Research progress of microfluidic technology in competitive sports_Journal of Biomedical Engineering

Authors：

HU Chun ¹ , ZHANG Chao ¹ , FAN Zhenmin ² , DENG Xiaoyan ³ ,  LIU Ming ¹

1. Key Laboratory of Selection and Functional Assessment of Athletes, General Administration of Sport of China, Hubei Institute of Sports Science, Wuhan 430205, P. R. China;
2. School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213001, P. R. China;
3. School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China;

Corresponding?author：

Keywords：

Microfluidic; Competitive sports; Sports injury; Doping detection; Point-of-care testing

DOI：

10.7507/1001-5515.202601016

Video：

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Aiming at the practical requirements of point-of-care testing, dynamic functional monitoring of athletes, precise diagnosis and treatment of sports injuries, and rapid anti-doping screening for competitive sports, microfluidic technology, with the prominent advantages of miniaturization, high throughput, low sample consumption and fast response, has become a critical interdisciplinary technical tool for advancing the scientization of competitive sports. This review systematically summarizes recent research progress and typical applications of microfluidic technology in key fields of competitive sports, including anti-doping detection, monitoring of athletes’ physiological and psychological status, management of sports injuries, development of intelligent sports equipment, and bionic research of exercise physiology. The technical characteristics and scenario adaptability of diverse microfluidic systems are further compared and analyzed. The development paths and application prospects of the integration between microfluidic technology and competitive sports are discussed. This review intends to provide theoretical basis and technical references for the scientific development of competitive sports in China.

Citation： HU Chun, ZHANG Chao, FAN Zhenmin, DENG Xiaoyan, LIU Ming. Research progress of microfluidic technology in competitive sports. Journal of Biomedical Engineering, 2026, 43(5): 1113-1120. doi: 10.7507/1001-5515.202601016 Copy

