Re-recognition of defibrinogen therapy in prevention and management of artery-venous ischemic stroke_West China Medical Journal

Authors：

GU Yaqin ^1,2 ,  DUAN Jiangang ^1,2 , HU Shuyuan ² , JI Xunming ²

1. Department of Emergency, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, P. R. China;
2. Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, P. R. China;

Corresponding?author：

DUAN Jiangang, Email: duanjiangang@xwhosp.org

Keywords：

Fibrinogen; acute ischemic stroke; transient ischemic attack; venous sinus thrombosis; defibrinogen therapy

DOI：

10.7507/1002-0179.202205045

Video：

Export PDF Favorites Scan Get Citation

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

As a risk factor for vascular diseases and inflammatory diseases, fibrinogen has received more and more attention. Hyperfibrinogenemia is associated with the occurrence, development, and poor outcome of artery-venous ischemic stroke (acute ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack and cerebral venous thrombosis). Therefore, fibrinogen may be a potential therapeutic target for the prevention and management of artery-venous ischemic stroke. However, there has been controversy regarding the defibrinogen therapy in artery-venous ischemic stroke. Therefore, this paper introduces the efficacy and safety of defibrinogen therapy alone, combined with antiplatelet or combined with anticoagulant in prevention and management of artery-venous ischemic stroke in detail, in order to re-understand the role of defibrinogen therapy in the prevention and management of artery-venous ischemic stroke.

Citation： GU Yaqin, DUAN Jiangang, HU Shuyuan, JI Xunming. Re-recognition of defibrinogen therapy in prevention and management of artery-venous ischemic stroke. West China Medical Journal, 2022, 37(6): 806-812. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.202205045 Copy

