Research progress and clinical application prospects of novel biomarkers for obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome_West China Medical Journal

Authors：

XIAO Yutong ¹ , HE Chenjia ¹ , CHEN Bo ¹ ,  XIE Qibing ¹ ,  YIN Geng ^1,2

1. Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China;
2. General Practice Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China;

Corresponding?author：

XIE Qibing, Email: xieqibing1971@163.com; YIN Geng, Email: yingeng1975@163.com

Keywords：

Obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome; antiphospholipid antibodies; biomarkers

DOI：

10.7507/1002-0179.202508280

Video：

Export PDF Favorites Scan Get Citation

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Traditional antiphospholipid antibody detection exhibits significant limitations in the precise diagnosis and treatment of obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome (OAPS). This article systematically reviews the research progress of novel biomarkers in the field of OAPS, explores their clinical application prospects, and primarily summarizes the potential value of integrating the aforementioned indicators into a composite risk assessment model to better guide early risk stratification and individualized targeted treatment for high-risk pregnant women. It provides theoretical references for advancing OAPS towards precise management.

Citation： XIAO Yutong, HE Chenjia, CHEN Bo, XIE Qibing, YIN Geng. Research progress and clinical application prospects of novel biomarkers for obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome. West China Medical Journal, 2026, 41(4): 693-701. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.202508280 Copy

