Infection risk in and precision prevention strategies for urolithiasis surgery_West China Medical Journal

Authors：

ZHENG Yuanyuan ¹ ,  WANG Shuying ² , CHEN Chao ³

1. The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P. R. China;
2. Department of Hospital Infection Control, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P. R. China;
3. Department of Urology Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P. R. China;

Corresponding?author：

WANG Shuying, Email: wsy7310@163.com

Keywords：

Urolithiasis; preoperative urine culture; antibiotic prophylaxis; antimicrobial management; risk assessment; infectious complications

DOI：

10.7507/1002-0179.202506007

Video：

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The global incidence of urolithiasis continues to rise. Although surgical treatment is highly effective, postoperative infectious complications remain common and can be life-threatening. Reducing infection risk in high-risk patients, improving surgical safety, and decreasing antimicrobial resistance are urgent issues in urolithiasis surgery. This study constructs a perioperative infection prevention and control framework based on the correlation between surgical approaches, patient immunity, stone characteristics, and urinary microbiota. By standardizing preoperative evaluation, intraoperative procedures, and postoperative monitoring, combined with risk stratification and precise antibiotic use, perioperative management is optimized to enhance surgical safety and provide practical perioperative infection control strategies for urolithiasis in clinical practice.

Citation： ZHENG Yuanyuan, WANG Shuying, CHEN Chao. Infection risk in and precision prevention strategies for urolithiasis surgery. West China Medical Journal, 2026, 41(3): 489-496. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.202506007 Copy