1.	Zhou M, Wang H, Zeng X, et al. Mortality, morbidity, and risk factors in China and its provinces, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet, 2019, 394(10204): 1145-1158.
2.	Wu S, Wu B, Liu M, et al. Stroke in China: advances and challenges in epidemiology, prevention, and management. Lancet Neurol, 2019, 18(4): 394-405.
3.	Degan D, Ornello R, Tiseo C, et al. Epidemiology of transient ischemic attacks using time- or tissue-based definitions: a population-based study. Stroke, 2017, 48(3): 530-536.
4.	Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhao X, et al. Clopidogrel with aspirin in acute minor stroke or transient ischemic attack. N Engl J Med, 2013, 369(1): 11-19.
5.	Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, et al. 2018 guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke, 2018, 49(3): e46-e110.
6.	Long B, Gottlieb M. Antiplatelet agents for preventing early recurrence of ischemic stroke or TIA. Am Fam Physician, 2021, 103(5): online.
7.	Wang Y, Meng X, Wang A, et al. Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in CYP2C19 loss-of-function carriers with stroke or TIA. N Engl J Med, 2021, 385(27): 2520-2530.
8.	Devasagayam S, Wyatt B, Leyden J, et al. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis incidence is higher than previously thought: a retrospective population-based study. Stroke, 2016, 47(9): 2180-2182.
9.	Silvis SM, de Sousa DA, Ferro JM, et al. Cerebral venous thrombosis. Nat Rev Neurol, 2017, 13(9): 555-565.
10.	Ferro JM, Aguiar de Sousa D. Cerebral venous thrombosis: an update. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep, 2019, 19(10): 74.
11.	Ferro JM, Canh?o P, Stam J, et al. Prognosis of cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis: results of the International Study on Cerebral Vein and Dural Sinus Thrombosis (ISCVT). Stroke, 2004, 35(3): 664-670.
12.	Qizilbash N. Fibrinogen and cerebrovascular disease. Eur Heart J, 1995, 16(Suppl A): 42-45.
13.	Tsuda Y, Satoh K, Kitadai M, et al. Hemorheologic profiles of plasma fibrinogen and blood viscosity from silent to acute and chronic cerebral infarctions. J Neurol Sci, 1997, 147(1): 49-54.
14.	Meng R, Wang X, Hussain M, et al. Evaluation of plasma D-dimer plus fibrinogen in predicting acute CVST. Int J Stroke, 2014, 9(2): 166-173.
15.	中華醫學會神經病學分會, 中華醫學會神經病學分會腦血管病學組. 中國急性缺血性腦卒中診治指南 2018. 中華神經科雜志, 2018, 51(9): 666-682.
16.	Saposnik G, Barinagarrementeria F, Brown RD Jr, et al. Diagnosis and management of cerebral venous thrombosis: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke, 2011, 42(4): 1158-1192.
17.	Fan Y, Yu J, Chen H, et al. Chinese Stroke Association guidelines for clinical management of cerebrovascular disorders: executive summary and 2019 update of clinical management of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. Stroke Vasc Neurol, 2020, 5(2): 152-158.
18.	Pieters M, Wolberg AS. Fibrinogen and fibrin: an illustrated review. Res Pract Thromb Haemost, 2019, 3(2): 161-172.
19.	Di Napoli M, Singh P. Is plasma fibrinogen useful in evaluating ischemic stroke patients? Why, how, and when. Stroke, 2009, 40(5): 1549-1552.
20.	Surma S, Banach M. Fibrinogen and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases-review of the literature and clinical studies. Int J Mol Sci, 2021, 23(1): 193.
21.	Mirshahi F, Vasse M, Vincent L, et al. Fibrinogen: a vascular risk factor, why? Contributing effect of oncostatin M on both fibrinogen biosynthesis by hepatocytes and participation in atherothrombotic risk related to modifications of endothelial cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2001, 936: 621-624.
22.	Davalos D, Akassoglou K. Fibrinogen as a key regulator of inflammation in disease. Semin Immunopathol, 2012, 34(1): 43-62.
23.	Spencer JI, Crane M, Pisa M, et al. Out with the old, in with the new: could plasma exchange be used to fill a therapeutic gap in neurology?. J Neurol Sci, 2022, 432: 120056.