1.	Ruiz-Irastorza G, Crowther M, Branch W, et al. Antiphospholipid syndrome. Lancet, 2010, 376(9751): 1498-1509.
2.	Dabit JY, Valenzuela-Almada MO, Vallejo-Ramos S, et al. Epidemiology of antiphospholipid syndrome in the general population. Curr Rheumatol Rep, 2022, 23(12): 85.
3.	Schreiber K, Sciascia S, de Groot PG, et al. Antiphospholipid syndrome. Nat Rev Dis Primers, 2018, 4: 17103.
4.	Barbhaiya M, Zuily S, Naden R, et al. 2023 ACR/EULAR antiphospholipid syndrome classification criteria. Ann Rheum Dis, 2023, 82(10): 1258-1270.
5.	Cervera R, Piette JC, Font J, et al. Antiphospholipid syndrome: clinical and immunologic manifestations and patterns of disease expression in a cohort of 1, 000 patients. Arthritis Rheum, 2002, 46(4): 1019-1027.
6.	Miyakis S, Lockshin MD, Atsumi T, et al. International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). J Thromb Haemost, 2006, 4(2): 295-306.
7.	Branch DW, Lim MY. How I diagnose and treat antiphospholipid syndrome in pregnancy. Blood, 2024, 143(9): 757-768.
8.	Hughes GR, Khamashta MA. Seronegative antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis, 2003, 62(12): 1127.
9.	Abreu MM, Danowski A, Wahl DG, et al. The relevance of “non-criteria” clinical manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome: 14th International Congress on Antiphospholipid Antibodies Technical Task Force Report on antiphospholipid syndrome clinical features. Autoimmun Rev, 2015, 14(5): 401-414.
10.	Rodriguez-Garcia JL, Bertolaccini ML, Cuadrado MJ, et al. Clinical manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) with and without antiphospholipid antibodies (the so-called ‘seronegative APS’). Ann Rheum Dis, 2012, 71(2): 242-244.
11.	Litvinova E, Darnige L, Kirilovsky A, et al. Prevalence and significance of non-conventional antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with clinical APS criteria. Front Immunol, 2018, 9: 2971.
12.	Kazzaz NM, Mccune WJ, Knight JS. Treatment of catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome. Curr Opin Rheumatol, 2016, 28(3): 218-227.
13.	Pantham P, Abrahams VM, Chamley LW. The role of anti-phospholipid antibodies in autoimmune reproductive failure. Reproduction, 2016, 151(5): R79-R90.
14.	Alijotas-Reig J, Esteve-Valverde E, Ferrer-Oliveras R, et al. Comparative study of obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome (OAPS) and non-criteria obstetric APS (NC-OAPS): report of 1640 cases from the EUROAPS registry. Rheumatology (Oxford), 2020, 59(6): 1306-1314.
15.	Chaturvedi S, McCrae KR. Diagnosis and management of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Blood Rev, 2017, 31(6): 406-417.
16.	Lockshin MD, Kim M, Laskin CA, et al. Prediction of adverse pregnancy outcome by the presence of lupus anticoagulant, but not anticardiolipin antibody, in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies. Arthritis Rheum, 2012, 64(7): 2311-2318.
17.	Galli M, Luciani D, Bertolini G, et al. Lupus anticoagulants are stronger risk factors for thrombosis than anticardiolipin antibodies in the antiphospholipid syndrome: a systematic review of the literature. Blood, 2003, 101(5): 1827-1832.
18.	Yelnik CM, Laskin CA, Porter TF, et al. Lupus anticoagulant is the main predictor of adverse pregnancy outcomes in apl-positive patients: validation of PROMISSE study results. Lupus Sci Med, 2016, 3(1): e000131.
19.	Buyon JP, Kim MY, Guerra MM, et al. Predictors of pregnancy outcomes in patients with lupus: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med, 2015, 163(3): 153-163.
20.	Kelchtermans H, Pelkmans L, de Laat B, et al. IgG/IgM antiphospholipid antibodies present in the classification criteria for the antiphospholipid syndrome: a critical review of their association with thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost, 2016, 14(8): 1530-1548.
21.	Pignatelli P, Ettorre E, Menichelli D, et al. Seronegative antiphospholipid syndrome: refining the value of “non-criteria” antibodies for diagnosis and clinical management. Haematologica, 2020, 105(3): 562-572.
22.	Triplett DA. Use of the dilute Russell viper venom time (dRVVT): its importance and pitfalls. J Autoimmun, 2000, 15(2): 173-178.
23.	Tripodi A. Diagnostic challenges on the laboratory detection of lupus anticoagulant. Biomedicines, 2021, 9(7): 844.
24.	Devreese KMJ. Solid phase assays for antiphospholipid antibodies. Semin Thromb Hemost, 2022, 48(6): 661-671.
25.	Willis R, Lakos G, Harris EN. Standardization of antiphospholipid antibody testing--historical perspectives and ongoing initiatives. Semin Thromb Hemost, 2014, 40(2): 172-177.
26.	Devreese KMJ, Ortel TL, Pengo V, et al. Laboratory criteria for antiphospholipid syndrome: communication from the SSC of the ISTH. J Thromb Haemost, 2018, 16(4): 809-813.
27.	喬巖, 王蕓燕, 張建平. 非標準抗磷脂抗體與復發性流產的相關性及臨床應用研究進展. 實用婦科內分泌電子雜志, 2022, 9(14): 17-21.
28.	田園, 徐金鳳, 陳代娟. 非經典抗磷脂抗體在產科抗磷脂綜合征的診斷價值研究進展. 實用婦產科雜志, 2022, 38(4): 270-273.
29.	李冉, 陳荔閩, 代玉紅, 等. 非標準抗磷脂抗體陽性不良妊娠結局預測模型的建立和驗證. 中國計劃生育和婦產科, 2024, 16(11): 54-58.
30.	Neville C, Rauch J, Kassis J, et al. Thromboembolic risk in patients with high titre anticardiolipin and multiple antiphospholipid antibodies. Thromb Haemost, 2003, 90(1): 108-115.