1.	Sada M, Khan S, Khan MU, et al. Drug utilization and prescribing pattern in the treatment of urolithiasis: a perspective on world health organization recommendations. Int J Basic Clin Pharmacol, 2024, 13(3): 371-377.
2.	Osorio-Manrique J, Ramos JA, Garcia-Landazabal E, et al. Factores asociados a complicaciones infecciosas posoperatorias en pacientes con urolitiasis. Rev Urol Colombiana / Colomb Urol J, 2021, 30(2): 105-111.
3.	Lee YC, Chen TH, Hsiao MC, et al. Glycated hemoglobin < 6. 5% is associated with uroseptic shock in diabetic patients with urinary tract infection. Front Med (Lausanne), 2020, 7: 515506.
4.	Karki K, Bhusal N. Infectious complications during the initial 225 cases of standard PCNL: a single center experience. J Society Surg Nepal, 2021, 24(2): 51-57.
5.	Han Y, Gao W, Wang B, et al. Risk factor analysis for infection and bleeding after lateral decubitus percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Medicine (Baltimore), 2023, 102(47): e35845.
6.	Raj KK, Adiga KP, Chandni Clara D’souza R, et al. Prospective evaluation of risk factors responsible for infection following retrograde intrarenal surgery. Cureus, 2024, 16(4): e59420.
7.	Kazan O, Cakici MC, Keser F, et al. The role of preoperative urinalysis in predicting postoperative infection after retrograde intrarenal surgery in patients with sterile urine culture. Turk J Urol, 2022, 48(2): 136-141.
8.	Zhang H, Jiang T, Gao R, et al. Risk factors of infectious complications after retrograde intrarenal surgery: a retrospective clinical analysis. J Int Med Res, 2020, 48(9): 300060520956833.
9.	Tang QL, Liang P, Ding YF, et al. Comparative efficacy between retrograde intrarenal surgery with vacuum-assisted ureteral access sheath and minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy for 1–2 cm infectious upper ureteral stones: a prospective, randomized controlled study. Front Surg, 2023, 10: 1200717.
10.	Ganpule AP, Naveen Kumar Reddy M, Sudharsan SB, et al. Multitract percutaneous nephrolithotomy in staghorn calculus. Asian J Urol, 2020, 7(2): 94-101.
11.	Moon YJ, Cho KS, Jung DC, et al. The consecutive 200 cases of endoscopic-combined intrarenal surgery: comparison between standard and miniature surgeries. Medicina (Kaunas), 2023, 59(11): 1971.
12.	Marmiroli A, Nizzardo M, Zanetti SP, et al. Vacuum-assisted mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy is associated with lower rates of infectious complications compared to vacuum-cleaner procedure in patients at high risk for infections: a single-center experience. World J Urol, 2024, 42(1): 200.
13.	Zhou G, Zhou Y, Chen R, et al. The influencing factors of infectious complications after percutaneous nephrolithotomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Urolithiasis, 2022, 51(1): 17.
14.	Widyokirono DR, Kloping YP, Hidayatullah F, et al. Endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery vs percutaneous nephrolithotomy for large and complex renal stone: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Endourol, 2022, 36(7): 865-876.
15.	Lin J, Yang Z, Hong Y, et al. A novel infrared spectroscopy marker for assessing the postoperative infection risk in patients with upper urinary tract calculus. Sci Rep, 2024, 14(1): 19398.
16.	Heryadi AT, Laksono RA, Haryanto A. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy procedure for release encrusted double J stent. Smart Med J, 2023, 6(1): 33-41.
17.	He M, Dong Y, Cai W, et al. Recent advances in the treatment of renal stones using flexible ureteroscopes. Int J Surg, 2024, 110(7): 4320-4328.
18.	Erdil T, Bostanci Y, Ozden E, et al. Risk factors for systemic inflammatory response syndrome following percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Urolithiasis, 2013, 41(5): 395-401.
19.	K?l?? ?, Akand M, Van Cleynenbreugel B. Retrograde intrarenal surgery for renal stones - part 2. Turk J Urol, 2017, 43(3): 252-260.