24.	Gaule TG, Ajjan RA. Fibrin(ogen) as a therapeutic target: opportunities and challenges. Int J Mol Sci, 2021, 22(13): 6916.
25.	Handtke S, Thiele T. Large and small platelets-(when) do they differ?. J Thromb Haemost, 2020, 18(6): 1256-1267.
26.	Feng D, Lindpaintner K, Larson MG, et al. Platelet glycoprotein Ⅲa Pl(a) polymorphism, fibrinogen, and platelet aggregability: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation, 2001, 104(2): 140-144.
27.	Gillespie AH, Doctor A. Red blood cell contribution to hemostasis. Front Pediatr, 2021, 9: 629824.
28.	Sen U, Tyagi N, Patibandla PK, et al. Fibrinogen-induced endothelin-1 production from endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, 2009, 296(4): C840-C847.
29.	Welin L, Sv?rdsudd K, Wilhelmsen L, et al. Analysis of risk factors for stroke in a cohort of men born in 1913. N Engl J Med, 1987, 317(9): 521-526.
30.	Fibrinogen Studies Collaboration, Danesh J, Lewington S, et al. Plasma fibrinogen level and the risk of major cardiovascular diseases and nonvascular mortality: an individual participant meta-analysis. JAMA, 2005, 294(14): 1799-1809.
31.	Aono Y, Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, et al. Plasma fibrinogen, ambulatory blood pressure, and silent cerebrovascular lesions: the Ohasama study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2007, 27(4): 963-968.
32.	Green D, Foiles N, Chan C, et al. Elevated fibrinogen levels and subsequent subclinical atherosclerosis: the CARDIA study. Atherosclerosis, 2009, 202(2): 623-631.
33.	Rothwell PM, Howard SC, Power DA, et al. Fibrinogen concentration and risk of ischemic stroke and acute coronary events in 5113 patients with transient ischemic attack and minor ischemic stroke. Stroke, 2004, 35(10): 2300-2305.
34.	Woodward M, Lowe GD, Campbell DJ, et al. Associations of inflammatory and hemostatic variables with the risk of recurrent stroke. Stroke, 2005, 36(10): 2143-2147.
35.	吳躍華, 林黎明, 劉燕平, 等. 纖維蛋白原、頸動脈粥樣硬化斑塊與短暫性腦缺血發作后腦梗死相關性. 齊齊哈爾醫學院學報, 2018, 39(13): 1527-1529.
36.	高素穎, 冀瑞俊, 顏應琳, 等. 血清同型半胱氨酸、纖維蛋白原、胱抑素 C 水平與急性腦梗死患者 NIHSS 評分的相關性分析. 中國卒中雜志, 2020, 15(4): 389-393.
37.	Lee SJ, Hong JM, Lee SE, et al. Association of fibrinogen level with early neurological deterioration among acute ischemic stroke patients with diabetes. BMC Neurol, 2017, 17(1): 101.
38.	樸玉順, 劉照寒, 靳春風, 等. D-二聚體及纖維蛋白原與進展性缺血性腦卒中的相關性. 中風與神經疾病雜志, 2015, 32(6): 538-540.
39.	Swarowska M, Janowska A, Polczak A, et al. The sustained increase of plasma fibrinogen during ischemic stroke predicts worse outcome independently of baseline fibrinogen level. Inflammation, 2014, 37(4): 1142-1147.
40.	Rallidis LS, Vikelis M, Panagiotakos DB, et al. Usefulness of inflammatory and haemostatic markers to predict short-term risk for death in middle-aged ischaemic stroke patients. Acta Neurol Scand, 2008, 117(6): 415-420.
41.	Turaj W, S?owik A, Dziedzic T, et al. Increased plasma fibrinogen predicts one-year mortality in patients with acute ischemic stroke. J Neurol Sci, 2006, 246(1/2): 13-19.
42.	Hou HQ, Xiang XL, Pan YS, et al. Baseline or 90-day fibrinogen levels and long-term outcomes after ischemic stroke or TIA: results from the China national stroke registry Ⅲ. Atherosclerosis, 2021, 337: 35-41.
43.	Swarowska M, Polczak A, Pera J, et al. Hyperfibrinogenemia predicts long-term risk of death after ischemic stroke. J Thromb Thrombolysis, 2014, 38(4): 517-521.
44.	Shi J, Shi R, Qin W, et al. Dynamic changes in fibrinogen and prognosis of acute ischemic stroke patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis. Neurotox Res, 2020, 38(3): 775-784.
45.	Liu Y, Chen H, Zhao K, et al. High levels of plasma fibrinogen are related to post-stroke cognitive impairment. Brain Behav, 2019, 9(10): e01391.
46.	陳清棠. 東菱精純克栓酶(DF-521)治療急性腦梗塞的臨床研究. 中風與神經疾病雜志, 1996(4): 213-215.
47.	陳清棠, 趙玉賓, 鄭亞文, 等. 巴曲酶注射液(東菱迪芙, 即東菱精純克栓酶)治療急性腦梗死的臨床試驗. 中風與神經疾病雜志, 2000, 17(1): 27-30.
48.	龐英, 孫玉衡, 韓仰同, 等. 巴曲酶注射液治療發病 72h 后急性腦梗死的研究. 中風與神經疾病雜志, 2008, 25(1): 73-75.