31.	Ruffatti A, Tonello M, Cavazzana A, et al. Laboratory classification categories and pregnancy outcome in patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome prescribed antithrombotic therapy. Thromb Res, 2009, 123(3): 482-487.
32.	Pengo V, Ruffatti A, Legnani C, et al. Clinical course of high-risk patients diagnosed with antiphospholipid syndrome. J Thromb Haemost, 2010, 8(2): 237-242.
33.	Ruffatti A, Tonello M, Del Ross T, et al. Antibody profile and clinical course in primary antiphospholipid syndrome with pregnancy morbidity. Thromb Haemost, 2006, 96(3): 337-341.
34.	Tektonidou MG, Andreoli L, Limper M, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of antiphospholipid syndrome in adults. Ann Rheum Dis, 2019, 78(10): 1296-1304.
35.	Pengo V, Ruffatti A, Tonello M, et al. Antiphospholipid syndrome: antibodies to domain 1 of β2-glycoprotein 1 correctly classify patients at risk. J Thromb Haemost, 2015, 13(5): 782-787.
36.	Banzato A, Pozzi N, Frasson R, et al. Antibodies to domain i of β(2)glycoprotein I are in close relation to patients risk categories in antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Thromb Res, 2011, 128(6): 583-586.
37.	Pengo V, Biasiolo A, Pegoraro C, et al. Antibody profiles for the diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome. Thromb Haemost, 2005, 93(6): 1147-1152.
38.	Pengo V, Bison E, Denas G, et al. Laboratory diagnostics of antiphospholipid syndrome. Semin Thromb Hemost, 2018, 44(5): 439-444.
39.	Iverson GM, Victoria EJ, Marquis DM. Anti-beta2 glycoprotein I (beta2GPI) autoantibodies recognize an epitope on the first domain of beta2GPI. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1998, 95(26): 15542-15546.
40.	McDonnell T, Artim-Esen B, Wincup C, et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies to domain i of beta-2-glycoprotein i show different subclass predominance in comparison to antibodies to whole beta-2-glycoprotein i. Front Immunol, 2018, 9: 2244.
41.	Pericleous C, Ruiz-Limón P, Romay-Penabad Z, et al. Proof-of-concept study demonstrating the pathogenicity of affinity-purified IgG antibodies directed to domain I of β2-glycoprotein I in a mouse model of anti-phospholipid antibody-induced thrombosis. Rheumatology (Oxford), 2015, 54(4): 722-727.
42.	Ioannou Y, Romay-Penabad Z, Pericleous C, et al. In vivo inhibition of antiphospholipid antibody-induced pathogenicity utilizing the antigenic target peptide domain I of beta2-glycoprotein I: proof of concept. J Thromb Haemost, 2009, 7(5): 833-842.
43.	Durigutto P, Grossi C, Borghi MO, et al. New insight into antiphospholipid syndrome: antibodies to β2glycoprotein I-domain 5 fail to induce thrombi in rats. Haematologica, 2019, 104(4): 819-826.
44.	de Laat B, Pengo V, Pabinger I, et al. The association between circulating antibodies against domain I of beta2-glycoprotein I and thrombosis: an international multicenter study. J Thromb Haemost, 2009, 7(11): 1767-1773.
45.	Tonello M, Mattia E, Del Ross T, et al. Clinical value of anti-domain I-β2Glycoprotein 1 antibodies in antiphospholipid antibody carriers. A single centre, prospective observational follow-up study. Clin Chim Acta, 2018, 485: 74-78.
46.	de Laat B, Derksen RH, Urbanus RT, et al. IgG antibodies that recognize epitope Gly40-Arg43 in domain I of beta 2-glycoprotein I cause LAC, and their presence correlates strongly with thrombosis. Blood, 2005, 105(4): 1540-1545.
47.	Chighizola CB, Pregnolato F, Andreoli L, et al. Beyond thrombosis: anti-β2GPI domain 1 antibodies identify late pregnancy morbidity in anti-phospholipid syndrome. J Autoimmun, 2018, 90: 76-83.
48.	Liu T, Gu J, Wan L, et al. Anti-β2GPI domain 1 antibodies stratify high risk of thrombosis and late pregnancy morbidity in a large cohort of Chinese patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. Thromb Res, 2020, 185: 142-149.
49.	Viall CA, Chamley LW. Histopathology in the placentae of women with antiphospholipid antibodies: a systematic review of the literature. Autoimmun Rev, 2015, 14(5): 446-471.
50.	Sebire NJ, Fox H, Backos M, et al. Defective endovascular trophoblast invasion in primary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome-associated early pregnancy failure. Hum Reprod, 2002, 17(4): 1067-1071.
51.	Koike T. Comprehensive review of antiphospholipid syndrome: over four decades of advances and challenges. Cells, 2026, 15(4): 356.
52.	Guo H, Zhang Y, Li A, et al. Anti-domain 1 of beta2-glycoprotein I aids risk stratification in lupus anticoagulant-positive patients. Clin Exp Med, 2019, 19(3): 339-345.
53.	Matsuura E, Shen L, Matsunami Y, et al. Pathophysiology of beta2-glycoprotein I in antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus, 2010, 19(4): 379-384.
54.	Arad A, Proulle V, Furie RA, et al. β?-glycoprotein-1 autoantibodies from patients with antiphospholipid syndrome are sufficient to potentiate arterial thrombus formation in a mouse model. Blood, 2011, 117(12): 3453-3459.
55.	Fischetti F, Durigutto P, Pellis V, et al. Thrombus formation induced by antibodies to beta2-glycoprotein I is complement dependent and requires a priming factor. Blood, 2005, 106(7): 2340-2346.
56.	Knight JS, Branch DW, Ortel TL. Antiphospholipid syndrome: advances in diagnosis, pathogenesis, and management. BMJ, 2023, 380: e069717.
57.	Murthy V, Willis R, Romay-Penabad Z, et al. Value of isolated IgA anti-β2 -glycoprotein I positivity in the diagnosis of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Arthritis Rheum, 2013, 65(12): 3186-3193.
