Advances in precision medicine in the extent of axillary lymph node surgery of breast cancer: to reduce the postoperative breast cancer-related lymphedema in upper limb_West China Medical Journal

Authors：

LIU Ya ,  WANG Jing

Department of Breast Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China;

Corresponding?author：

WANG Jing, Email: wangjinghxyy@163.com

Keywords：

Breast cancer; Lymphedema; Extent of axillary lymph node surgery; Precision medicine; Review

DOI：

10.7507/1002-0179.201605239

Video：

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Breast cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors among women. Typically, the operation of breast cancer should include breast surgery and axillary lymph node surgery since breast cancer first metastasizes to regional axillary lymph nodes. However, postoperative breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) in upper limb is the most common long-term complication. The injury to upper limb lymphatic system contributes to causing the postoperative BCRL. Therefore, precision medicine in the extent of axillary lymph node surgery plays an important role in preventing BCRL which can improve the quality of life in breast cancer patients.

Citation： LIU Ya, WANG Jing. Advances in precision medicine in the extent of axillary lymph node surgery of breast cancer: to reduce the postoperative breast cancer-related lymphedema in upper limb. West China Medical Journal, 2018, 33(4): 459-462. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.201605239 Copy

1.	Chen W, Zheng R, Baade PD, et al. Cancer statistics in China, 2015. CA Cancer J Clin, 2016, 66(2): 115-132.
2.	DiSipio T, Rye S, Newman B, et al. Incidence of unilateral arm lymphoedema after breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol, 2013, 14(6): 500-515.
3.	Vicini F, Shah C, Arthur D. The increasing role of lymphedema screening, diagnosis and management as part of evidence-based guidelines for breast cancer care. Breast J, 2016, 22(3): 358-359.
4.	Noguchi M. Axillary reverse mapping for breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 2010, 119(3): 529-535.
5.	中國抗癌協會乳腺癌專業委員會. 中國抗癌協會乳腺癌診治指南與規范(2015 版). 中國癌癥雜志, 2015(9): 692-754.
6.	Vivar CG. Psychosocial impact of breast cancer in long-term survival: proposal of an integral follow-up care for survivors. Aten Primaria, 2012, 44(5): 288-292.
7.	Shah C, Arthur DW, Wazer D, et al. The impact of early detection and intervention of breast cancer-related lymphedema: a systematic review. Cancer Med, 2016, 5(6): 1154-1162.
8.	Zhu YQ, Xie YH, Liu FH, et al. Systemic analysis on risk factors for breast cancer related lymphedema. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2014, 15(16): 6535-6541.
9.	王殊, 楊后圃. 乳腺癌改良根治術的適應證與手術規范. 中華普外科手術學雜志: 電子版, 2015(06): 8-11.
10.	張文海. 乳腺癌術前腋窩評估與淋巴結清掃方式的選擇. 中華臨床醫師雜志: 電子版, 2015(6): 898-900.
11.	張文海. 乳腺癌前哨淋巴結活檢、上肢淋巴通路保留和腋窩淋巴結功能性清掃. 中華內分泌外科雜志, 2013, 7(5): 353-355, 358.
12.	Li JY, Jia S, Zhang WH, et al. A new technique that complements sentinel lymph node biopsy: lymph node dissection under the intercostobrachial nerves in early-stage breast cancer. Clin Breast Cancer, 2013, 13(3): 212-218.
13.	Clough KB, Nasr R, Nos C, et al. New anatomical classification of the axilla with implications for sentinel node biopsy. Br J Surg, 2010, 97(11): 1659-1665.
