Research progress on the treatment of comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with dyslexia_West China Medical Journal

Authors：

JI Weiwei ¹ ,  WANG Yan ²

1. The Second Clinical Medical School, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P. R. China;
2. Rehabilitation Centre, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P. R. China;

Corresponding?author：

WANG Yan, Email: swallow-1113@163.com

Keywords：

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; dyslexia; pathogenesis; treatment

DOI：

10.7507/1002-0179.202505183

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and dyslexia are common neurodevelopmental disorders in children, with a comorbidity rate reaches as high as 25%-48%. Clinically characterised by inattention, hyperactivity-impulsivity, and impaired reading fluency, accuracy, and spelling, these conditions significantly impact children’s cognitive function, psychological state, and social behavioural development, increasing burdens on families and society. Nevertheless, research into their aetiology and treatment remains exploratory. This paper aims to review potential underlying mechanisms and therapeutic approaches for the co-occurrence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and dyslexia, providing guidance for clinical identification, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with dyslexia.

Citation： JI Weiwei, WANG Yan. Research progress on the treatment of comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with dyslexia. West China Medical Journal, 2026, 41(1): 149-154. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.202505183 Copy

1.	Predescu E, Vaidean T, Rapciuc AM, et al. Metabolomic markers in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among children and adolescents-a systematic review. Int J Mol Sci, 2024, 25(8): 4385.
2.	American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5? (5th ed. ), American Psychiatric Publishing, 2013.
3.	Yang L, Li C, Li X, et al. Prevalence of developmental dyslexia in primary school children: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. Brain Sci, 2022, 12(2): 240.
4.	King S, Wang L, Datchuk SM, et al. Meta-analyses of reading intervention studies including students with learning disabilities: a methodological review. J Learn Disabil, 2023, 56(3): 210-224.
5.	Wu ZM, Wang P, Zhong YY, et al. The underlying neuropsychological and neural correlates of the impaired Chinese reading skills in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2024, 33(11): 3979-3992.
6.	Sanfilippo J, Ness M, Petscher Y, et al. Reintroducing dyslexia: early identification and implications for pediatric practice. Pediatrics, 2020, 146(1): e20193046.
7.	Ciulkinyte A, Mountford HS, Fontanillas P, et al. Genetic neurodevelopmental clustering and dyslexia. Mol Psychiatry, 2025, 30(1): 140-150.
8.	Hongyao HE, Chun JI, Xiaoyan G, et al. Associative gene networks reveal novel candidates important for ADHD and dyslexia comorbidity. BMC Medical Genomics, 2023, 16(1): 208.
9.	Doust C, Fontanillas P, Eising E, et al. Discovery of 42 genome-wide significant loci associated with dyslexia. Nat Genet, 2022, 54 (11): 1621-1629.
10.	Micalizzi L, Marceau K, Evans AS, et al. A sibling-comparison study of smoking during pregnancy and risk for reading-related problems. Neurotoxicol Teratol, 2021, 84: 106961.
11.	Li Q, Cai X, Zhou H, et al. Maternal smoking cessation in the first trimester still poses an increased risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and learning disability in offspring. Front Public Health, 2024, 12: 1386137.
12.	Wu K, Lu W, Yan X. Potential adverse actions of prenatal exposure of acetaminophen to offspring. Front Pharmacol, 2023, 14: 1094435.
13.	Skogheim TS, Weyde KVF, Aase H, et al. Prenatal exposure to per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and associations with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder in children. Environ Res, 2021, 202: 111692.