20.	Dybowski B, Bres-Niewada E, Rzeszutko M, et al. Risk factors for infectious complications after retrograde intrarenal surgery – a systematic review and narrative synthesis. Cent European J Urol, 2021, 74(3): 437-445.
21.	Corrales M, Sierra A, Doizi S, et al. Risk of sepsis in retrograde intrarenal surgery: a systematic review of the literature. Eur Urol Open Sci, 2022, 44: 84-91.
22.	Mishra A, Mittal J, Tripathi S, et al. Factors predicting infective complications following percutaneous nephrolithotomy and retrograde intrarenal surgery according to systemic inflammatory response syndrome and quick sequential organ failure assessment: a prospective study. Urol Ann, 2023, 15(3): 295-303.
23.	Cui D, Ma Q, Zhang Q, et al. Analysis of postoperative infection factors of retrograde intrarenal surgery combined with negative pressure equipment for renal stones. Sci Rep, 2024, 14(1): 22945.
24.	Wang S, Yuan P, Peng E, et al. Risk factors for urosepsis after minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy in patients with preoperative urinary tract infection. Biomed Res Int, 2020, 2020: 1354672.
25.	Sokouti M, Sokouti M, Sokouti B. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the outcomes of extracorporeal shock wave compared to ureteroscopic lithotripsy for the treatment of ureteral stones. J Taibah Univ Med Sci, 2023, 18(6): 1459-1471.
26.	Yao J. Real-time passive cavitation mapping with high spatial-temporal resolution. J Acoust Soc Am, 2023, 153(3_supplement): A315.
27.	徐彥, 顧曉箭, 張東方, 等. 體外沖擊波碎石術中國專家共識. 臨床泌尿外科雜志, 2024, 39(4): 265-270.
28.	Gadzhiev N, Malkhasyan V, Akopyan G, et al. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy for staghorn calculi: troubleshooting and managing complications. Asian J Urol, 2020, 7(2): 139-148.
29.	Na L, Li J, Pan C, et al. Development and validation of a predictive model for major complications after extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy in patients with ureteral stones: based on a large prospective cohort. Urolithiasis, 2023, 51(1): 42.
30.	Yang Z, Song L, Huang Y, et al. Experimental study of a new technique for minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy: intelligent pressure-controlled minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy. BMC Surgery, 2024, 24(1): 68.
31.	高夢, 張李曉. 泌尿系統結石合并感染患者尿路病原菌分布及危險因素分析. 中國微生態學雜志, 2021, 33(1): 79-82.
32.	Yan L, Chen J, Fang W. Exosomes derived from calcium oxalate-treated macrophages promote apoptosis of HK-2 cells by promoting autophagy. Bioengineered, 2022, 13(2): 2442-2450.
33.	Torzewska A, Wiewiura P, Brodecka D, et al. Potentially probiotic lactobacillus strains derived from food intensify crystallization caused by proteus mirabilis in urine. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins, 2021, 13(2): 441-452.
34.	Hertel A, Froelich MF, Overhoff D, et al. Radiomics-driven spectral profiling of six kidney stone types with monoenergetic CT reconstructions in photon-counting CT. Eur Radiol, 2025, 35(6): 3120-3130.
35.	Gallegos Salazar J, O’Brien W, Strymish JM, et al. Association of screening and treatment for preoperative asymptomatic bacteriuria with postoperative outcomes among US veterans. JAMA Surgery, 2019, 154(3): 241-248.
36.	Lima RC, Faria CA, Carraro-Eduardo JC, et al. Evaluation of sensitivity profiles to fosfomycin in bacterial urine samples from outpatients. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 2021, 262: 184-187.
37.	Chen H, Yuan J, Zhou H, et al. Characterization of the gut microbiota in urinary calculi patients with preoperative urinary tract infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 2025, 15: 1417403.
38.	李晟, 申詩, 李燕杰. 腎結石患者經皮腎鏡取石術后感染性并發癥及相關影響因素分析. 現代醫學與健康研究電子雜志, 2023, 7(15): 103-105.
39.	Qian X, Liu C, Hong S, et al. Application of suctioning ureteral access sheath during flexible ureteroscopy for renal stones decreases the risk of postoperative systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Int J Clin Pract, 2022, 2022: 9354714.
40.	He X, Huang X, Zhai Q, et al. Retrograde intrarenal surgery with intelligent control of renal pelvic pressure for staghorn calculi: a case report. Front Med (Lausanne), 2024, 11: 1321184.