14.	Hama Y, Koyama Y, Urano Y, et al. Simultaneous two-color spectral fluorescence lymphangiography with near infrared quantum dots to map two lymphatic flows from the breast and the upper extremity. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 2007, 103(1): 23-28.
15.	Nos C, Lesieur B, Clough KB, et al. Blue dye injection in the arm in order to conserve the lymphatic drainage of the arm in breast cancer patients requiring an axillary dissection. Ann Surg Oncol, 2007, 14(9): 2490-2496.
16.	Gebruers N, Tjalma WA. Clinical feasibility of axillary reverse mapping and its influence on breast cancer related lymphedema: a systematic review. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 2016, 200: 117-122.
17.	Kuusk U, Seyednejad N, Mckevitt EC, et al. Axillary reverse mapping in breast cancer: a Canadian experience. J Surg Oncol, 2014, 110(7): 791-795.
18.	Gobardhan PD, Wijsman JH, van Dalen T, et al. ARM: axillary reverse mapping - the need for selection of patients. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2012, 38(8): 657-661.
19.	Connor C, Mcginness M, Mammen J, et al. Axillary reverse mapping: a prospective study in women with clinically node negative and node positive breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol, 2013, 20(10): 3303-3307.
20.	Britton TB, Solanki CK, Pinder SE, et al. Lymphatic drainage pathways of the breast and the upper limb. Nucl Med Commun, 2009, 30(6): 427-430.
21.	Tausch C, Baege A, Dietrich D. Can axillary reverse mapping avoid lymphedema in node positive breast cancer patients?. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2013, 39(8): 880-886.
22.	Ikeda K, Ogawa Y, Komatsu H, et al. Evaluation of the metastatic status of lymph nodes identified using axillary reverse mapping in breast cancer patients. World J Surg Oncol, 2012, 10: 233.
23.	Ikeda K, Ogawa Y, Kajino C, et al. The influence of axillary reverse mapping related factors on lymphedema in breast cancer patients. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2014, 40(7): 818-823.
24.	Noguchi M, Noguchi M, Nakano Y, et al. Axillary reverse mapping using a fluorescence imaging system in breast cancer. J Surg Oncol, 2012, 105(3): 229-234.
25.	Noguchi M, Yokoi M, Nakano Y. Axillary reverse mapping with indocyanine fluorescence imaging in patients with breast cancer. J Surg Oncol, 2010, 101(3): 217-221.
26.	Sakurai T, Endo M, Shimizu K, et al. Axillary reverse mapping using fluorescence imaging is useful for identifying the risk group of postoperative lymphedema in breast cancer patients undergoing sentinel node biopsies. J Surg Oncol, 2014, 109(6): 612-615.
27.	Yue T, Zhuang D, Zhou P, et al. A prospective study to assess the feasibility of axillary reverse mapping and evaluate its effect on preventing lymphedema in breast cancer patients. Clin Breast Cancer, 2015, 15(4): 301-306.
28.	Han C, Yang B, Zuo WS, et al. The feasibility and oncological safety of axillary reverse mapping in patients with breast cancer: a systematic review and Meta-analysis of prospective studies. PLoS One, 2016, 11(2): e0150285.
29.	Schunemann E Jr, Dória MT, Silvestre JB, et al. Prospective study evaluating oncological safety of axillary reverse mapping. Ann Surg Oncol, 2014, 21(7): 2197-2202.
30.	National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Breast cancer version 2.2015. (2015-03-11)[2016-05-01]. http://www.jnccn.org/ content/13/4/448.full.pdf+html.