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3.	Lambert C, Ritzmann R, Akoto R, et al. Epidemiology of injuries in Olympic sports[J]. Int J Sports Med, 2022, 43(5): 473-481.
4.	Wei M, Wang J. Potential health risks of foodborne performance-enhancing drugs in competitive sports[J]. Heliyon, 2023, 9(10): e21104.
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10.	Lei K F. Microfluidic systems for diagnostic applications: A review[J]. SLAS Technol, 2012, 17(5): 330-347.
11.	Pattanayak P, Singh S K, Gulati M, et al. Microfluidic chips: Recent advances, critical strategies in design, applications and future perspectives[J]. Microfluid Nanofluidics, 2021, 25(12): 99.
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1. Bahr R, Krosshaug T. Understanding injury mechanisms: A key component of preventing injuries in sport[J]. Br J Sports Med, 2005, 39(6): 324-329.
2. Gabbett T J. The training-injury prevention paradox: Should athletes be training smarter and harder?[J]. Br J Sports Med, 2016, 50(5): 273-280.
3. Lambert C, Ritzmann R, Akoto R, et al. Epidemiology of injuries in Olympic sports[J]. Int J Sports Med, 2022, 43(5): 473-481.
4. Wei M, Wang J. Potential health risks of foodborne performance-enhancing drugs in competitive sports[J]. Heliyon, 2023, 9(10): e21104.
5. 裴明陽, 李斌鑫. 興奮劑在競技體育中的檢測[J]. 應用化學, 2025, 42(10): 1431-1438.
6. 周蘇坡, 袁鵬, 陳偉, 等. 競技體育中運動負荷與損傷風險關系的研究進展[J]. 體育科研, 2021, 42(4): 42-47.
7. Brukner P, Khan K. Clinical sports medicine[M]. Sydney: McGraw-Hill, 1993.
8. Almekinders L C. Anti-inflammatory treatment of muscular injuries in sport: An update of recent studies[J]. Sports Med, 1999, 28(6): 383-388.
9. Whitesides G M. The origins and the future of microfluidics[J]. Nature, 2006, 442(7101): 368-373.
10. Lei K F. Microfluidic systems for diagnostic applications: A review[J]. SLAS Technol, 2012, 17(5): 330-347.
11. Pattanayak P, Singh S K, Gulati M, et al. Microfluidic chips: Recent advances, critical strategies in design, applications and future perspectives[J]. Microfluid Nanofluidics, 2021, 25(12): 99.
12. Gharib G, Bütün ?, Muganl? Z, et al. Biomedical applications of microfluidic devices: A review[J]. Biosensors, 2022, 12(11): 1023.
13. Lei X, Ye W, Safdarin F, et al. Microfluidics devices for sports: A review on technology for biomedical application used in fields such as biomedicine, drug encapsulation, preparation of nanoparticles, cell targeting, analysis, diagnosis, and cell culture[J]. Tissue Cell, 2024, 87: 102339.
14. Gao F, Liu C, Zhang L, et al. Wearable and flexible electrochemical sensors for sweat analysis: A review[J]. Microsyst Nanoeng, 2023, 9(1): 1.
15. McDonald J C, Duffy D C, Anderson J R, et al. Fabrication of microfluidic systems in poly(dimethylsiloxane)[J]. Electrophoresis, 2000, 21(1): 27-40.
16. Thorsen T, Maerkl S J, Quake S R. Microfluidic large-scale integration[J]. Science, 2002, 298(5593): 580-584.
17. Xie M, Zhan Z, Li Y, et al. Functional microfluidics: Theory, microfabrication, and applications[J]. Int J Extreme Manuf, 2024, 6(3): 32005.
18. Han J, Ganguly R, Yi J Y, et al. Osmotically tunable microdroplets enable amplification-free CRISPR detection of gene doping[J]. Adv Sci (Weinh), 2025, 12(48): e15861.
19. Cheng Y, Feng S, Ning Q, et al. Dual-signal readout paper-based wearable biosensor with a 3D origami structure for multiplexed analyte detection in sweat[J]. Microsyst Nanoeng, 2023, 9: 36.
20. Xuan X, Chen C, Molinero-Fernandez A, et al. Fully integrated wearable device for continuous sweat lactate monitoring in sports[J]. ACS Sens, 2023, 8(6): 2401-2409.
21. Liao Z, Zhang Y, Li Y, et al. Microfluidic chip coupled with optical biosensors for simultaneous detection of multiple analytes: A review[J]. Biosens Bioelectron, 2019, 126: 697-706.
22. Yin B, Wan X, Yue W, et al. A portable automated chip for simultaneous rapid point-of-care testing of multiple β-agonists[J]. Biosens Bioelectron, 2023, 239: 115586.
23. Hong S, Zhang M, Wang X, et al. Magnetic-based microfluidic chip: A powerful tool for pathogen detection and affinity reagents selection[J]. Crit Rev Anal Chem, 2024, 54(7): 2658-2669.
24. Man Y, Liu Y, Chen Q, et al. Organoids-on-a-chip for personalized precision medicine[J]. Adv Healthc Mater, 2024, 13(30): 2401843.
25. Li R, Pan Y, Ye Z, et al. Recent advances and future perspectives of biosensing technologies in anti-doping applications[J]. Bioanalysis, 2025, 17(6): 389-392.
26. Zuo Z, Pan J, Fang Q. An integrated microfluidic system for multi-target biochemical analysis of a single drop of blood[J]. Talanta, 2022, 249: 123585.
27. Yan J, Xu Z, Zhou H, et al. Integration of CRISPR/Cas12a and multiplexed RPA for fast detection of gene doping[J]. Anal Chem, 2022, 94(47): 16481-16490.
28. Zheng B, Yan J, Li T, et al. Hydrophilic/hydrophobic modified microchip for detecting multiple gene doping candidates using CRISPR-Cas12a and RPA[J]. Biosens Bioelectron, 2024, 263: 116631.
29. Yi J, Choi H, Kim M, et al. High-throughput multiplexed gene and cell doping analysis through CRISPR-Cas12a system integrated with blood direct PCR[J]. Sci Adv, 2025, 11(28): eadv7234.
30. Pour S R S, Calabria D, Emamiamin A, et al. Microfluidic-based non-invasive wearable biosensors for real-time monitoring of sweat biomarkers[J]. Biosensors, 2024, 14(1): 29.
31. Xu J, Fang Y, Chen J. Wearable biosensors for non-invasive sweat diagnostics[J]. Biosensors, 2021, 11(8): 245.
32. Niu J, Lin S, Chen D, et al. A fully elastic wearable electrochemical sweat detection system of tree-bionic microfluidic structure for real-time monitoring[J]. Small, 2024, 20(11): 2306769.
33. Cho S, Shaban S M, Song R, et al. A skin-interfaced microfluidic platform supports dynamic sweat biochemical analysis during human exercise[J]. Sci Transl Med, 2024, 16(763): eado5366.