58.	Mattia E, Ruffatti A, Tonello M, et al. IgA anticardiolipin and IgA anti-β2 glycoprotein I antibody positivity determined by fluorescence enzyme immunoassay in primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Clin Chem Lab Med, 2014, 52(9): 1329-1333.
59.	Cabrera-Marante O, Rodríguez de Frías E, Serrano M, et al. The weight of IgA anti-β2glycoprotein i in the antiphospholipid syndrome pathogenesis: closing the gap of seronegative antiphospholipid syndrome. Int J Mol Sci, 2020, 21(23): 8972.
60.	Yan H, Li B, Su R, et al. Preliminary study on the imbalance between th17 and regulatory T cells in antiphospholipid syndrome. Front Immunol, 2022, 13: 873644.
61.	Lai ZW, Marchena-Mendez I, Perl A. Oxidative stress and Treg depletion in lupus patients with anti-phospholipid syndrome. Clin Immunol, 2015, 158(2): 148-152.
62.	Lakos G, Favaloro EJ, Harris EN, et al. International consensus guidelines on anticardiolipin and anti-β2-glycoprotein I testing: report from the 13th International Congress on Antiphospholipid Antibodies. Arthritis Rheum, 2012, 64(1): 1-10.
63.	Tedesco F, Borghi MO, Gerosa M, et al. Pathogenic role of complement in antiphospholipid syndrome and therapeutic implications. Front Immunol, 2018, 9: 1388.
64.	Girardi G, Berman J, Redecha P, et al. Complement C5a receptors and neutrophils mediate fetal injury in the antiphospholipid syndrome. J Clin Invest, 2003, 112(11): 1644-1654.
65.	Pierangeli SS, Girardi G, Vega-Ostertag M, et al. Requirement of activation of complement C3 and C5 for antiphospholipid antibody-mediated thrombophilia. Arthritis Rheum, 2005, 52(7): 2120-2124.
66.	Shamonki JM, Salmon JE, Hyjek E, et al. Excessive complement activation is associated with placental injury in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2007, 196(2): 167.e1-e5.
67.	Kim MY, Guerra MM, Kaplowitz E, et al. Complement activation predicts adverse pregnancy outcome in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and/or antiphospholipid antibodies. Ann Rheum Dis, 2018, 77(4): 549-555.
68.	Gustavsen A, Skattum L, Bergseth G, et al. Effect on mother and child of eculizumab given before caesarean section in a patient with severe antiphospholipid syndrome: a case report. Medicine (Baltimore), 2017, 96(11): e6338.
69.	Wang C, Li A, Zhang C, et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps aggravate placental injury in OAPS by facilitating activation of BNIP3 mediated mitophagy. Free Radic Biol Med, 2025, 235: 109-123.
70.	de Bont CM, Boelens WC, Pruijn GJM. NETosis, complement, and coagulation: a triangular relationship. Cell Mol Immunol, 2019, 16(1): 19-27.
71.	Mulla MJ, Brosens JJ, Chamley LW, et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies induce a pro-inflammatory response in first trimester trophoblast via the TLR4/MyD88 pathway. Am J Reprod Immunol, 2009, 62(2): 96-111.
72.	Yalavarthi S, Gould TJ, Rao AN, et al. Release of neutrophil extracellular traps by neutrophils stimulated with antiphospholipid antibodies: a newly identified mechanism of thrombosis in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Arthritis Rheumatol, 2015, 67(11): 2990-3003.
73.	Zuo Y, Yalavarthi S, Gockman K, et al. Anti-neutrophil extracellular trap antibodies and impaired neutrophil extracellular trap degradation in antiphospholipid syndrome. Arthritis Rheumatol, 2020, 72(12): 2130-2135.
74.	Chighizola CB, Raimondo MG, Comerio C, et al. The risk of obstetric complications and the effects of treatment in women with low titer and medium-high titer anti-phospholipid antibodies. Arthritis Rheumatol, 2016, 68(Suppl 10): 1-2.
75.	van den Hoogen LL, Fritsch-Stork RD, Versnel MA, et al. Monocyte type I interferon signature in antiphospholipid syndrome is related to proinflammatory monocyte subsets, hydroxychloroquine and statin use. Ann Rheum Dis, 2016, 75(12): e81.
76.	Grenn RC, Yalavarthi S, Gandhi AA, et al. Endothelial progenitor dysfunction associates with a type I interferon signature in primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis, 2017, 76(2): 450-457.
77.	Jeon HS, Lee SM, Jung YM, et al. Proteomic biomarkers in mid-trimester amniotic fluid associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. PLoS One, 2020, 15(7): e0235838.
78.	Lopez-Pedrera C, Barbarroja N, Pati?o-Trives AM, et al. New biomarkers for atherothrombosis in antiphospholipid syndrome: genomics and epigenetics approaches. Front Immunol, 2019, 10: 764.
79.	Lv Q, Wang Y, Tian W, et al. Exosomal miR-146a-5p derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells can alleviate antiphospholipid antibody-induced trophoblast injury and placental dysfunction by regulating the TRAF6/NF-κB axis. J Nanobiotechnology, 2023, 21(1): 419.
80.	Domenico Sebastiani G, Minisola G, Galeazzi M. HLA class II alleles and genetic predisposition to the antiphospholipid syndrome. Autoimmun Rev, 2003, 2(6): 387-394.
81.	Galeazzi M, Sebastiani GD, Tincani A, et al. HLA class II alleles associations of anticardiolipin and anti-beta2GPI antibodies in a large series of European patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus, 2000, 9(1): 47-55.
