Design and implementation of a multi-protocol fusion wireless access point for internet of medical things_Journal of Biomedical Engineering

Authors：

LIU Bin ¹ , SUN Jipeng ² , LIANG Hong ² , ZHAO Ye ³ , CAO Desen ¹ ,  HE Kunlun ² ,  ZHANG Zhengbo ²

1. Medical Support Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P. R. China;
2. Department of Medical Innovation and Research, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P. R. China;
3. Service Support Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P. R. China;

Corresponding?author：

HE Kunlun, Email: kunlunhe@plagh.org; ZHANG Zhengbo, Email: zhengbozhang@126.com

Keywords：

Internet of medical things; Wireless access point; Multi-protocol fusion; Dual-transmission selective reception; Reliability transmission

DOI：

10.7507/1001-5515.202602029

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

As a critical foundation of smart healthcare, the internet of medical things (IoMT) faces challenges such as complex networking, high construction costs, and low data transmission reliability due to the strong heterogeneity of medical device communication protocols and significant signal interference and attenuation in clinical environments. To address these issues, this paper designs and implements a medical-grade wireless access point (AP) that supports multi-protocol converged access and reliable transmission via dual-transmission selective reception. Adopting a “core board + multi-radio module” hardware architecture, the AP integrates Wi-Fi 6, Bluetooth 5.3 and dual-band radio frequency identification (RFID) communication modules. Furthermore, based on an embedded operating system, a multi-protocol driver integration framework is developed, and a dual-transmission selective reception reliable transmission mechanism is constructed through dual control and provisioning of wireless access points (CAPWAP) tunnels and the timestamp-based “first-arrival first-reception” algorithm. Performance tests and simulated clinical verification show that the Wi-Fi throughput of the AP reaches 105 Mbit/s in the 2.4 GHz band and 866 Mbit/s in the 5.8 GHz band, while the transmission rates of Bluetooth and RFID reach 2.1 Mbit/s and 112 Kbit/s respectively. The encrypted throughput reaches 445 Mbit/s, and the throughput in dual-transmission selective reception mode reaches 117.6 Mbit/s. Under co-channel interference, the packet loss rate remains stably below 0.08%, and the air interface communication delay does not exceed 10 ms, supporting collaborative data acquisition from multiple medical devices. The above results indicate that the designed AP effectively solves the problems of scattered access and difficulty in data fusion caused by protocol heterogeneity in IoMT, and provides a new feasible solution for the construction of IoMT access networks.

Citation： LIU Bin, SUN Jipeng, LIANG Hong, ZHAO Ye, CAO Desen, HE Kunlun, ZHANG Zhengbo. Design and implementation of a multi-protocol fusion wireless access point for internet of medical things. Journal of Biomedical Engineering, 2026, 43(5): 1044-1051. doi: 10.7507/1001-5515.202602029 Copy