49.	黃一寧. 尿激酶和巴曲酶治療早期急性腦梗死的療效和安全性研究. 中華老年心腦血管病雜志, 2006, 8(2): 104-107.
50.	Hao Z, Liu M, Counsell C, et al. Fibrinogen depleting agents for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2012(3): CD000091.
51.	Sherman DG, Atkinson RP, Chippendale T, et al. Intravenous ancrod for treatment of acute ischemic stroke: the STAT study: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke treatment with ancrod trial. JAMA, 2000, 283(18): 2395-2403.
52.	Hennerici MG, Kay R, Bogousslavsky J, et al. Intravenous ancrod for acute ischaemic stroke in the European Stroke Treatment with Ancrod Trial: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2006, 368(9550): 1871-1878.
53.	Levy DE, Trammel J, Wasiewski WW, et al. Ancrod for acute ischemic stroke: a new dosing regimen derived from analysis of prior ancrod stroke studies. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis, 2009, 18(1): 23-27.
54.	Chen J, Sun D, Liu M, et al. Defibrinogen therapy for acute ischemic stroke: 1332 consecutive cases. Sci Rep, 2018, 8(1): 9489.
55.	Xu G, Liu X, Zhu W, et al. Feasibility of treating hyperfibrinogenemia with intermittently administered batroxobin in patients with ischemic stroke/transient ischemic attack for secondary prevention. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis, 2007, 18(2): 193-197.
56.	Mangalpally KK, Siqueiros-Garcia A, Vaduganathan M, et al. Platelet activation patterns in platelet size sub-populations: differential responses to aspirin in vitro. J Thromb Thrombolysis, 2010, 30(3): 251-262.
57.	Krasopoulos G, Brister SJ, Beattie WS, et al. Aspirin “resistance” and risk of cardiovascular morbidity: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ, 2008, 336(7637): 195-198.
58.	Hovens MM, Snoep JD, Eikenboom JC, et al. Prevalence of persistent platelet reactivity despite use of aspirin: a systematic review. Am Heart J, 2007, 153(2): 175-181.
59.	Jastrz?bska M, Che?stowski K, Wódecka A, et al. Factors influencing multiplate whole blood impedance platelet aggregometry measurements, during aspirin treatment in acute ischemic stroke: a pilot study. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis, 2013, 24(8): 830-838.
60.	Ang L, Palakodeti V, Khalid A, et al. Elevated plasma fibrinogen and diabetes mellitus are associated with lower inhibition of platelet reactivity with clopidogrel. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2008, 52(13): 1052-1059.
61.	姜國晶, 李新, 張素紅. 巴曲酶聯合阿司匹林治療急性腦梗死臨床觀察. 山東大學學報(醫學版), 2014, 52(增刊 2): 51-52.
62.	曹茂紅, 柯開富. 巴曲酶聯合抗血小板聚集藥治療急性腦梗死的療效觀察. 臨床神經病學雜志, 2006, 19(2): 141-143.
63.	李萍. 早期巴曲酶聯合硫酸氫氯吡格雷治療老年急性進展性腦梗死的療效觀察. 醫學理論與實踐, 2018, 31(21): 3207-3208.
64.	王特, 孫新剛, 劉運海, 等. 早期巴曲酶聯合硫酸氫氯吡格雷治療老年急性進展性腦梗死的療效. 中國老年學雜志, 2012, 32(23): 5270-5271.
65.	翟其金, 岳炫燁, 洪震, 等. 巴曲酶對血管性認知障礙的療效觀察. 中國腦血管病雜志, 2010, 7(2): 73-76, 81.
66.	Brown DL, Levine DA, Albright K, et al. Benefits and risks of dual versus single antiplatelet therapy for secondary stroke prevention: a systematic review for the 2021 guideline for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack. Stroke, 2021, 52(7): e468-e479.
67.	Meng R, Dornbos D 3rd, Meng L, et al. Clinical differences between acute CVST and non-thrombotic CVSS. Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 2012, 114(9): 1257-1262.
68.	Ma X, Ji XM, Fu P, et al. Coexistence of high fibrinogen and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels predicts recurrent cerebral venous thrombosis. Chin Med J (Engl), 2015, 128(13): 1732-1737.
69.	Ding J, Zhou D, Hu Y, et al. The efficacy and safety of batroxobin in combination with anticoagulation on cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. J Thromb Thrombolysis, 2018, 46(3): 371-378.
70.	Ding JY, Pan LQ, Hu YY, et al. Batroxobin in combination with anticoagulation may promote venous sinus recanalization in cerebral venous thrombosis: a real-world experience. CNS Neurosci Ther, 2019, 25(5): 638-646.
71.	寧軍, 段建鋼, 吉訓明. 伴靜脈性腦出血的重癥顱內靜脈竇血栓形成一例. 中國現代神經疾病雜志, 2018, 18(11): 813-817.