82.	Zhao M, Zhou Y, Zhu B, et al. IFI44L promoter methylation as a blood biomarker for systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis, 2016, 75(11): 1998-2006.
83.	Teruel M, Sawalha AH. Epigenetic variability in systemic lupus erythematosus: what we learned from genome-wide DNA methylation studies. Curr Rheumatol Rep, 2017, 19(6): 32.
84.	Coit P, Jeffries M, Altorok N, et al. Genome-wide DNA methylation study suggests epigenetic accessibility and transcriptional poising of interferon-regulated genes in na?ve CD4⁺ T cells from lupus patients. J Autoimmun, 2013, 43: 78-84.
85.	Kim MY, Buyon JP, Guerra MM, et al. Angiogenic factor imbalance early in pregnancy predicts adverse outcomes in patients with lupus and antiphospholipid antibodies: results of the PROMISSE study. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2016, 214(1): 108.e1-108.e14.
86.	Maynard SE, Min JY, Merchan J, et al. Excess placental soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1) may contribute to endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, and proteinuria in preeclampsia. J Clin Invest, 2003, 111(5): 649-658.
87.	Zeisler H, Llurba E, Chantraine F, et al. Predictive value of the sFlt-1: PlGF ratio in women with suspected preeclampsia. N Engl J Med, 2016, 374(1): 13-22.
88.	Verlohren S, Herraiz I, Lapaire O, et al. New gestational phase-specific cutoff values for the use of the soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1/placental growth factor ratio as a diagnostic test for preeclampsia. Hypertension, 2014, 63(2): 346-352.
89.	Rana S, Powe CE, Salahuddin S, et al. Angiogenic factors and the risk of adverse outcomes in women with suspected preeclampsia. Circulation, 2012, 125(7): 911-919.
90.	Verlohren S, Galindo A, Schlembach D, et al. An automated method for the determination of the sFlt-1/PIGF ratio in the assessment of preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2010, 202(2): 161.e1-161.e11.
91.	Stepan H, Herraiz I, Schlembach D, et al. Implementation of the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio for prediction and diagnosis of pre-eclampsia in singleton pregnancy: implications for clinical practice. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2015, 45(3): 241-246.
92.	Prinz N, Clemens N, Canisius A, et al. Endosomal NADPH-oxidase is critical for induction of the tissue factor gene in monocytes and endothelial cells. Lessons from the antiphospholipid syndrome. Thromb Haemost, 2013, 109(3): 525-531.
93.	Zussman R, Xu LY, Damani T, et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies can specifically target placental mitochondria and induce ROS production. J Autoimmun, 2020, 111: 102437.
94.	Viall CA, Chen Q, Liu B, et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies internalised by human syncytiotrophoblast cause aberrant cell death and the release of necrotic trophoblast debris. J Autoimmun, 2013, 47: 45-57.
95.	Milne GL, Yin H, Hardy KD, et al. Isoprostane generation and function. Chem Rev, 2011, 111(10): 5973-5996.
96.	Sciascia S, Roccatello D, Bertero MT, et al. 8-isoprostane, prostaglandin E2, C-reactive protein and serum amyloid A as markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in antiphospholipid syndrome: a pilot study. Inflamm Res, 2012, 61(8): 809-816.
97.	Djokovic A, Stojanovich L. Summary of the 12th Meeting of the European Forum on antiphospholipid antibodies online. Lupus, 2021, 30(13): 2162-2164.
98.	Pérez D, Tincani A, Serrano M, et al. Antiphospholipid syndrome and IgA anti-beta2-glycoprotein I antibodies: when Cinderella becomes a princess. Lupus, 2018, 27(2): 177-178.
99.	Zhou Z, You Y, Wang F, et al. Urine proteomics differentiate primary thrombotic antiphospholipid syndrome from obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome. Front Immunol, 2021, 12: 702425.
100.	?igon P, Perdan Pirkmajer K, Tom?i? M, et al. Anti-phosphatidylserine/prothrombin antibodies are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. J Immunol Res, 2015, 2015: 975704.
101.	Sciascia S, Sanna G, Murru V, et al. The global anti-phospholipid syndrome score in primary APS. Rheumatology (Oxford), 2015, 54(1): 134-138.
102.	Estévez Má, Lanio N, Molina á, et al. Extra-criteria antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with small vessel brain lesions and clinical manifestations associated with antiphospholipid syndrome. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis, 2023, 32(5): 107034.
103.	Egri N, Bentow C, Rubio L, et al. Anti-phosphatidylserine/prothrombin antibodies at two points: correlation with lupus anticoagulant and thrombotic risk. Front Immunol, 2021, 12: 754469.
104.	Müller-Calleja N, Manukyan D, Canisius A, et al. Hydroxychloroquine inhibits proinflammatory signalling pathways by targeting endosomal NADPH oxidase. Ann Rheum Dis, 2017, 76(5): 891-897.
105.	Di Simone N, D’Ippolito S, Marana R, et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies affect human endometrial angiogenesis: protective effect of a synthetic peptide (TIFI) mimicking the phospholipid binding site of β(2) glycoprotein I. Am J Reprod Immunol, 2013, 70(4): 299-308.
106.	Lefkou E, Mamopoulos A, Dagklis T, et al. Pravastatin improves pregnancy outcomes in obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome refractory to antithrombotic therapy. J Clin Invest, 2016, 126(8): 2933-2940.