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22.	Das A, Chakraborty C, Chattopadhyay S. Performance evaluation of LoRa for internet of medical things (IoMT)[C]//2021 IEEE 18th Annual Consumer Communications & Networking Conference, IEEE, 2021: 1-4.
23.	Gupta S. A review on smart devices, networking technologies and security in next-generation IOT systems[J]. Int J Adv Res Comput Sci, 2025, 16(4): 170-176.
24.	Li Z, Chen Y. BlueFi: physical-layer cross-technology communication from Bluetooth to WiFi[C]//2020 IEEE 40th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS), IEEE, 2020: 399-409.
25.	杜永慧, 李允俊. ZigBee和WiFi的雙模無線網關設計[J]. 單片機與嵌入式系統應用, 2013, 13(9): 39-41, 45.
26.	張楠, 李靜, 張維峰, 等. 基于Wi-Fi 6的醫療設備無線物聯網采集終端研制[J]. 中國醫學裝備, 2025, 22(2): 1-8.
27.	賀佳彥, 陳麗, 楊永, 等. 基于物聯網的醫療設備使用評價系統的設計與應用[J]. 醫療裝備, 2024, 37(1): 32-35, 40.
28.	夏浩杰, 葉萍. 基于物聯網技術的醫療器械全生命周期管理系統設計[J]. 現代醫院管理, 2023, 21(6): 99-102.
29.	He Y, Guo X, Zheng X, et al. Cross-technology communication for the internet of things: a survey[J]. ACM Comput Surv, 2022, 55(5): 1-29.
30.	Mtibaa A, Emam A, Tariq S, et al. On practical device-to-device wireless communication: a measurement driven study[C]//2017 13th International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC), Valencia: IEEE, 2017: 1012-1017.
31.	Park J, Park J O, Choi J, et al. D-SCAN: toward collaborative multi-radio coexistence in mobile devices via deep learning[J]. Internet Things, 2023, 21: 100646.
32.	Eltholth A A. Improved spectrum coexistence in 2.4 GHz ISM band using optimized chaotic frequency hopping for Wi-Fi and Bluetooth signals[J]. Sensors, 2023, 23(11): 5183.
33.	El Mattar S, Baghdad A. Beyond traditional RFID: unveiling the potential of Wi-Fi, 5G, Bluetooth, and Zigbee for backscatter systems[J]. Trans Emerg Telecommun Technol, 2025, 36(2): e70062.
34.	Ouadou M, Mafamane R, Minaoui K. A hybrid anti-collision protocol based on frequency division multiple access (FDMA) and time division multiple access (TDMA) for radio frequency identification (RFID) readers[J]. Network, 2024, 4(2): 217-236.
35.	Rashidpour H, Bahramgiri H. MAC protocol classification in the ISM band using machine learning methods[PP/OL]. arXiv (2024-08-22) [2026-08-20]. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2408.12059.
36.	Ji W, Su H, Jin S, et al. A wireless bi-directional brain-computer interface supporting both Bluetooth and Wi-Fi transmission[J]. Micromachines, 2024, 15(11): 1283.
37.	Zhao J, Yan J, Cheng S, et al. BLAW: BLE assisted Wi-Fi in idle listening[J]. Comput Netw, 2025, 269: 111440.
38.	Lin P L, Chen K Y, Ma H, et al. Preliminary study a non-invasion method on early cardiac energy defect based on Hilbert Huang transform[J]. Med Hypotheses, 2020, 144: 110205.
39.	Mitchell K M, Dalton K N, Cinelli M E. A treadmill running research protocol to assess dynamic visual acuity and balance for athletes with and without recent concussion history[J]. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil, 2024, 16(1): 112.
40.	Brawner C A, Lazar M H. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing criteria for advanced therapies in patients with heart failure[J]. Heart Fail Rev, 2023, 28(6): 1297-1306.
41.	Juarez M, Castillo-Rodriguez C, Soliman D, et al. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in heart failure[J]. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis, 2024, 11(3): 70.
42.	Lv J, Kim B-G, Parameshachari B D, et al. Large model-driven hyperscale healthcare data fusion analysis in complex multi-sensors[J]. Inf Fusion, 2025, 115: 102780.
43.	Zhou J X, Zhang Q B, Zhang M, et al. Flexible wearable medical devices: from material innovations and data processing to intelligent healthcare applications[J]. Materials Today Bio, 2025, 39: 106538.
44.	梁洪, 孫繼鵬, 范勇, 等. 重癥監護病房醫療設備物聯網方案設計與應用實現[J]. 生物醫學工程學雜志, 2025, 42(1): 65-72.
45.	Gladka M, Kuchansky A, Kostikov M, et al. A model of the application of IoT devices based on RFID to ensure the safety of the military and civilian population under war conditions[C]//Selected Papers of the IX International Scientific Conference "Information Technology and Implementation" (IT&I-2022), Kyiv: CEUR-WS, 2022: 269-278.

