhaw K. Preseptal and pretarsal botulinum toxin injection in hemifacial spasm and blepharospasm: a 10-year comparative study[J]. Ther Clin Risk Manag, 2023, 19: 35-42. DOI: 10.2147/TCRM.S396275.
39. Hao Q, Lv G, Zheng W, et al. Comparison of GPi-DBS, STN-DBS, and pallidotomy in primary Meige syndrome[J]. Brain Stimul, 2023, 16(5): 1450-1451. DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2023.09.023.
40. Liu J, Ding H, Xu K, et al. Pallidal versus subthalamic deep-brain stimulation for meige syndrome: a retrospective study[J/OL]. Sci Rep, 2021, 11(1): 8742[2021-04-22]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33888857/. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88384-4.
41. Medina A, Nilles C, Martino D, et al. The prevalence of idiopathic or inherited isolated dystonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Mov Disord Clin Pract, 2022, 9(7): 860-868. DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13524.
42. Wang L, Chen Y, Hu B, et al. Late-onset primary dystonia in Zhejiang province of China: a service-based epidemiological study[J]. Neurol Sci, 2016, 37(1): 111-116. DOI: 10.1007/s10072-015-2366-z.
43. Fang XB, Xie MS, Song ZB, et al. Long-term treatment of blepharospasm with botulinum toxin A: a service-based study over a 16-year follow-up in southern China[J]. Neurol Sci, 2020, 41(3): 645-652. DOI: 10.1007/s10072-019-04123-8.
44. Sun Y, Tsai PJ, Chu CL, et al. Epidemiology of benign essential blepharospasm: a nationwide population-based retrospective study in Taiwan[J/OL]. PLoS One, 2018, 13(12): e0209558[2018-12-26]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30586395/. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209558.
45. Steeves TD, Day L, Dykeman J, et al. The prevalence of primary dystonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Mov Disord, 2012, 27(14): 1789-1796. DOI: 10.1002/mds.25244.
46. Nú?ez Medrano JA, Fernández E, Georgescu D, et al. Consensus of the Iberoamerican Oculoplastic Society for diagnosis and management of facial dystonia[J]. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol (Engl Ed), 2019, 94(9): 436-440. DOI: 10.1016/j.oftal.2019.03.018.
47. Scorr LM, Cho HJ, Kilic-Berkmen G, et al. Clinical features and evolution of blepharospasm: a multicenter international cohort and systematic literature review[J/OL]. Dystonia, 2022, 1: 10359[2022-05-16]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36248010/. DOI: 10.3389/dyst.2022.10359.
48. Caverzasio S, Amato N, Manconi M, et al. Brain plasticity and sleep: implication for movement disorders[J]. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 2018, 86: 21-35. DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.12.009.
49. Valencia Uribe J, Hossain N, Rizvi H, et al. A presentation of meige syndrome with associated upper motor neuron symptoms[J/OL]. Cureus, 2024, 16(5): e60101[2024-05-11]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38860087/. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.60101.
50. Ma H, Qu J, Ye L, et al. Blepharospasm, oromandibular dystonia, and Meige syndrome: clinical and genetic update[J/OL]. Front Neurol, 2021, 12: 630221[2021-03-29]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33854473/. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.630221.
51. 徐瑱, 郭強英, 余尚益, 等. Meige綜合征患者的早期臨床特征分析[J]. 中華眼外傷職業眼病雜志, 2023, 45(4): 280-284. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn116022-20230119-00025.Xu Z, Guo QY, Yu SY. Analysis on the early clinical features of Meige syndrome[J]. Chin J Ocul Traum Occupat Eye Dis, 2023, 45(4): 280-284. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn116022-20230119-00025.