1. Ruiz-Irastorza G, Crowther M, Branch W, et al. Antiphospholipid syndrome. Lancet, 2010, 376(9751): 1498-1509.
2. Dabit JY, Valenzuela-Almada MO, Vallejo-Ramos S, et al. Epidemiology of antiphospholipid syndrome in the general population. Curr Rheumatol Rep, 2022, 23(12): 85.
3. Schreiber K, Sciascia S, de Groot PG, et al. Antiphospholipid syndrome. Nat Rev Dis Primers, 2018, 4: 17103.
4. Barbhaiya M, Zuily S, Naden R, et al. 2023 ACR/EULAR antiphospholipid syndrome classification criteria. Ann Rheum Dis, 2023, 82(10): 1258-1270.
5. Cervera R, Piette JC, Font J, et al. Antiphospholipid syndrome: clinical and immunologic manifestations and patterns of disease expression in a cohort of 1, 000 patients. Arthritis Rheum, 2002, 46(4): 1019-1027.
6. Miyakis S, Lockshin MD, Atsumi T, et al. International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). J Thromb Haemost, 2006, 4(2): 295-306.
7. Branch DW, Lim MY. How I diagnose and treat antiphospholipid syndrome in pregnancy. Blood, 2024, 143(9): 757-768.
8. Hughes GR, Khamashta MA. Seronegative antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis, 2003, 62(12): 1127.
9. Abreu MM, Danowski A, Wahl DG, et al. The relevance of “non-criteria” clinical manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome: 14th International Congress on Antiphospholipid Antibodies Technical Task Force Report on antiphospholipid syndrome clinical features. Autoimmun Rev, 2015, 14(5): 401-414.
10. Rodriguez-Garcia JL, Bertolaccini ML, Cuadrado MJ, et al. Clinical manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) with and without antiphospholipid antibodies (the so-called ‘seronegative APS’). Ann Rheum Dis, 2012, 71(2): 242-244.
11. Litvinova E, Darnige L, Kirilovsky A, et al. Prevalence and significance of non-conventional antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with clinical APS criteria. Front Immunol, 2018, 9: 2971.
12. Kazzaz NM, Mccune WJ, Knight JS. Treatment of catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome. Curr Opin Rheumatol, 2016, 28(3): 218-227.
13. Pantham P, Abrahams VM, Chamley LW. The role of anti-phospholipid antibodies in autoimmune reproductive failure. Reproduction, 2016, 151(5): R79-R90.
14. Alijotas-Reig J, Esteve-Valverde E, Ferrer-Oliveras R, et al. Comparative study of obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome (OAPS) and non-criteria obstetric APS (NC-OAPS): report of 1640 cases from the EUROAPS registry. Rheumatology (Oxford), 2020, 59(6): 1306-1314.
15. Chaturvedi S, McCrae KR. Diagnosis and management of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Blood Rev, 2017, 31(6): 406-417.
16. Lockshin MD, Kim M, Laskin CA, et al. Prediction of adverse pregnancy outcome by the presence of lupus anticoagulant, but not anticardiolipin antibody, in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies. Arthritis Rheum, 2012, 64(7): 2311-2318.
17. Galli M, Luciani D, Bertolini G, et al. Lupus anticoagulants are stronger risk factors for thrombosis than anticardiolipin antibodies in the antiphospholipid syndrome: a systematic review of the literature. Blood, 2003, 101(5): 1827-1832.
18. Yelnik CM, Laskin CA, Porter TF, et al. Lupus anticoagulant is the main predictor of adverse pregnancy outcomes in apl-positive patients: validation of PROMISSE study results. Lupus Sci Med, 2016, 3(1): e000131.
19. Buyon JP, Kim MY, Guerra MM, et al. Predictors of pregnancy outcomes in patients with lupus: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med, 2015, 163(3): 153-163.
20. Kelchtermans H, Pelkmans L, de Laat B, et al. IgG/IgM antiphospholipid antibodies present in the classification criteria for the antiphospholipid syndrome: a critical review of their association with thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost, 2016, 14(8): 1530-1548.
21. Pignatelli P, Ettorre E, Menichelli D, et al. Seronegative antiphospholipid syndrome: refining the value of “non-criteria” antibodies for diagnosis and clinical management. Haematologica, 2020, 105(3): 562-572.
22. Triplett DA. Use of the dilute Russell viper venom time (dRVVT): its importance and pitfalls. J Autoimmun, 2000, 15(2): 173-178.
23. Tripodi A. Diagnostic challenges on the laboratory detection of lupus anticoagulant. Biomedicines, 2021, 9(7): 844.
24. Devreese KMJ. Solid phase assays for antiphospholipid antibodies. Semin Thromb Hemost, 2022, 48(6): 661-671.
25. Willis R, Lakos G, Harris EN. Standardization of antiphospholipid antibody testing--historical perspectives and ongoing initiatives. Semin Thromb Hemost, 2014, 40(2): 172-177.
26. Devreese KMJ, Ortel TL, Pengo V, et al. Laboratory criteria for antiphospholipid syndrome: communication from the SSC of the ISTH. J Thromb Haemost, 2018, 16(4): 809-813.
27. 喬巖, 王蕓燕, 張建平. 非標準抗磷脂抗體與復發性流產的相關性及臨床應用研究進展. 實用婦科內分泌電子雜志, 2022, 9(14): 17-21.
28. 田園, 徐金鳳, 陳代娟. 非經典抗磷脂抗體在產科抗磷脂綜合征的診斷價值研究進展. 實用婦產科雜志, 2022, 38(4): 270-273.
29. 李冉, 陳荔閩, 代玉紅, 等. 非標準抗磷脂抗體陽性不良妊娠結局預測模型的建立和驗證. 中國計劃生育和婦產科, 2024, 16(11): 54-58.
30. Neville C, Rauch J, Kassis J, et al. Thromboembolic risk in patients with high titre anticardiolipin and multiple antiphospholipid antibodies. Thromb Haemost, 2003, 90(1): 108-115.
31. Ruffatti A, Tonello M, Cavazzana A, et al. Laboratory classification categories and pregnancy outcome in patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome prescribed antithrombotic therapy. Thromb Res, 2009, 123(3): 482-487.
32. Pengo V, Ruffatti A, Legnani C, et al. Clinical course of high-risk patients diagnosed with antiphospholipid syndrome. J Thromb Haemost, 2010, 8(2): 237-242.