14.	Tao Q, Shen Y, Li Y, et al. Prenatal exposure to antibiotics and risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurol, 2022, 13: 1045865.
15.	Ai Y, Zhao J, Shi J, et al. Antibiotic exposure and childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: systematic review and Meta-analysis. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 2021, 238(11):3055-3062.
16.	Qu G, Hu W, Meng J, et al. Association between screen time and developmental and behavioral problems among children in the United States: evidence from 2018 to 2020 NSCH. J Psychiatr Res, 2023, 161: 140-149.
17.	Skogheim TS, Weyde KVF, Engel SM, et al. Metal and essential element concentrations during pregnancy and associations with autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children. Environ Int, 2021, 152: 106468.
18.	Ghasoub M, Perdue M, Long X, et al. The brain’s structural connectivity and pre-reading abilities in young children with prenatal alcohol exposure. Dev Cogn Neurosci, 2024, 70: 101467.
19.	Slaby RJ, Arrington CN, Malins J, et al. Properties of white matter tract diffusivity in children with developmental dyslexia and comorbid attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Neurodev Disord, 2023, 15(1): 25.
20.	Lee MM, Drury BC, McGrath LM, et al. Shared grey matter correlates of reading and attention. Brain Lang, 2023, 237: 105230.
21.	McGrath LM, Pennington BF, Shanahan MA, et al. A multiple deficit model of reading disability and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder: searching for shared cognitive deficits. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 2011, 52(5): 547-557.
22.	Soman SM, Vijayakumar N, Thomson P, et al. Cortical structural and functional coupling during development and implications for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Transl Psychiatry, 2023, 13(1): 252.
23.	Tan LH, Perfetti CA, Ziegler JC, et al. Editorial: neural bases of reading acquisition and reading disability. Front Neurosci, 2023, 17: 1147156.
24.	Price KM, Wigg KG, Nigam A, et al. Identification of brain cell types underlying genetic association with word reading and correlated traits. Mol Psychiatry, 2023, 28(4): 1719-1730.
25.	Cecil KM, Brunst KJ, Horowitz-Kraus T. Greater reading gain following intervention is associated with low magnetic resonance spectroscopy derived concentrations in the anterior cingulate cortex in children with dyslexia. Brain Res, 2021, 1759: 147386.
26.	鄭杰, 陳燕惠. 注意缺陷多動障礙與腸道微生物群的研究進展. 中國兒童保健雜志, 2023, 31(9): 986-989.
27.	Visternicu M, Rarinca V, Burlui V, et al. Investigating the impact of nutrition and oxidative stress on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Nutrients, 2024, 16(18): 3113.
28.	Montoya-Londo?o D, Landínez-Martínez D, Aguirre-Aldana L, et al. Metalinguistic and reading skills in a sample of colombian children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Children (Basel), 2024, 11(11): 1309.
29.	陳立. 兒童期復雜注意缺陷多動障礙的評估與治療. 中國兒童保健雜志, 2023, 31(9): 935-938.
30.	傅朝, 袁靖, 裴栩瑤, 等. 托莫西汀治療注意缺陷多動障礙的腦效應連接機制. 中國心理衛生雜志, 2023, 37(2): 97-102.
31.	Shaywitz S, Shaywitz B, Wietecha L, et al. Effect of atomoxetine treatment on reading and phonological skills in children with dyslexia or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and comorbid dyslexia in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol, 2017, 27(1): 19-28.
32.	杜姝慧, 杜亞松, 姚可依, 等. 注意缺陷多動障礙治療藥物分子作用機制的研究進展. 臨床精神醫學雜志, 2025, 35(3): 246-249.
33.	Huang W, Wang Y. Clinical effects of methylphenidate hydrochloride extended-release tablets on improvement of intelligence and behavior in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Afr J Reprod Health, 2025, 29(6): 141-149.
34.	Liu X, Li X, Liu L, et al. Clinical efficacy of atomoxetine hydrochloride combined with electroencephalogram biofeedback in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children. eNeuro. 2025, 12(4): ENEURO. 0371-24.2025.
35.	Merrill BM, Macphee FL, Burrows-MacLean L, et al. Single and combined effects of multiple intensities of behavioral modification and methylphenidate for children with ADHD in the home setting. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol, 2023, 51(10): 1481-1495.