52. Ganguly J, Kulshreshtha D, Almotiri M, et al. Muscle tone physiology and abnormalities[J]. Toxins (Basel), 2021, 13(4): 282. DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040282.
53. 樊如夢, 胡興越. 原發性肌張力障礙發病機制的研究進展[J]. 世界最新醫學信息文摘(連續型電子期刊), 2019, 19(35): 67-68, 70. DOI: 10.19613/j.cnki.1671-3141.2019.35.029.Fan RM, Hu XY. The progress in the study of the pathogenesis of primary dystonia[J]. World Latest Medicine Information (Electronic Version), 2019, 19(35): 67-68, 70. DOI: 10.19613/j.cnki.1671-3141.2019.35.029.
54. Hallett M, Evinger C, Jankovic J, et al. Update on blepharospasm: report from the BEBRF International Workshop[J]. Neurology, 2008, 71(16): 1275-1282. DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000327601.46315.85.
55. Kuyper DJ, Parra V, Aerts S, et al. Nonmotor manifestations of dystonia: a systematic review[J]. Mov Disord, 2011, 26(7): 1206-1217. DOI: 10.1002/mds.23709.
56. Valls-Sole J, Defazio G. Blepharospasm: update on epidemiology, clinical aspects, and pathophysiology[J/OL]. Front Neurol, 2016, 7: 45[2016-03-31]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27064462/. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00045.
57. Defazio G, Jinnah HA, Berardelli A, et al. Diagnostic criteria for blepharospasm: a multicenter international study[J]. Parkinsonism Relat Disord, 2021, 91: 109-114. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.09.004.
58. 劉紅舉, 于炎冰, 任鴻翔, 等. 改良Foerster-Dandy手術治療痙攣性斜頸的長期隨訪結果(附550例報告)[J]. 中華神經外科雜志, 2019, 35(1): 6-9. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-2346.2019.01.003.Liu HJ, Yu YB, Ren HX, et al. Long-term follow-up results of 550 cases of spastic torticollis treated with modified Foerster-Dandy operation[J]. Chin J Neurosurg, 2019, 35(1): 6-9. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-2346.2019.01.003.
59. 徐浩, 李俊, 吳俊, 等. 標準三聯術加斜角肌離斷治療側彎型痙攣性斜頸(附25例報道)[J]. 中華腦科疾病與康復雜志(電子版), 2021, 11(1): 23-26. DOI: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-123X.2021.01.006.Xu H, Li J, Wu J, et al. Standard triple operation combined with scalenus ablation for the treatment of lateral flexure spasmodic torticollis with 25 cases report[J]. Chin J Brain Dis Rehabil (Electronic Edition), 2021, 11(1): 23-26. DOI: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-123X.2021.01.006.
60. 朱正凱, 林少華, 李亮明. 旋轉型痙攣性斜頸的個體化手術治療[J]. 海南醫學, 2017, 28(10): 1693-1694. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-6350.2017.10.049.Zhu ZK, Lin SH, Li LM. Individualized surgical treatment for rotatory spasmodic torticollis[J]. Hainan Med J, 2017, 28(10): 1693-1694. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-6350.2017.10.049.
61. Cohen-Gadol AA, Ahlskog JE, Matsumoto JY, et al. Selective peripheral denervation for the treatment of intractable spasmodic torticollis: experience with 168 patients at the Mayo Clinic[J]. J Neurosurg, 2003, 98(6): 1247-1254. DOI: 10.3171/jns.2003.98.6.1247.
62. 上海交通大學顱神經疾病診治中心. 面肌痙攣診療中國專家共識[J]. 中國微侵襲神經外科雜志, 2014, 19(11): 528-532.Shanghai Jiao Tong University Cranial Nerve Disease Treatment Center. Chinese expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of hemifacial spasm.[J]. Chin J Minim Invasive Neurosurg, 2014, 19(11): 528-532.
63. 中華醫學會神經外科學分會功能神經外科學組, 中國醫師協會神經外科醫師分會功能神經外科專家委員會, 等. 三叉神經痛診療中國專家共識[J]. 中華外科雜志, 2015, 53(9): 657-664. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0529-5815.2015.09.005.Functional Neurosurgery Group, Neurosurgery Branch, Chinese Medical Association; Functional Neurosurgery Expert Committee, Neurosurgery Physicians Branch, Chinese Medical Doctor Association, et al. Chinese expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of trigeminal neuralgia[J]. Chin J Surg, 2015, 53(9): 657-664. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0529-5815.2015.09.005.