33. Ruffatti A, Tonello M, Del Ross T, et al. Antibody profile and clinical course in primary antiphospholipid syndrome with pregnancy morbidity. Thromb Haemost, 2006, 96(3): 337-341.
34. Tektonidou MG, Andreoli L, Limper M, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of antiphospholipid syndrome in adults. Ann Rheum Dis, 2019, 78(10): 1296-1304.
35. Pengo V, Ruffatti A, Tonello M, et al. Antiphospholipid syndrome: antibodies to domain 1 of β2-glycoprotein 1 correctly classify patients at risk. J Thromb Haemost, 2015, 13(5): 782-787.
36. Banzato A, Pozzi N, Frasson R, et al. Antibodies to domain i of β(2)glycoprotein I are in close relation to patients risk categories in antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Thromb Res, 2011, 128(6): 583-586.
37. Pengo V, Biasiolo A, Pegoraro C, et al. Antibody profiles for the diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome. Thromb Haemost, 2005, 93(6): 1147-1152.
38. Pengo V, Bison E, Denas G, et al. Laboratory diagnostics of antiphospholipid syndrome. Semin Thromb Hemost, 2018, 44(5): 439-444.
39. Iverson GM, Victoria EJ, Marquis DM. Anti-beta2 glycoprotein I (beta2GPI) autoantibodies recognize an epitope on the first domain of beta2GPI. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1998, 95(26): 15542-15546.
40. McDonnell T, Artim-Esen B, Wincup C, et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies to domain i of beta-2-glycoprotein i show different subclass predominance in comparison to antibodies to whole beta-2-glycoprotein i. Front Immunol, 2018, 9: 2244.
41. Pericleous C, Ruiz-Limón P, Romay-Penabad Z, et al. Proof-of-concept study demonstrating the pathogenicity of affinity-purified IgG antibodies directed to domain I of β2-glycoprotein I in a mouse model of anti-phospholipid antibody-induced thrombosis. Rheumatology (Oxford), 2015, 54(4): 722-727.
42. Ioannou Y, Romay-Penabad Z, Pericleous C, et al. In vivo inhibition of antiphospholipid antibody-induced pathogenicity utilizing the antigenic target peptide domain I of beta2-glycoprotein I: proof of concept. J Thromb Haemost, 2009, 7(5): 833-842.
43. Durigutto P, Grossi C, Borghi MO, et al. New insight into antiphospholipid syndrome: antibodies to β2glycoprotein I-domain 5 fail to induce thrombi in rats. Haematologica, 2019, 104(4): 819-826.
44. de Laat B, Pengo V, Pabinger I, et al. The association between circulating antibodies against domain I of beta2-glycoprotein I and thrombosis: an international multicenter study. J Thromb Haemost, 2009, 7(11): 1767-1773.
45. Tonello M, Mattia E, Del Ross T, et al. Clinical value of anti-domain I-β2Glycoprotein 1 antibodies in antiphospholipid antibody carriers. A single centre, prospective observational follow-up study. Clin Chim Acta, 2018, 485: 74-78.
46. de Laat B, Derksen RH, Urbanus RT, et al. IgG antibodies that recognize epitope Gly40-Arg43 in domain I of beta 2-glycoprotein I cause LAC, and their presence correlates strongly with thrombosis. Blood, 2005, 105(4): 1540-1545.
47. Chighizola CB, Pregnolato F, Andreoli L, et al. Beyond thrombosis: anti-β2GPI domain 1 antibodies identify late pregnancy morbidity in anti-phospholipid syndrome. J Autoimmun, 2018, 90: 76-83.
48. Liu T, Gu J, Wan L, et al. Anti-β2GPI domain 1 antibodies stratify high risk of thrombosis and late pregnancy morbidity in a large cohort of Chinese patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. Thromb Res, 2020, 185: 142-149.
49. Viall CA, Chamley LW. Histopathology in the placentae of women with antiphospholipid antibodies: a systematic review of the literature. Autoimmun Rev, 2015, 14(5): 446-471.
50. Sebire NJ, Fox H, Backos M, et al. Defective endovascular trophoblast invasion in primary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome-associated early pregnancy failure. Hum Reprod, 2002, 17(4): 1067-1071.
51. Koike T. Comprehensive review of antiphospholipid syndrome: over four decades of advances and challenges. Cells, 2026, 15(4): 356.
52. Guo H, Zhang Y, Li A, et al. Anti-domain 1 of beta2-glycoprotein I aids risk stratification in lupus anticoagulant-positive patients. Clin Exp Med, 2019, 19(3): 339-345.
53. Matsuura E, Shen L, Matsunami Y, et al. Pathophysiology of beta2-glycoprotein I in antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus, 2010, 19(4): 379-384.
54. Arad A, Proulle V, Furie RA, et al. β?-glycoprotein-1 autoantibodies from patients with antiphospholipid syndrome are sufficient to potentiate arterial thrombus formation in a mouse model. Blood, 2011, 117(12): 3453-3459.
55. Fischetti F, Durigutto P, Pellis V, et al. Thrombus formation induced by antibodies to beta2-glycoprotein I is complement dependent and requires a priming factor. Blood, 2005, 106(7): 2340-2346.
56. Knight JS, Branch DW, Ortel TL. Antiphospholipid syndrome: advances in diagnosis, pathogenesis, and management. BMJ, 2023, 380: e069717.
57. Murthy V, Willis R, Romay-Penabad Z, et al. Value of isolated IgA anti-β2 -glycoprotein I positivity in the diagnosis of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Arthritis Rheum, 2013, 65(12): 3186-3193.
58. Mattia E, Ruffatti A, Tonello M, et al. IgA anticardiolipin and IgA anti-β2 glycoprotein I antibody positivity determined by fluorescence enzyme immunoassay in primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Clin Chem Lab Med, 2014, 52(9): 1329-1333.
59. Cabrera-Marante O, Rodríguez de Frías E, Serrano M, et al. The weight of IgA anti-β2glycoprotein i in the antiphospholipid syndrome pathogenesis: closing the gap of seronegative antiphospholipid syndrome. Int J Mol Sci, 2020, 21(23): 8972.