41.	Li M, Sankin G, Vu T, et al. Three-dimensional cavitation mapping in shock wave and laser lithotripsy. J Acoust Soc Am, 2021, 150(4_Supplement): A330.
42.	Hassan J, Khan S, Zahra R, et al. Role of procalcitonin and C-reactive protein as predictors of sepsis and in managing sepsis in postoperative patients: a systematic review. Cureus, 2022, 14(11): e31067.
43.	Fan X, Ma Y, Zhu Y, et al. The potential presence of infection may be indicated through non-invasive prediction of procalcitonin and C-reactive protein levels within the initial three days after cervical cerclage: a retrospective case-control study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 2024, 24(1): 474.
44.	Tian T, Wei B, Wang J. Study of C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, and immunocyte ratios in 194 patients with sepsis. BMC Emerg Med, 2021, 21(1): 81.
45.	Udovicic I, Stanojevic I, Djordjevic D, et al. Immunomonitoring of monocyte and neutrophil function in critically ill patients: from sepsis and/or trauma to COVID-19. J Clin Med, 2021, 10(24): 5815.
46.	Komorowski M, Green A, Tatham KC, et al. Sepsis biomarkers and diagnostic tools with a focus on machine learning. Ebiomedicine, 2022, 86: 104394.
47.	Mei X, Zhang S, Xu P, et al. Distribution and antimicrobial resistance patterns of urinary pathogens in preoperative midstream urine cultures from Chinese patients with urinary calculi: a meta-analysis. BMC Urology, 2024, 24(1): 46.
48.	Das R, Tseng T, Short MI, et al. Next generation sequencing for microbial analysis to select prophylactic antibiotic selection before urologic stone surgery: a culture change. Open J Urol, 2021, 11(7): 289-304.
49.	Lee SA, Ko Y, Jung JH, et al. Clinical effects of different perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis in kidney transplant recipients. Korean J Transplantation, 2023, 37(Suppl 1): S95.
50.	Febyan, Ruswhandi. Cholelithiasis: a brief review on diagnostic approach and management in clinical practice. Adv Res Gastroentero Hepatol, 2020, 15(2): 555913.
51.	Danilovic A, Talizin TB, Torricelli FCM, et al. One week pre-operative oral antibiotics for percutaneous nephrolithotomy reduce risk of infection: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. Int Braz J Urol, 2023, 49(2): 184-193.
52.	Wang L, Yu X, Qiu Z, et al. Influence of preoperative urine culture and bacterial species on urogenital sepsis after ureteral flexible lithotripsy in patients with upper urinary tract stones. Front Med (Lausanne), 2024, 11: 1393734.
53.	Yamaki J, Mikhail M, Beuttler R, et al. Characterizing antibiotic regimen modification behavior, patient characteristics, and outcomes for patients with gram-negative bacterial infections, a retrospective single-center study. Antibiotics (Basel), 2024, 13(4): 302.
54.	Naziri Z, Derakhshandeh A, Soltani Borchaloee A, et al. Treatment failure in urinary tract infections: a warning witness for virulent multi-drug resistant ESBL- producing Escherichia coli. Infect Drug Resist, 2020, 13: 1839-1850.
55.	Lei M, Jiang Z, Xu P, et al. Characteristics of bacteria in urine and stones from patients treated with percutaneous nephrolithotomy and association with postoperative infection. Infect Drug Resist, 2024, 17: 2873-2882.
56.	Chugh S, Pietropaolo A, Montanari E, et al. Predictors of urinary infections and urosepsis after ureteroscopy for stone disease: a systematic review from EAU section of urolithiasis (EULIS). Curr Urol Rep, 2020, 21(4): 16.
57.	Khusid JA, Hordines JC, Sadiq AS, et al. Prevention and management of infectious complications of retrograde intrarenal surgery. Front Surg, 2021, 8: 718583.
58.	Chen X, Li S, Shi C, et al. Risk factors and predictors of urogenous sepsis after percutaneous nephrolithotomy for idiopathic calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. Transl Androl Urol, 2023, 12(6):1002-1015.
59.	蘇彥文, 吳云, 孫秋, 等. 2010—2020年恩施州手足口病的流行特征、影響因素與防控效果. 數理醫藥學雜志期, 2026, 39(1): 24-33.