1. Zhou M, Wang H, Zeng X, et al. Mortality, morbidity, and risk factors in China and its provinces, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet, 2019, 394(10204): 1145-1158.
2. Wu S, Wu B, Liu M, et al. Stroke in China: advances and challenges in epidemiology, prevention, and management. Lancet Neurol, 2019, 18(4): 394-405.
3. Degan D, Ornello R, Tiseo C, et al. Epidemiology of transient ischemic attacks using time- or tissue-based definitions: a population-based study. Stroke, 2017, 48(3): 530-536.
4. Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhao X, et al. Clopidogrel with aspirin in acute minor stroke or transient ischemic attack. N Engl J Med, 2013, 369(1): 11-19.
5. Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, et al. 2018 guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke, 2018, 49(3): e46-e110.
6. Long B, Gottlieb M. Antiplatelet agents for preventing early recurrence of ischemic stroke or TIA. Am Fam Physician, 2021, 103(5): online.
7. Wang Y, Meng X, Wang A, et al. Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in CYP2C19 loss-of-function carriers with stroke or TIA. N Engl J Med, 2021, 385(27): 2520-2530.
8. Devasagayam S, Wyatt B, Leyden J, et al. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis incidence is higher than previously thought: a retrospective population-based study. Stroke, 2016, 47(9): 2180-2182.
9. Silvis SM, de Sousa DA, Ferro JM, et al. Cerebral venous thrombosis. Nat Rev Neurol, 2017, 13(9): 555-565.
10. Ferro JM, Aguiar de Sousa D. Cerebral venous thrombosis: an update. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep, 2019, 19(10): 74.
11. Ferro JM, Canh?o P, Stam J, et al. Prognosis of cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis: results of the International Study on Cerebral Vein and Dural Sinus Thrombosis (ISCVT). Stroke, 2004, 35(3): 664-670.
12. Qizilbash N. Fibrinogen and cerebrovascular disease. Eur Heart J, 1995, 16(Suppl A): 42-45.
13. Tsuda Y, Satoh K, Kitadai M, et al. Hemorheologic profiles of plasma fibrinogen and blood viscosity from silent to acute and chronic cerebral infarctions. J Neurol Sci, 1997, 147(1): 49-54.
14. Meng R, Wang X, Hussain M, et al. Evaluation of plasma D-dimer plus fibrinogen in predicting acute CVST. Int J Stroke, 2014, 9(2): 166-173.
15. 中華醫學會神經病學分會, 中華醫學會神經病學分會腦血管病學組. 中國急性缺血性腦卒中診治指南 2018. 中華神經科雜志, 2018, 51(9): 666-682.
16. Saposnik G, Barinagarrementeria F, Brown RD Jr, et al. Diagnosis and management of cerebral venous thrombosis: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke, 2011, 42(4): 1158-1192.
17. Fan Y, Yu J, Chen H, et al. Chinese Stroke Association guidelines for clinical management of cerebrovascular disorders: executive summary and 2019 update of clinical management of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. Stroke Vasc Neurol, 2020, 5(2): 152-158.
18. Pieters M, Wolberg AS. Fibrinogen and fibrin: an illustrated review. Res Pract Thromb Haemost, 2019, 3(2): 161-172.
19. Di Napoli M, Singh P. Is plasma fibrinogen useful in evaluating ischemic stroke patients? Why, how, and when. Stroke, 2009, 40(5): 1549-1552.
20. Surma S, Banach M. Fibrinogen and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases-review of the literature and clinical studies. Int J Mol Sci, 2021, 23(1): 193.
21. Mirshahi F, Vasse M, Vincent L, et al. Fibrinogen: a vascular risk factor, why? Contributing effect of oncostatin M on both fibrinogen biosynthesis by hepatocytes and participation in atherothrombotic risk related to modifications of endothelial cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2001, 936: 621-624.
22. Davalos D, Akassoglou K. Fibrinogen as a key regulator of inflammation in disease. Semin Immunopathol, 2012, 34(1): 43-62.
23. Spencer JI, Crane M, Pisa M, et al. Out with the old, in with the new: could plasma exchange be used to fill a therapeutic gap in neurology?. J Neurol Sci, 2022, 432: 120056.
24. Gaule TG, Ajjan RA. Fibrin(ogen) as a therapeutic target: opportunities and challenges. Int J Mol Sci, 2021, 22(13): 6916.