36.	Salehinejad MA, Ghanavati E, Glinski B, et al. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials on efficacy and safety of transcranial direct current stimulation in major neurodevelopmental disorders: ADHD, autism, and dyslexia. Brain Behav, 2022, 12(9): e2724.
37.	Salehinejad MA, Vosough Y, Nejati V. The impact of bilateral anodal tDCS over left and right DLPFC on executive functions in children with ADHD. Brain Sci, 2022, 12(8): 1098.
38.	Constantino E, Castro IC, Lima VLC, et al. Efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation in developmental dyslexia: a scoping review. Codas, 2025, 37(3): e20240134.
39.	Battisti A, Lazzaro G, Costanzo F, et al. Effects of a short and intensive transcranial direct current stimulation treatment in children and adolescents with developmental dyslexia: a crossover clinical trial. Front Psychol, 2022, 13: 986242.
40.	Chan YS, Jang JT, Ho CS. Effects of physical exercise on children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Biomed J, 2022, 45(2): 265-270.
41.	李良, 黃孜耘, 楊益成, 等. 球類身體活動干預對注意缺陷多動障礙兒童基本動作技能和執行功能的效果. 中國康復理論與實踐, 2024, 30(4): 479-486.
42.	陳小明, 梁冠軍, 李明娣, 等. 有氧運動對注意缺陷多動障礙兒童核心癥狀和執行功能的影響. 中國康復理論與實踐, 2022, 28(6): 704-709.
43.	Martínez-Vérez V, Gil-Ruíz P, Domínguez-Lloria S. Interventions through art therapy and music therapy in autism spectrum disorder, ADHD, language disorders, and learning disabilities in pediatric-aged children: a systematic review. Children (Basel), 2024, 11(6): 706.
44.	Park JI, Lee IH, Lee SJ, et al. Effects of music therapy as an alternative treatment on depression in children and adolescents with ADHD by activating serotonin and improving stress coping ability. BMC Complement Med Ther, 2023, 23(1): 73.
45.	Zhu C. Effects of musicotherapy combined with cognitive behavioral intervention on the cognitive ability of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatr Danub, 2022, 34(2): 288-295.
46.	Madjar N, Gazoli R, Manor I, et al. Contrasting effects of music on reading comprehension in preadolescents with and without ADHD. Psychiatry Res, 2020, 291: 113207.
47.	Lewis JD, Kim SJ. Scoping review of music interventions aimed at improving reading skills in children with specific learning disorders in reading. J Music Ther, 2024, 61(3): 218-243.
48.	Oh S, Joung YS, Chung TM, et al. Diagnosis of ADHD using virtual reality and artificial intelligence: an exploratory study of clinical applications. Front Psychiatry, 2024, 15: 1383547.
49.	Corrigan N, P?s?relu CR, Voinescu A. Immersive virtual reality for improving cognitive deficits in children with ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Virtual Real, 2023: 1-20.
50.	Capobianco M, Puzzo C, Di Matteo C, et al. Current virtual reality-based rehabilitation interventions in neuro-developmental disorders at developmental ages. Front Behav Neurosci, 2025, 18: 1441615.
51.	Maassen BAM, Glatz T, Borleffs E, et al. Digital game-based learning for dynamic assessment and early intervention targeting reading difficulties: cross-linguistic studies of GraphoLearn. Clin Linguist Phon, 2025, 39(6/7/8): 1-26.
52.	Schena A, Garotti R, D’Alise D, et al. IAmHero: preliminary findings of an experimental study to evaluate the statistical significance of an intervention for ADHD conducted through the use of serious games in virtual reality. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2023, 20(4): 3414.
53.	Hong H, Kim RY, Song Y, et al. Genetic profile for dopamine signaling predicts brain functional reactivity to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 2023, 273(1): 99-111.
54.	Arrington CN, Ossowski AE, Baig H, et al. The impact of transcranial magnetic stimulation on reading processes: a systematic review. Neuropsychol Rev, 2023, 33(1): 255-277.
55.	黃美琳, 王海霏, 杜亞松. 注意缺陷多動障礙家庭治療研究進展. 中國兒童保健雜志, 2024, 32(12): 1328-1332.
56.	蔡子耀, 陳春棉, 欒泓霖. 虛擬現實認知訓練輔助治療兒童注意缺陷多動障礙療效觀察. 中華全科醫學, 2025, 23(7): 1162-1166.