1. Farahani B, Firouzi F, Chang V, et al. Towards fog-driven IoT eHealth: promises and challenges of IoT in medicine and healthcare[J]. Future Gener Comput Syst, 2018, 78: 659-676.
2. 錢驍翀. 基于物聯網的智慧醫療信息化10大關鍵技術解析[J]. 信息記錄材料, 2021, 22(7): 76-78.
3. 萬振, 邱丹, 劉元喆, 等. 國內醫療物聯網技術發展及應用現狀[J]. 醫療衛生裝備, 2020, 41(11): 82-86.
4. 范勇, 梁洪, 孫繼鵬, 等. 基于云邊端架構的急救設備物聯網設計與實現[J]. 生物醫學工程學雜志, 2023, 40(1): 103-109, 117.
5. Hughes A, Shandhi M, Master H, et al. Wearable devices in cardiovascular medicine[J]. Circ Res, 2023, 132(5): 652-670.
6. Lu L, Zhang J, Xie Y, et al. Wearable health devices in health care: narrative systematic review[J]. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth, 2020, 8(11): e18907.
7. Li R, Wang M, Chen S, et al. Comparative efficacy and adherence of telehealth cardiac rehabilitation interventions for patients with cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis[J]. Int J Nurs Stud, 2024, 158: 104845.
8. Robbins R, Weaver M D, Sullivan J P, et al. Accuracy of three commercial wearable devices for sleep tracking in healthy adults[J]. Sensors, 2025, 24(20): 6532.
9. Karoulla E, Matsangidou M, Frangoudes F, et al. Tracking upper limb motion via wearable solutions: systematic review of research from 2011 to 2023[J]. J Med Internet Res, 2024, 26: e51994.
10. 湯欽華, 岑星星, 朱海明. Wi-Fi 6在移動醫療中的應用測試和探討[J]. 中國數字醫學, 2021, 16(9): 98-100.
11. Dang L M, Piran J, Han D, et al. A survey on internet of things and cloud computing for healthcare[J]. Electronics, 2019, 8(7): 768.
12. 趙峰. 面向醫療的統一物聯網網關的設計與實現[D]. 北京: 北京郵電大學, 2020: 1-8, 112-113.
13. Piatkowski J, Karbowiak L, Depta F. A lightweight algorithm for synchronized multimodal data acquisition using temporal sample alignment[J]. Sci Rep, 2025, 15(1): 07797.
14. Liu C, Yao W F, Yin K J, et al. Multimodal disease progression modeling via spatiotemporal disentanglement and multiscale alignment[C]//Proceedings of the 39th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2025), San Diego: NeurIPS Foundation, 2025: 146893-146920.
15. De Fazio R, Mastronardi V M, De Vittorio M, et al. Wearable sensors and smart devices to monitor rehabilitation parameters and sports performance: an overview[J]. Sensors, 2023, 23(4): 1856.
16. Sanchis-Gomar F, Lavie C J, Marín J, et al. Exercise effects on cardiovascular disease: from basic aspects to clinical evidence[J]. Cardiovasc Res, 2022, 118(10): 2253-2266.
17. Gao C, Chen Y, Wei Y, et al. Combined immersive and nonimmersive virtual reality with mirror therapy for patients with stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials[J]. J Med Internet Res, 2025, 27: e73142.
18. Ijaz N, Buta B, Xue Q L, et al. Interventions for frailty among older adults with cardiovascular disease: JACC state-of-the-art review[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2022, 79(5): 482-503.
19. T/WAPIA 052.3-2023 無線局域網設備技術規范第3部分: 接入點和接入控制器[S].
20. IEEE 11073-20601-2019 IEEE health informatics—personal health device communication—Part 20601: application profile-optimized exchange protocol[S].
21. 醫療大數據應用技術國家工程研究中心, 人工智能醫療器械研究與評價國家藥品監督管理局重點實驗室, 華為技術有限公司, 等. 中國醫院醫療物聯感知網技術白皮書2.0[R/OL]. 北京: 醫療大數據應用技術國家工程研究中心, 2023: 3-16. https://hulianhutongshequ.cn/detail/e56c732c7c964dad8b9921805a94ddb4.
22. Das A, Chakraborty C, Chattopadhyay S. Performance evaluation of LoRa for internet of medical things (IoMT)[C]//2021 IEEE 18th Annual Consumer Communications & Networking Conference, IEEE, 2021: 1-4.
23. Gupta S. A review on smart devices, networking technologies and security in next-generation IOT systems[J]. Int J Adv Res Comput Sci, 2025, 16(4): 170-176.
24. Li Z, Chen Y. BlueFi: physical-layer cross-technology communication from Bluetooth to WiFi[C]//2020 IEEE 40th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS), IEEE, 2020: 399-409.