25. Handtke S, Thiele T. Large and small platelets-(when) do they differ?. J Thromb Haemost, 2020, 18(6): 1256-1267.
26. Feng D, Lindpaintner K, Larson MG, et al. Platelet glycoprotein Ⅲa Pl(a) polymorphism, fibrinogen, and platelet aggregability: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation, 2001, 104(2): 140-144.
27. Gillespie AH, Doctor A. Red blood cell contribution to hemostasis. Front Pediatr, 2021, 9: 629824.
28. Sen U, Tyagi N, Patibandla PK, et al. Fibrinogen-induced endothelin-1 production from endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, 2009, 296(4): C840-C847.
29. Welin L, Sv?rdsudd K, Wilhelmsen L, et al. Analysis of risk factors for stroke in a cohort of men born in 1913. N Engl J Med, 1987, 317(9): 521-526.
30. Fibrinogen Studies Collaboration, Danesh J, Lewington S, et al. Plasma fibrinogen level and the risk of major cardiovascular diseases and nonvascular mortality: an individual participant meta-analysis. JAMA, 2005, 294(14): 1799-1809.
31. Aono Y, Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, et al. Plasma fibrinogen, ambulatory blood pressure, and silent cerebrovascular lesions: the Ohasama study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2007, 27(4): 963-968.
32. Green D, Foiles N, Chan C, et al. Elevated fibrinogen levels and subsequent subclinical atherosclerosis: the CARDIA study. Atherosclerosis, 2009, 202(2): 623-631.
33. Rothwell PM, Howard SC, Power DA, et al. Fibrinogen concentration and risk of ischemic stroke and acute coronary events in 5113 patients with transient ischemic attack and minor ischemic stroke. Stroke, 2004, 35(10): 2300-2305.
34. Woodward M, Lowe GD, Campbell DJ, et al. Associations of inflammatory and hemostatic variables with the risk of recurrent stroke. Stroke, 2005, 36(10): 2143-2147.
35. 吳躍華, 林黎明, 劉燕平, 等. 纖維蛋白原、頸動脈粥樣硬化斑塊與短暫性腦缺血發作后腦梗死相關性. 齊齊哈爾醫學院學報, 2018, 39(13): 1527-1529.
36. 高素穎, 冀瑞俊, 顏應琳, 等. 血清同型半胱氨酸、纖維蛋白原、胱抑素 C 水平與急性腦梗死患者 NIHSS 評分的相關性分析. 中國卒中雜志, 2020, 15(4): 389-393.
37. Lee SJ, Hong JM, Lee SE, et al. Association of fibrinogen level with early neurological deterioration among acute ischemic stroke patients with diabetes. BMC Neurol, 2017, 17(1): 101.
38. 樸玉順, 劉照寒, 靳春風, 等. D-二聚體及纖維蛋白原與進展性缺血性腦卒中的相關性. 中風與神經疾病雜志, 2015, 32(6): 538-540.
39. Swarowska M, Janowska A, Polczak A, et al. The sustained increase of plasma fibrinogen during ischemic stroke predicts worse outcome independently of baseline fibrinogen level. Inflammation, 2014, 37(4): 1142-1147.
40. Rallidis LS, Vikelis M, Panagiotakos DB, et al. Usefulness of inflammatory and haemostatic markers to predict short-term risk for death in middle-aged ischaemic stroke patients. Acta Neurol Scand, 2008, 117(6): 415-420.
41. Turaj W, S?owik A, Dziedzic T, et al. Increased plasma fibrinogen predicts one-year mortality in patients with acute ischemic stroke. J Neurol Sci, 2006, 246(1/2): 13-19.
42. Hou HQ, Xiang XL, Pan YS, et al. Baseline or 90-day fibrinogen levels and long-term outcomes after ischemic stroke or TIA: results from the China national stroke registry Ⅲ. Atherosclerosis, 2021, 337: 35-41.
43. Swarowska M, Polczak A, Pera J, et al. Hyperfibrinogenemia predicts long-term risk of death after ischemic stroke. J Thromb Thrombolysis, 2014, 38(4): 517-521.
44. Shi J, Shi R, Qin W, et al. Dynamic changes in fibrinogen and prognosis of acute ischemic stroke patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis. Neurotox Res, 2020, 38(3): 775-784.
45. Liu Y, Chen H, Zhao K, et al. High levels of plasma fibrinogen are related to post-stroke cognitive impairment. Brain Behav, 2019, 9(10): e01391.
46. 陳清棠. 東菱精純克栓酶(DF-521)治療急性腦梗塞的臨床研究. 中風與神經疾病雜志, 1996(4): 213-215.
47. 陳清棠, 趙玉賓, 鄭亞文, 等. 巴曲酶注射液(東菱迪芙, 即東菱精純克栓酶)治療急性腦梗死的臨床試驗. 中風與神經疾病雜志, 2000, 17(1): 27-30.
48. 龐英, 孫玉衡, 韓仰同, 等. 巴曲酶注射液治療發病 72h 后急性腦梗死的研究. 中風與神經疾病雜志, 2008, 25(1): 73-75.
49. 黃一寧. 尿激酶和巴曲酶治療早期急性腦梗死的療效和安全性研究. 中華老年心腦血管病雜志, 2006, 8(2): 104-107.
50. Hao Z, Liu M, Counsell C, et al. Fibrinogen depleting agents for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2012(3): CD000091.