1. Sada M, Khan S, Khan MU, et al. Drug utilization and prescribing pattern in the treatment of urolithiasis: a perspective on world health organization recommendations. Int J Basic Clin Pharmacol, 2024, 13(3): 371-377.
2. Osorio-Manrique J, Ramos JA, Garcia-Landazabal E, et al. Factores asociados a complicaciones infecciosas posoperatorias en pacientes con urolitiasis. Rev Urol Colombiana / Colomb Urol J, 2021, 30(2): 105-111.
3. Lee YC, Chen TH, Hsiao MC, et al. Glycated hemoglobin < 6. 5% is associated with uroseptic shock in diabetic patients with urinary tract infection. Front Med (Lausanne), 2020, 7: 515506.
4. Karki K, Bhusal N. Infectious complications during the initial 225 cases of standard PCNL: a single center experience. J Society Surg Nepal, 2021, 24(2): 51-57.
5. Han Y, Gao W, Wang B, et al. Risk factor analysis for infection and bleeding after lateral decubitus percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Medicine (Baltimore), 2023, 102(47): e35845.
6. Raj KK, Adiga KP, Chandni Clara D’souza R, et al. Prospective evaluation of risk factors responsible for infection following retrograde intrarenal surgery. Cureus, 2024, 16(4): e59420.
7. Kazan O, Cakici MC, Keser F, et al. The role of preoperative urinalysis in predicting postoperative infection after retrograde intrarenal surgery in patients with sterile urine culture. Turk J Urol, 2022, 48(2): 136-141.
8. Zhang H, Jiang T, Gao R, et al. Risk factors of infectious complications after retrograde intrarenal surgery: a retrospective clinical analysis. J Int Med Res, 2020, 48(9): 300060520956833.
9. Tang QL, Liang P, Ding YF, et al. Comparative efficacy between retrograde intrarenal surgery with vacuum-assisted ureteral access sheath and minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy for 1–2 cm infectious upper ureteral stones: a prospective, randomized controlled study. Front Surg, 2023, 10: 1200717.
10. Ganpule AP, Naveen Kumar Reddy M, Sudharsan SB, et al. Multitract percutaneous nephrolithotomy in staghorn calculus. Asian J Urol, 2020, 7(2): 94-101.
11. Moon YJ, Cho KS, Jung DC, et al. The consecutive 200 cases of endoscopic-combined intrarenal surgery: comparison between standard and miniature surgeries. Medicina (Kaunas), 2023, 59(11): 1971.
12. Marmiroli A, Nizzardo M, Zanetti SP, et al. Vacuum-assisted mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy is associated with lower rates of infectious complications compared to vacuum-cleaner procedure in patients at high risk for infections: a single-center experience. World J Urol, 2024, 42(1): 200.
13. Zhou G, Zhou Y, Chen R, et al. The influencing factors of infectious complications after percutaneous nephrolithotomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Urolithiasis, 2022, 51(1): 17.
14. Widyokirono DR, Kloping YP, Hidayatullah F, et al. Endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery vs percutaneous nephrolithotomy for large and complex renal stone: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Endourol, 2022, 36(7): 865-876.
15. Lin J, Yang Z, Hong Y, et al. A novel infrared spectroscopy marker for assessing the postoperative infection risk in patients with upper urinary tract calculus. Sci Rep, 2024, 14(1): 19398.
16. Heryadi AT, Laksono RA, Haryanto A. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy procedure for release encrusted double J stent. Smart Med J, 2023, 6(1): 33-41.
17. He M, Dong Y, Cai W, et al. Recent advances in the treatment of renal stones using flexible ureteroscopes. Int J Surg, 2024, 110(7): 4320-4328.
18. Erdil T, Bostanci Y, Ozden E, et al. Risk factors for systemic inflammatory response syndrome following percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Urolithiasis, 2013, 41(5): 395-401.
19. K?l?? ?, Akand M, Van Cleynenbreugel B. Retrograde intrarenal surgery for renal stones - part 2. Turk J Urol, 2017, 43(3): 252-260.
20. Dybowski B, Bres-Niewada E, Rzeszutko M, et al. Risk factors for infectious complications after retrograde intrarenal surgery – a systematic review and narrative synthesis. Cent European J Urol, 2021, 74(3): 437-445.