25. 杜永慧, 李允俊. ZigBee和WiFi的雙模無線網關設計[J]. 單片機與嵌入式系統應用, 2013, 13(9): 39-41, 45.
26. 張楠, 李靜, 張維峰, 等. 基于Wi-Fi 6的醫療設備無線物聯網采集終端研制[J]. 中國醫學裝備, 2025, 22(2): 1-8.
27. 賀佳彥, 陳麗, 楊永, 等. 基于物聯網的醫療設備使用評價系統的設計與應用[J]. 醫療裝備, 2024, 37(1): 32-35, 40.
28. 夏浩杰, 葉萍. 基于物聯網技術的醫療器械全生命周期管理系統設計[J]. 現代醫院管理, 2023, 21(6): 99-102.
29. He Y, Guo X, Zheng X, et al. Cross-technology communication for the internet of things: a survey[J]. ACM Comput Surv, 2022, 55(5): 1-29.
30. Mtibaa A, Emam A, Tariq S, et al. On practical device-to-device wireless communication: a measurement driven study[C]//2017 13th International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC), Valencia: IEEE, 2017: 1012-1017.
31. Park J, Park J O, Choi J, et al. D-SCAN: toward collaborative multi-radio coexistence in mobile devices via deep learning[J]. Internet Things, 2023, 21: 100646.
32. Eltholth A A. Improved spectrum coexistence in 2.4 GHz ISM band using optimized chaotic frequency hopping for Wi-Fi and Bluetooth signals[J]. Sensors, 2023, 23(11): 5183.
33. El Mattar S, Baghdad A. Beyond traditional RFID: unveiling the potential of Wi-Fi, 5G, Bluetooth, and Zigbee for backscatter systems[J]. Trans Emerg Telecommun Technol, 2025, 36(2): e70062.
34. Ouadou M, Mafamane R, Minaoui K. A hybrid anti-collision protocol based on frequency division multiple access (FDMA) and time division multiple access (TDMA) for radio frequency identification (RFID) readers[J]. Network, 2024, 4(2): 217-236.
35. Rashidpour H, Bahramgiri H. MAC protocol classification in the ISM band using machine learning methods[PP/OL]. arXiv (2024-08-22) [2026-08-20]. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2408.12059.
36. Ji W, Su H, Jin S, et al. A wireless bi-directional brain-computer interface supporting both Bluetooth and Wi-Fi transmission[J]. Micromachines, 2024, 15(11): 1283.
37. Zhao J, Yan J, Cheng S, et al. BLAW: BLE assisted Wi-Fi in idle listening[J]. Comput Netw, 2025, 269: 111440.
38. Lin P L, Chen K Y, Ma H, et al. Preliminary study a non-invasion method on early cardiac energy defect based on Hilbert Huang transform[J]. Med Hypotheses, 2020, 144: 110205.
39. Mitchell K M, Dalton K N, Cinelli M E. A treadmill running research protocol to assess dynamic visual acuity and balance for athletes with and without recent concussion history[J]. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil, 2024, 16(1): 112.
40. Brawner C A, Lazar M H. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing criteria for advanced therapies in patients with heart failure[J]. Heart Fail Rev, 2023, 28(6): 1297-1306.
41. Juarez M, Castillo-Rodriguez C, Soliman D, et al. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in heart failure[J]. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis, 2024, 11(3): 70.
42. Lv J, Kim B-G, Parameshachari B D, et al. Large model-driven hyperscale healthcare data fusion analysis in complex multi-sensors[J]. Inf Fusion, 2025, 115: 102780.
43. Zhou J X, Zhang Q B, Zhang M, et al. Flexible wearable medical devices: from material innovations and data processing to intelligent healthcare applications[J]. Materials Today Bio, 2025, 39: 106538.
44. 梁洪, 孫繼鵬, 范勇, 等. 重癥監護病房醫療設備物聯網方案設計與應用實現[J]. 生物醫學工程學雜志, 2025, 42(1): 65-72.
45. Gladka M, Kuchansky A, Kostikov M, et al. A model of the application of IoT devices based on RFID to ensure the safety of the military and civilian population under war conditions[C]//Selected Papers of the IX International Scientific Conference "Information Technology and Implementation" (IT&I-2022), Kyiv: CEUR-WS, 2022: 269-278.

Journal of Biomedical Engineering

Design and implementation of a multi-protocol fusion wireless access point for internet of medical things

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