34. Jeon J, Lee S, Chae S, et al. All-flexible chronoepifluidic nanoplasmonic patch for label-free metabolite profiling in sweat[J]. Nat Commun, 2025, 16(1): 8017.
35. Shin S, Liu R, Yang Y, et al. A bioinspired microfluidic wearable sensor for multiday sweat sampling, transport, and metabolic analysis[J]. Sci Adv, 2025, 11(33): eadw9024.
36. Cinca-Morros S, Garcia-Rey S, álvarez-Herms J, et al. A physiological perspective of the relevance of sweat biomarkers and their detection by wearable microfluidic technology: A review[J]. Anal Chim Acta, 2024, 1327: 342988.
37. Ursem R, Steijlen A, Parrilla M, et al. Worth your sweat: Wearable microfluidic flow rate sensors for meaningful sweat analytics[J]. Lab Chip, 2025, 25(5): 1296-1315.
38. Tu J, Yeom J, Ulloa J C, et al. Stressomic: A wearable microfluidic biosensor for dynamic profiling of multiple stress hormones in sweat[J]. Sci Adv, 2025, 11(32): eadx6491.
39. Chen Y, He Z, Wu Y, et al. A wearable molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor for cortisol stable monitoring in sweat[J]. Biosensors, 2025, 15(3): 194.
40. Zheng Y, Shi H, Tan Z, et al. Portable electrochemical detection of salivary cortisol in self-driven microfluidic chip designed for trace liquid mixing[J]. Chem Eng J, 2025, 519: 165007.
41. Memon R, Tufani A, ?elik S, et al. Graphene-interfaced stretchable sweat patch for multiplexed electrochemical monitoring of IL-6, glucose, and calcium ions[J]. Adv Mater Technol, 2026, 11(14): e70991.
42. Lv Y, Deng M, Wang X, et al. In-situ formation of “electron conductive wires” threaded ZIF-8 membrane for multiplexed immunoassay of human interleukins[J]. Nano Res, 2023, 16(2): 2866-2874.
43. Ding Z, Cai Y, Sun H, et al. Janus hydrogel microrobots with bioactive ions for the regeneration of tendon-bone interface[J]. Nat Commun, 2025, 16(1): 2189.
44. Chen W, Chen Y, Ren Y, et al. Lipid nanoparticle-assisted miR29a delivery based on core-shell nanofibers improves tendon healing by cross-regulation of the immune response and matrix remodeling[J]. Biomaterials, 2022, 291: 121888.
45. Zhang Y, Tian M, Wang L, et al. Flexible Janus textile-based electroosmotic pump for large-area unidirectional positive water transport[J]. Adv Mater Interfaces, 2020, 7(13): 1902133.
46. Yang D S, Zhou M, Li S, et al. Soft, skin-interfaced 3D microfluidic systems for high performance assessment of sweat rate, cumulative loss and biochemical content[J]. Adv Funct Mater, 2026, 36(2): e9169.
47. Madhu S, Alam M S, Ramasamy S, et al. Wearable, fabric-based microfluidic systems with integrated electrochemical and colorimetric sensing array for multiplex sweat analysis[J]. Chem Eng J, 2025, 504: 158979.
48. Gao R Z, Mai V N T, Levinski N, et al. A novel air microfluidics-enabled soft robotic sleeve: Toward realizing innovative lymphedema treatment[J]. Biomicrofluidics, 2022, 16(3): 034101.
49. Ju F, Wang Y, Yin B, et al. Microfluidic wearable devices for sports applications[J]. Micromachines, 2023, 14(9): 1792.
50. Govindani S. Organ on a chip (OoC) technology: Revolutionizing biomedical research and drug development[J]. Int J Sci Res, 2025, 14(1): 1305-1308.
51. G?rgens C, Ramme A P, Guddat S, et al. Organ-on-a-chip: Determine feasibility of a human liver microphysiological model to assess long-term steroid metabolites in sports drug testing[J]. Drug Test Anal, 2021, 13(11-12): 1921-1928.
52. Na J, Xue C, Wang Y, et al. Fabricating a multi-component microfluidic system for exercise-induced endothelial cell mechanobiology guided by hemodynamic similarity[J]. Talanta, 2023, 253: 123933.
53. Tong X, Liu M, Li J, et al. Musculoskeletal organoids-on-chip uncover muscle-bone communication under intermittent hypoxia[J]. Natl Sci Rev, 2025, 12(7): nwaf214.
54. Agrawal G, Aung A, Varghese S. Skeletal muscle-on-a-chip: An in vitro model to evaluate tissue formation and injury[J]. Lab Chip, 2017, 17(20): 3447-3461.
55. Wang Y, Yung P, Lu G, et al. Musculoskeletal organs-on-chips: An emerging platform for studying the nanotechnology-biology interface[J]. Adv Mater, 2025, 37(2): 2401334.
56. Ajalik R E, Alenchery R G, Cognetti J S, et al. Human organ-on-a-chip microphysiological systems to model musculoskeletal pathologies and accelerate therapeutic discovery[J]. Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 2022, 10: 846230.
57. Du C, Liu J, Liu S, et al. Bone and joint-on-chip platforms: Construction strategies and applications[J]. Small Methods, 2024, 8(12): 2400436.
58. Baker L B, Model J B, Barnes K A, et al. Skin-interfaced microfluidic system with personalized sweating rate and sweat chloride analytics for sports science applications[J]. Sci Adv, 2020, 6(50): eabe3929.
59. Assalve G, Lunetti P, Di Cagno A, et al. Advanced wearable devices for monitoring sweat biochemical markers in athletic performance: A comprehensive review[J]. Biosensors, 2024, 14: 574.
60. Zaidi S A, Shin J H. Recent developments in nanostructure based electrochemical glucose sensors[J]. Talanta, 2016, 149: 30-42.
61. Childs A, Mayol B, Lasalde-Ramírez J A, et al. Diving into sweat: Advances, challenges, and future directions in wearable sweat sensing[J]. ACS Nano, 2024, 18(36): 24605-24616.
62. Baker L B, Engel M D, Wolfe A S. Sweat biomarkers for sports science applications[J]. Sports Sci Exch, 2022, 35: 1-9.
63. Davis N, Heikenfeld J, Milla C, et al. The challenges and promise of sweat sensing[J]. Nat Biotechnol, 2024, 42(6): 860-871.
64. Heikenfeld J. Non-invasive analyte access and sensing through eccrine sweat: Challenges and outlook circa 2016[J]. Electroanalysis, 2016, 28(6): 1242-1249.
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