21. Corrales M, Sierra A, Doizi S, et al. Risk of sepsis in retrograde intrarenal surgery: a systematic review of the literature. Eur Urol Open Sci, 2022, 44: 84-91.
22. Mishra A, Mittal J, Tripathi S, et al. Factors predicting infective complications following percutaneous nephrolithotomy and retrograde intrarenal surgery according to systemic inflammatory response syndrome and quick sequential organ failure assessment: a prospective study. Urol Ann, 2023, 15(3): 295-303.
23. Cui D, Ma Q, Zhang Q, et al. Analysis of postoperative infection factors of retrograde intrarenal surgery combined with negative pressure equipment for renal stones. Sci Rep, 2024, 14(1): 22945.
24. Wang S, Yuan P, Peng E, et al. Risk factors for urosepsis after minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy in patients with preoperative urinary tract infection. Biomed Res Int, 2020, 2020: 1354672.
25. Sokouti M, Sokouti M, Sokouti B. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the outcomes of extracorporeal shock wave compared to ureteroscopic lithotripsy for the treatment of ureteral stones. J Taibah Univ Med Sci, 2023, 18(6): 1459-1471.
26. Yao J. Real-time passive cavitation mapping with high spatial-temporal resolution. J Acoust Soc Am, 2023, 153(3_supplement): A315.
27. 徐彥, 顧曉箭, 張東方, 等. 體外沖擊波碎石術中國專家共識. 臨床泌尿外科雜志, 2024, 39(4): 265-270.
28. Gadzhiev N, Malkhasyan V, Akopyan G, et al. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy for staghorn calculi: troubleshooting and managing complications. Asian J Urol, 2020, 7(2): 139-148.
29. Na L, Li J, Pan C, et al. Development and validation of a predictive model for major complications after extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy in patients with ureteral stones: based on a large prospective cohort. Urolithiasis, 2023, 51(1): 42.
30. Yang Z, Song L, Huang Y, et al. Experimental study of a new technique for minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy: intelligent pressure-controlled minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy. BMC Surgery, 2024, 24(1): 68.
31. 高夢, 張李曉. 泌尿系統結石合并感染患者尿路病原菌分布及危險因素分析. 中國微生態學雜志, 2021, 33(1): 79-82.
32. Yan L, Chen J, Fang W. Exosomes derived from calcium oxalate-treated macrophages promote apoptosis of HK-2 cells by promoting autophagy. Bioengineered, 2022, 13(2): 2442-2450.
33. Torzewska A, Wiewiura P, Brodecka D, et al. Potentially probiotic lactobacillus strains derived from food intensify crystallization caused by proteus mirabilis in urine. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins, 2021, 13(2): 441-452.
34. Hertel A, Froelich MF, Overhoff D, et al. Radiomics-driven spectral profiling of six kidney stone types with monoenergetic CT reconstructions in photon-counting CT. Eur Radiol, 2025, 35(6): 3120-3130.
35. Gallegos Salazar J, O’Brien W, Strymish JM, et al. Association of screening and treatment for preoperative asymptomatic bacteriuria with postoperative outcomes among US veterans. JAMA Surgery, 2019, 154(3): 241-248.
36. Lima RC, Faria CA, Carraro-Eduardo JC, et al. Evaluation of sensitivity profiles to fosfomycin in bacterial urine samples from outpatients. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 2021, 262: 184-187.
37. Chen H, Yuan J, Zhou H, et al. Characterization of the gut microbiota in urinary calculi patients with preoperative urinary tract infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 2025, 15: 1417403.
38. 李晟, 申詩, 李燕杰. 腎結石患者經皮腎鏡取石術后感染性并發癥及相關影響因素分析. 現代醫學與健康研究電子雜志, 2023, 7(15): 103-105.
39. Qian X, Liu C, Hong S, et al. Application of suctioning ureteral access sheath during flexible ureteroscopy for renal stones decreases the risk of postoperative systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Int J Clin Pract, 2022, 2022: 9354714.
40. He X, Huang X, Zhai Q, et al. Retrograde intrarenal surgery with intelligent control of renal pelvic pressure for staghorn calculi: a case report. Front Med (Lausanne), 2024, 11: 1321184.