1. Predescu E, Vaidean T, Rapciuc AM, et al. Metabolomic markers in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among children and adolescents-a systematic review. Int J Mol Sci, 2024, 25(8): 4385.
2. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5? (5th ed. ), American Psychiatric Publishing, 2013.
3. Yang L, Li C, Li X, et al. Prevalence of developmental dyslexia in primary school children: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. Brain Sci, 2022, 12(2): 240.
4. King S, Wang L, Datchuk SM, et al. Meta-analyses of reading intervention studies including students with learning disabilities: a methodological review. J Learn Disabil, 2023, 56(3): 210-224.
5. Wu ZM, Wang P, Zhong YY, et al. The underlying neuropsychological and neural correlates of the impaired Chinese reading skills in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2024, 33(11): 3979-3992.
6. Sanfilippo J, Ness M, Petscher Y, et al. Reintroducing dyslexia: early identification and implications for pediatric practice. Pediatrics, 2020, 146(1): e20193046.
7. Ciulkinyte A, Mountford HS, Fontanillas P, et al. Genetic neurodevelopmental clustering and dyslexia. Mol Psychiatry, 2025, 30(1): 140-150.
8. Hongyao HE, Chun JI, Xiaoyan G, et al. Associative gene networks reveal novel candidates important for ADHD and dyslexia comorbidity. BMC Medical Genomics, 2023, 16(1): 208.
9. Doust C, Fontanillas P, Eising E, et al. Discovery of 42 genome-wide significant loci associated with dyslexia. Nat Genet, 2022, 54 (11): 1621-1629.
10. Micalizzi L, Marceau K, Evans AS, et al. A sibling-comparison study of smoking during pregnancy and risk for reading-related problems. Neurotoxicol Teratol, 2021, 84: 106961.
11. Li Q, Cai X, Zhou H, et al. Maternal smoking cessation in the first trimester still poses an increased risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and learning disability in offspring. Front Public Health, 2024, 12: 1386137.
12. Wu K, Lu W, Yan X. Potential adverse actions of prenatal exposure of acetaminophen to offspring. Front Pharmacol, 2023, 14: 1094435.
13. Skogheim TS, Weyde KVF, Aase H, et al. Prenatal exposure to per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and associations with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder in children. Environ Res, 2021, 202: 111692.
14. Tao Q, Shen Y, Li Y, et al. Prenatal exposure to antibiotics and risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurol, 2022, 13: 1045865.
15. Ai Y, Zhao J, Shi J, et al. Antibiotic exposure and childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: systematic review and Meta-analysis. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 2021, 238(11):3055-3062.
16. Qu G, Hu W, Meng J, et al. Association between screen time and developmental and behavioral problems among children in the United States: evidence from 2018 to 2020 NSCH. J Psychiatr Res, 2023, 161: 140-149.
17. Skogheim TS, Weyde KVF, Engel SM, et al. Metal and essential element concentrations during pregnancy and associations with autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children. Environ Int, 2021, 152: 106468.
18. Ghasoub M, Perdue M, Long X, et al. The brain’s structural connectivity and pre-reading abilities in young children with prenatal alcohol exposure. Dev Cogn Neurosci, 2024, 70: 101467.
19. Slaby RJ, Arrington CN, Malins J, et al. Properties of white matter tract diffusivity in children with developmental dyslexia and comorbid attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Neurodev Disord, 2023, 15(1): 25.
20. Lee MM, Drury BC, McGrath LM, et al. Shared grey matter correlates of reading and attention. Brain Lang, 2023, 237: 105230.
21. McGrath LM, Pennington BF, Shanahan MA, et al. A multiple deficit model of reading disability and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder: searching for shared cognitive deficits. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 2011, 52(5): 547-557.
22. Soman SM, Vijayakumar N, Thomson P, et al. Cortical structural and functional coupling during development and implications for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Transl Psychiatry, 2023, 13(1): 252.
23. Tan LH, Perfetti CA, Ziegler JC, et al. Editorial: neural bases of reading acquisition and reading disability. Front Neurosci, 2023, 17: 1147156.
24. Price KM, Wigg KG, Nigam A, et al. Identification of brain cell types underlying genetic association with word reading and correlated traits. Mol Psychiatry, 2023, 28(4): 1719-1730.
25. Cecil KM, Brunst KJ, Horowitz-Kraus T. Greater reading gain following intervention is associated with low magnetic resonance spectroscopy derived concentrations in the anterior cingulate cortex in children with dyslexia. Brain Res, 2021, 1759: 147386.
26. 鄭杰, 陳燕惠. 注意缺陷多動障礙與腸道微生物群的研究進展. 中國兒童保健雜志, 2023, 31(9): 986-989.
27. Visternicu M, Rarinca V, Burlui V, et al. Investigating the impact of nutrition and oxidative stress on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Nutrients, 2024, 16(18): 3113.
28. Montoya-Londo?o D, Landínez-Martínez D, Aguirre-Aldana L, et al. Metalinguistic and reading skills in a sample of colombian children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Children (Basel), 2024, 11(11): 1309.