51. Sherman DG, Atkinson RP, Chippendale T, et al. Intravenous ancrod for treatment of acute ischemic stroke: the STAT study: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke treatment with ancrod trial. JAMA, 2000, 283(18): 2395-2403.
52. Hennerici MG, Kay R, Bogousslavsky J, et al. Intravenous ancrod for acute ischaemic stroke in the European Stroke Treatment with Ancrod Trial: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2006, 368(9550): 1871-1878.
53. Levy DE, Trammel J, Wasiewski WW, et al. Ancrod for acute ischemic stroke: a new dosing regimen derived from analysis of prior ancrod stroke studies. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis, 2009, 18(1): 23-27.
54. Chen J, Sun D, Liu M, et al. Defibrinogen therapy for acute ischemic stroke: 1332 consecutive cases. Sci Rep, 2018, 8(1): 9489.
55. Xu G, Liu X, Zhu W, et al. Feasibility of treating hyperfibrinogenemia with intermittently administered batroxobin in patients with ischemic stroke/transient ischemic attack for secondary prevention. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis, 2007, 18(2): 193-197.
56. Mangalpally KK, Siqueiros-Garcia A, Vaduganathan M, et al. Platelet activation patterns in platelet size sub-populations: differential responses to aspirin in vitro. J Thromb Thrombolysis, 2010, 30(3): 251-262.
57. Krasopoulos G, Brister SJ, Beattie WS, et al. Aspirin “resistance” and risk of cardiovascular morbidity: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ, 2008, 336(7637): 195-198.
58. Hovens MM, Snoep JD, Eikenboom JC, et al. Prevalence of persistent platelet reactivity despite use of aspirin: a systematic review. Am Heart J, 2007, 153(2): 175-181.
59. Jastrz?bska M, Che?stowski K, Wódecka A, et al. Factors influencing multiplate whole blood impedance platelet aggregometry measurements, during aspirin treatment in acute ischemic stroke: a pilot study. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis, 2013, 24(8): 830-838.
60. Ang L, Palakodeti V, Khalid A, et al. Elevated plasma fibrinogen and diabetes mellitus are associated with lower inhibition of platelet reactivity with clopidogrel. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2008, 52(13): 1052-1059.
61. 姜國晶, 李新, 張素紅. 巴曲酶聯合阿司匹林治療急性腦梗死臨床觀察. 山東大學學報(醫學版), 2014, 52(增刊 2): 51-52.
62. 曹茂紅, 柯開富. 巴曲酶聯合抗血小板聚集藥治療急性腦梗死的療效觀察. 臨床神經病學雜志, 2006, 19(2): 141-143.
63. 李萍. 早期巴曲酶聯合硫酸氫氯吡格雷治療老年急性進展性腦梗死的療效觀察. 醫學理論與實踐, 2018, 31(21): 3207-3208.
64. 王特, 孫新剛, 劉運海, 等. 早期巴曲酶聯合硫酸氫氯吡格雷治療老年急性進展性腦梗死的療效. 中國老年學雜志, 2012, 32(23): 5270-5271.
65. 翟其金, 岳炫燁, 洪震, 等. 巴曲酶對血管性認知障礙的療效觀察. 中國腦血管病雜志, 2010, 7(2): 73-76, 81.
66. Brown DL, Levine DA, Albright K, et al. Benefits and risks of dual versus single antiplatelet therapy for secondary stroke prevention: a systematic review for the 2021 guideline for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack. Stroke, 2021, 52(7): e468-e479.
67. Meng R, Dornbos D 3rd, Meng L, et al. Clinical differences between acute CVST and non-thrombotic CVSS. Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 2012, 114(9): 1257-1262.
68. Ma X, Ji XM, Fu P, et al. Coexistence of high fibrinogen and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels predicts recurrent cerebral venous thrombosis. Chin Med J (Engl), 2015, 128(13): 1732-1737.
69. Ding J, Zhou D, Hu Y, et al. The efficacy and safety of batroxobin in combination with anticoagulation on cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. J Thromb Thrombolysis, 2018, 46(3): 371-378.
70. Ding JY, Pan LQ, Hu YY, et al. Batroxobin in combination with anticoagulation may promote venous sinus recanalization in cerebral venous thrombosis: a real-world experience. CNS Neurosci Ther, 2019, 25(5): 638-646.
71. 寧軍, 段建鋼, 吉訓明. 伴靜脈性腦出血的重癥顱內靜脈竇血栓形成一例. 中國現代神經疾病雜志, 2018, 18(11): 813-817.

Previous Article
Appropriate diagnosis and treatment for lacunar infarcts and leukoaraiosis without stroke symptoms
Next Article
Improving the understanding of stroke with hereditary cerebral small vessel disease

West China Medical Journal

Re-recognition of defibrinogen therapy in prevention and management of artery-venous ischemic stroke

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Previous Article

Next Article

Format

Content