1. Chen W, Zheng R, Baade PD, et al. Cancer statistics in China, 2015. CA Cancer J Clin, 2016, 66(2): 115-132.
2. DiSipio T, Rye S, Newman B, et al. Incidence of unilateral arm lymphoedema after breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol, 2013, 14(6): 500-515.
3. Vicini F, Shah C, Arthur D. The increasing role of lymphedema screening, diagnosis and management as part of evidence-based guidelines for breast cancer care. Breast J, 2016, 22(3): 358-359.
4. Noguchi M. Axillary reverse mapping for breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 2010, 119(3): 529-535.
5. 中國抗癌協會乳腺癌專業委員會. 中國抗癌協會乳腺癌診治指南與規范(2015 版). 中國癌癥雜志, 2015(9): 692-754.
6. Vivar CG. Psychosocial impact of breast cancer in long-term survival: proposal of an integral follow-up care for survivors. Aten Primaria, 2012, 44(5): 288-292.
7. Shah C, Arthur DW, Wazer D, et al. The impact of early detection and intervention of breast cancer-related lymphedema: a systematic review. Cancer Med, 2016, 5(6): 1154-1162.
8. Zhu YQ, Xie YH, Liu FH, et al. Systemic analysis on risk factors for breast cancer related lymphedema. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2014, 15(16): 6535-6541.
9. 王殊, 楊后圃. 乳腺癌改良根治術的適應證與手術規范. 中華普外科手術學雜志: 電子版, 2015(06): 8-11.
10. 張文海. 乳腺癌術前腋窩評估與淋巴結清掃方式的選擇. 中華臨床醫師雜志: 電子版, 2015(6): 898-900.
11. 張文海. 乳腺癌前哨淋巴結活檢、上肢淋巴通路保留和腋窩淋巴結功能性清掃. 中華內分泌外科雜志, 2013, 7(5): 353-355, 358.
12. Li JY, Jia S, Zhang WH, et al. A new technique that complements sentinel lymph node biopsy: lymph node dissection under the intercostobrachial nerves in early-stage breast cancer. Clin Breast Cancer, 2013, 13(3): 212-218.
13. Clough KB, Nasr R, Nos C, et al. New anatomical classification of the axilla with implications for sentinel node biopsy. Br J Surg, 2010, 97(11): 1659-1665.
14. Hama Y, Koyama Y, Urano Y, et al. Simultaneous two-color spectral fluorescence lymphangiography with near infrared quantum dots to map two lymphatic flows from the breast and the upper extremity. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 2007, 103(1): 23-28.
15. Nos C, Lesieur B, Clough KB, et al. Blue dye injection in the arm in order to conserve the lymphatic drainage of the arm in breast cancer patients requiring an axillary dissection. Ann Surg Oncol, 2007, 14(9): 2490-2496.
16. Gebruers N, Tjalma WA. Clinical feasibility of axillary reverse mapping and its influence on breast cancer related lymphedema: a systematic review. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 2016, 200: 117-122.
17. Kuusk U, Seyednejad N, Mckevitt EC, et al. Axillary reverse mapping in breast cancer: a Canadian experience. J Surg Oncol, 2014, 110(7): 791-795.
18. Gobardhan PD, Wijsman JH, van Dalen T, et al. ARM: axillary reverse mapping - the need for selection of patients. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2012, 38(8): 657-661.
19. Connor C, Mcginness M, Mammen J, et al. Axillary reverse mapping: a prospective study in women with clinically node negative and node positive breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol, 2013, 20(10): 3303-3307.
20. Britton TB, Solanki CK, Pinder SE, et al. Lymphatic drainage pathways of the breast and the upper limb. Nucl Med Commun, 2009, 30(6): 427-430.
21. Tausch C, Baege A, Dietrich D. Can axillary reverse mapping avoid lymphedema in node positive breast cancer patients?. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2013, 39(8): 880-886.
22. Ikeda K, Ogawa Y, Komatsu H, et al. Evaluation of the metastatic status of lymph nodes identified using axillary reverse mapping in breast cancer patients. World J Surg Oncol, 2012, 10: 233.
23. Ikeda K, Ogawa Y, Kajino C, et al. The influence of axillary reverse mapping related factors on lymphedema in breast cancer patients. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2014, 40(7): 818-823.
24. Noguchi M, Noguchi M, Nakano Y, et al. Axillary reverse mapping using a fluorescence imaging system in breast cancer. J Surg Oncol, 2012, 105(3): 229-234.
25. Noguchi M, Yokoi M, Nakano Y. Axillary reverse mapping with indocyanine fluorescence imaging in patients with breast cancer. J Surg Oncol, 2010, 101(3): 217-221.
26. Sakurai T, Endo M, Shimizu K, et al. Axillary reverse mapping using fluorescence imaging is useful for identifying the risk group of postoperative lymphedema in breast cancer patients undergoing sentinel node biopsies. J Surg Oncol, 2014, 109(6): 612-615.
27. Yue T, Zhuang D, Zhou P, et al. A prospective study to assess the feasibility of axillary reverse mapping and evaluate its effect on preventing lymphedema in breast cancer patients. Clin Breast Cancer, 2015, 15(4): 301-306.
28. Han C, Yang B, Zuo WS, et al. The feasibility and oncological safety of axillary reverse mapping in patients with breast cancer: a systematic review and Meta-analysis of prospective studies. PLoS One, 2016, 11(2): e0150285.
29. Schunemann E Jr, Dória MT, Silvestre JB, et al. Prospective study evaluating oncological safety of axillary reverse mapping. Ann Surg Oncol, 2014, 21(7): 2197-2202.
30. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Breast cancer version 2.2015. (2015-03-11)[2016-05-01]. http://www.jnccn.org/ content/13/4/448.full.pdf+html.

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