29. 陳立. 兒童期復雜注意缺陷多動障礙的評估與治療. 中國兒童保健雜志, 2023, 31(9): 935-938.
30. 傅朝, 袁靖, 裴栩瑤, 等. 托莫西汀治療注意缺陷多動障礙的腦效應連接機制. 中國心理衛生雜志, 2023, 37(2): 97-102.
31. Shaywitz S, Shaywitz B, Wietecha L, et al. Effect of atomoxetine treatment on reading and phonological skills in children with dyslexia or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and comorbid dyslexia in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol, 2017, 27(1): 19-28.
32. 杜姝慧, 杜亞松, 姚可依, 等. 注意缺陷多動障礙治療藥物分子作用機制的研究進展. 臨床精神醫學雜志, 2025, 35(3): 246-249.
33. Huang W, Wang Y. Clinical effects of methylphenidate hydrochloride extended-release tablets on improvement of intelligence and behavior in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Afr J Reprod Health, 2025, 29(6): 141-149.
34. Liu X, Li X, Liu L, et al. Clinical efficacy of atomoxetine hydrochloride combined with electroencephalogram biofeedback in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children. eNeuro. 2025, 12(4): ENEURO. 0371-24.2025.
35. Merrill BM, Macphee FL, Burrows-MacLean L, et al. Single and combined effects of multiple intensities of behavioral modification and methylphenidate for children with ADHD in the home setting. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol, 2023, 51(10): 1481-1495.
36. Salehinejad MA, Ghanavati E, Glinski B, et al. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials on efficacy and safety of transcranial direct current stimulation in major neurodevelopmental disorders: ADHD, autism, and dyslexia. Brain Behav, 2022, 12(9): e2724.
37. Salehinejad MA, Vosough Y, Nejati V. The impact of bilateral anodal tDCS over left and right DLPFC on executive functions in children with ADHD. Brain Sci, 2022, 12(8): 1098.
38. Constantino E, Castro IC, Lima VLC, et al. Efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation in developmental dyslexia: a scoping review. Codas, 2025, 37(3): e20240134.
39. Battisti A, Lazzaro G, Costanzo F, et al. Effects of a short and intensive transcranial direct current stimulation treatment in children and adolescents with developmental dyslexia: a crossover clinical trial. Front Psychol, 2022, 13: 986242.
40. Chan YS, Jang JT, Ho CS. Effects of physical exercise on children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Biomed J, 2022, 45(2): 265-270.
41. 李良, 黃孜耘, 楊益成, 等. 球類身體活動干預對注意缺陷多動障礙兒童基本動作技能和執行功能的效果. 中國康復理論與實踐, 2024, 30(4): 479-486.
42. 陳小明, 梁冠軍, 李明娣, 等. 有氧運動對注意缺陷多動障礙兒童核心癥狀和執行功能的影響. 中國康復理論與實踐, 2022, 28(6): 704-709.
43. Martínez-Vérez V, Gil-Ruíz P, Domínguez-Lloria S. Interventions through art therapy and music therapy in autism spectrum disorder, ADHD, language disorders, and learning disabilities in pediatric-aged children: a systematic review. Children (Basel), 2024, 11(6): 706.
44. Park JI, Lee IH, Lee SJ, et al. Effects of music therapy as an alternative treatment on depression in children and adolescents with ADHD by activating serotonin and improving stress coping ability. BMC Complement Med Ther, 2023, 23(1): 73.
45. Zhu C. Effects of musicotherapy combined with cognitive behavioral intervention on the cognitive ability of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatr Danub, 2022, 34(2): 288-295.
46. Madjar N, Gazoli R, Manor I, et al. Contrasting effects of music on reading comprehension in preadolescents with and without ADHD. Psychiatry Res, 2020, 291: 113207.
47. Lewis JD, Kim SJ. Scoping review of music interventions aimed at improving reading skills in children with specific learning disorders in reading. J Music Ther, 2024, 61(3): 218-243.
48. Oh S, Joung YS, Chung TM, et al. Diagnosis of ADHD using virtual reality and artificial intelligence: an exploratory study of clinical applications. Front Psychiatry, 2024, 15: 1383547.
49. Corrigan N, P?s?relu CR, Voinescu A. Immersive virtual reality for improving cognitive deficits in children with ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Virtual Real, 2023: 1-20.
50. Capobianco M, Puzzo C, Di Matteo C, et al. Current virtual reality-based rehabilitation interventions in neuro-developmental disorders at developmental ages. Front Behav Neurosci, 2025, 18: 1441615.
51. Maassen BAM, Glatz T, Borleffs E, et al. Digital game-based learning for dynamic assessment and early intervention targeting reading difficulties: cross-linguistic studies of GraphoLearn. Clin Linguist Phon, 2025, 39(6/7/8): 1-26.
52. Schena A, Garotti R, D’Alise D, et al. IAmHero: preliminary findings of an experimental study to evaluate the statistical significance of an intervention for ADHD conducted through the use of serious games in virtual reality. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2023, 20(4): 3414.
53. Hong H, Kim RY, Song Y, et al. Genetic profile for dopamine signaling predicts brain functional reactivity to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 2023, 273(1): 99-111.
54. Arrington CN, Ossowski AE, Baig H, et al. The impact of transcranial magnetic stimulation on reading processes: a systematic review. Neuropsychol Rev, 2023, 33(1): 255-277.
55. 黃美琳, 王海霏, 杜亞松. 注意缺陷多動障礙家庭治療研究進展. 中國兒童保健雜志, 2024, 32(12): 1328-1332.
56. 蔡子耀, 陳春棉, 欒泓霖. 虛擬現實認知訓練輔助治療兒童注意缺陷多動障礙療效觀察. 中華全科醫學, 2025, 23(7): 1162-1166.

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