41. Li M, Sankin G, Vu T, et al. Three-dimensional cavitation mapping in shock wave and laser lithotripsy. J Acoust Soc Am, 2021, 150(4_Supplement): A330.
42. Hassan J, Khan S, Zahra R, et al. Role of procalcitonin and C-reactive protein as predictors of sepsis and in managing sepsis in postoperative patients: a systematic review. Cureus, 2022, 14(11): e31067.
43. Fan X, Ma Y, Zhu Y, et al. The potential presence of infection may be indicated through non-invasive prediction of procalcitonin and C-reactive protein levels within the initial three days after cervical cerclage: a retrospective case-control study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 2024, 24(1): 474.
44. Tian T, Wei B, Wang J. Study of C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, and immunocyte ratios in 194 patients with sepsis. BMC Emerg Med, 2021, 21(1): 81.
45. Udovicic I, Stanojevic I, Djordjevic D, et al. Immunomonitoring of monocyte and neutrophil function in critically ill patients: from sepsis and/or trauma to COVID-19. J Clin Med, 2021, 10(24): 5815.
46. Komorowski M, Green A, Tatham KC, et al. Sepsis biomarkers and diagnostic tools with a focus on machine learning. Ebiomedicine, 2022, 86: 104394.
47. Mei X, Zhang S, Xu P, et al. Distribution and antimicrobial resistance patterns of urinary pathogens in preoperative midstream urine cultures from Chinese patients with urinary calculi: a meta-analysis. BMC Urology, 2024, 24(1): 46.
48. Das R, Tseng T, Short MI, et al. Next generation sequencing for microbial analysis to select prophylactic antibiotic selection before urologic stone surgery: a culture change. Open J Urol, 2021, 11(7): 289-304.
49. Lee SA, Ko Y, Jung JH, et al. Clinical effects of different perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis in kidney transplant recipients. Korean J Transplantation, 2023, 37(Suppl 1): S95.
50. Febyan, Ruswhandi. Cholelithiasis: a brief review on diagnostic approach and management in clinical practice. Adv Res Gastroentero Hepatol, 2020, 15(2): 555913.
51. Danilovic A, Talizin TB, Torricelli FCM, et al. One week pre-operative oral antibiotics for percutaneous nephrolithotomy reduce risk of infection: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. Int Braz J Urol, 2023, 49(2): 184-193.
52. Wang L, Yu X, Qiu Z, et al. Influence of preoperative urine culture and bacterial species on urogenital sepsis after ureteral flexible lithotripsy in patients with upper urinary tract stones. Front Med (Lausanne), 2024, 11: 1393734.
53. Yamaki J, Mikhail M, Beuttler R, et al. Characterizing antibiotic regimen modification behavior, patient characteristics, and outcomes for patients with gram-negative bacterial infections, a retrospective single-center study. Antibiotics (Basel), 2024, 13(4): 302.
54. Naziri Z, Derakhshandeh A, Soltani Borchaloee A, et al. Treatment failure in urinary tract infections: a warning witness for virulent multi-drug resistant ESBL- producing Escherichia coli. Infect Drug Resist, 2020, 13: 1839-1850.
55. Lei M, Jiang Z, Xu P, et al. Characteristics of bacteria in urine and stones from patients treated with percutaneous nephrolithotomy and association with postoperative infection. Infect Drug Resist, 2024, 17: 2873-2882.
56. Chugh S, Pietropaolo A, Montanari E, et al. Predictors of urinary infections and urosepsis after ureteroscopy for stone disease: a systematic review from EAU section of urolithiasis (EULIS). Curr Urol Rep, 2020, 21(4): 16.
57. Khusid JA, Hordines JC, Sadiq AS, et al. Prevention and management of infectious complications of retrograde intrarenal surgery. Front Surg, 2021, 8: 718583.
58. Chen X, Li S, Shi C, et al. Risk factors and predictors of urogenous sepsis after percutaneous nephrolithotomy for idiopathic calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. Transl Androl Urol, 2023, 12(6):1002-1015.
59. 蘇彥文, 吳云, 孫秋, 等. 2010—2020年恩施州手足口病的流行特征、影響因素與防控效果. 數理醫藥學雜志期, 2026, 39(1): 24-33.

West China Medical Journal

Infection risk in and precision prevention strategies for urolithiasis surgery

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