64. 中華醫學會兒科學分會神經學組. 兒童抽動障礙診斷與治療專家共識(2017實用版)[J]. 中華實用兒科臨床雜志, 2017, 32(15): 1137-1140. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-428X.2017.15.005.The Subspecialty Group of Neurology, The Society of Pediatrics, Chinese Medical Association. Experts consensus of treatment and diagnosis of tic disorders in children (2017 practical version)[J]. Chin J Appl Clin Pediatr, 2017, 32(15): 1137-1140. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-428X.2017.15.005.
65. Simonyan K, Barkmeier-Kraemer J, Blitzer A, et al. Laryngeal dystonia: multidisciplinary update on terminology, pathophysiology, and research priorities[J]. Neurology, 2021, 96(21): 989-1001. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000011922.
66. Bhidayasiri R, Maytharakcheep S, Truong DD. Patient selection and injection techniques for botulinum neurotoxin in oromandibular dystonia[J/OL]. Clin Park Relat Disord, 2022, 7: 100160[2022-08-05]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36033904/. DOI: 10.1016/j.prdoa.2022.100160.
67. Jochim A, Meindl T, Huber C, et al. Treatment of blepharospasm and Meige's syndrome with abo- and onabotulinumtoxinA: long-term safety and efficacy in daily clinical practice[J]. J Neurol, 2020, 267(1): 267-275. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-019-09581-w.
68. 徐文, 韓德民, 侯麗珍, 等. 痙攣性發音障礙診斷及治療的研究[J]. 中華耳鼻咽喉頭頸外科雜志, 2005, 40(4): 253-257. DOI: 10.3760/j.issn:1673-0860.2005.04.004.Xu W, Han DM, Hou LZ, et al. Patterns of spasmodic dysphonia and botulinum toxin injections[J]. Chin J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2005, 40(4): 253-257. DOI: 10.3760/j.issn:1673-0860.2005.04.004.
69. Bledsoe IO, Viser AC, San Luciano M. Treatment of dystonia: medications, neurotoxins, neuromodulation, and rehabilitation[J]. Neurotherapeutics, 2020, 17(4): 1622-1644. DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00944-0.
70. Chiken S, Nambu A. Mechanism of deep brain stimulation: inhibition, excitation, or disruption?[J]. Neuroscientist, 2016, 22(3): 313-322. DOI: 10.1177/1073858415581986.
71. 中華醫學會神經病學分會帕金森病及運動障礙學組, 中華醫學會神經外科學分會功能神經外科學組, 中國神經科學學會神經毒素分會, 等. 肌張力障礙治療中國專家共識[J]. 中華神經科雜志, 2020, 53(11): 868-874. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn113694-20200531-00404.Chinese Society of Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Chinese Society of Functional Neurosurgery, The Neurotoxin Branch of Chinese Neuroscience Society. Chinese expert consensus on the treatment of dystonia[J]. Chin J Neruol, 2020, 53(11): 868-874. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn113694-20200531-00404.
72. Woehrle JC, Blahak C, Kekelia K, et al. Chronic deep brain stimulation for segmental dystonia[J]. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg, 2009, 87(6): 379-384. DOI: 10.1159/000249819.
73. Eisenstein SA, Koller JM, Black KD, et al. Functional anatomy of subthalamic nucleus stimulation in Parkinson disease[J]. Ann Neurol, 2014, 76(2): 279-295. DOI: 10.1002/ana.24204.
74. Husch A, V Petersen M, Gemmar P, et al. PaCER-A fully automated method for electrode trajectory and contact reconstruction in deep brain stimulation[J]. Neuroimage Clin, 2018, 17: 80-89. DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.10.004.

Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

Chinese expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of Meige syndrome (2025)

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Previous Article

Next Article

Format

Content