60. Yan H, Li B, Su R, et al. Preliminary study on the imbalance between th17 and regulatory T cells in antiphospholipid syndrome. Front Immunol, 2022, 13: 873644.
61. Lai ZW, Marchena-Mendez I, Perl A. Oxidative stress and Treg depletion in lupus patients with anti-phospholipid syndrome. Clin Immunol, 2015, 158(2): 148-152.
62. Lakos G, Favaloro EJ, Harris EN, et al. International consensus guidelines on anticardiolipin and anti-β2-glycoprotein I testing: report from the 13th International Congress on Antiphospholipid Antibodies. Arthritis Rheum, 2012, 64(1): 1-10.
63. Tedesco F, Borghi MO, Gerosa M, et al. Pathogenic role of complement in antiphospholipid syndrome and therapeutic implications. Front Immunol, 2018, 9: 1388.
64. Girardi G, Berman J, Redecha P, et al. Complement C5a receptors and neutrophils mediate fetal injury in the antiphospholipid syndrome. J Clin Invest, 2003, 112(11): 1644-1654.
65. Pierangeli SS, Girardi G, Vega-Ostertag M, et al. Requirement of activation of complement C3 and C5 for antiphospholipid antibody-mediated thrombophilia. Arthritis Rheum, 2005, 52(7): 2120-2124.
66. Shamonki JM, Salmon JE, Hyjek E, et al. Excessive complement activation is associated with placental injury in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2007, 196(2): 167.e1-e5.
67. Kim MY, Guerra MM, Kaplowitz E, et al. Complement activation predicts adverse pregnancy outcome in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and/or antiphospholipid antibodies. Ann Rheum Dis, 2018, 77(4): 549-555.
68. Gustavsen A, Skattum L, Bergseth G, et al. Effect on mother and child of eculizumab given before caesarean section in a patient with severe antiphospholipid syndrome: a case report. Medicine (Baltimore), 2017, 96(11): e6338.
69. Wang C, Li A, Zhang C, et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps aggravate placental injury in OAPS by facilitating activation of BNIP3 mediated mitophagy. Free Radic Biol Med, 2025, 235: 109-123.
70. de Bont CM, Boelens WC, Pruijn GJM. NETosis, complement, and coagulation: a triangular relationship. Cell Mol Immunol, 2019, 16(1): 19-27.
71. Mulla MJ, Brosens JJ, Chamley LW, et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies induce a pro-inflammatory response in first trimester trophoblast via the TLR4/MyD88 pathway. Am J Reprod Immunol, 2009, 62(2): 96-111.
72. Yalavarthi S, Gould TJ, Rao AN, et al. Release of neutrophil extracellular traps by neutrophils stimulated with antiphospholipid antibodies: a newly identified mechanism of thrombosis in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Arthritis Rheumatol, 2015, 67(11): 2990-3003.
73. Zuo Y, Yalavarthi S, Gockman K, et al. Anti-neutrophil extracellular trap antibodies and impaired neutrophil extracellular trap degradation in antiphospholipid syndrome. Arthritis Rheumatol, 2020, 72(12): 2130-2135.
74. Chighizola CB, Raimondo MG, Comerio C, et al. The risk of obstetric complications and the effects of treatment in women with low titer and medium-high titer anti-phospholipid antibodies. Arthritis Rheumatol, 2016, 68(Suppl 10): 1-2.
75. van den Hoogen LL, Fritsch-Stork RD, Versnel MA, et al. Monocyte type I interferon signature in antiphospholipid syndrome is related to proinflammatory monocyte subsets, hydroxychloroquine and statin use. Ann Rheum Dis, 2016, 75(12): e81.
76. Grenn RC, Yalavarthi S, Gandhi AA, et al. Endothelial progenitor dysfunction associates with a type I interferon signature in primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis, 2017, 76(2): 450-457.
77. Jeon HS, Lee SM, Jung YM, et al. Proteomic biomarkers in mid-trimester amniotic fluid associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. PLoS One, 2020, 15(7): e0235838.
78. Lopez-Pedrera C, Barbarroja N, Pati?o-Trives AM, et al. New biomarkers for atherothrombosis in antiphospholipid syndrome: genomics and epigenetics approaches. Front Immunol, 2019, 10: 764.
79. Lv Q, Wang Y, Tian W, et al. Exosomal miR-146a-5p derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells can alleviate antiphospholipid antibody-induced trophoblast injury and placental dysfunction by regulating the TRAF6/NF-κB axis. J Nanobiotechnology, 2023, 21(1): 419.
80. Domenico Sebastiani G, Minisola G, Galeazzi M. HLA class II alleles and genetic predisposition to the antiphospholipid syndrome. Autoimmun Rev, 2003, 2(6): 387-394.
81. Galeazzi M, Sebastiani GD, Tincani A, et al. HLA class II alleles associations of anticardiolipin and anti-beta2GPI antibodies in a large series of European patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus, 2000, 9(1): 47-55.
82. Zhao M, Zhou Y, Zhu B, et al. IFI44L promoter methylation as a blood biomarker for systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis, 2016, 75(11): 1998-2006.
83. Teruel M, Sawalha AH. Epigenetic variability in systemic lupus erythematosus: what we learned from genome-wide DNA methylation studies. Curr Rheumatol Rep, 2017, 19(6): 32.
84. Coit P, Jeffries M, Altorok N, et al. Genome-wide DNA methylation study suggests epigenetic accessibility and transcriptional poising of interferon-regulated genes in na?ve CD4⁺ T cells from lupus patients. J Autoimmun, 2013, 43: 78-84.
85. Kim MY, Buyon JP, Guerra MM, et al. Angiogenic factor imbalance early in pregnancy predicts adverse outcomes in patients with lupus and antiphospholipid antibodies: results of the PROMISSE study. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2016, 214(1): 108.e1-108.e14.
86. Maynard SE, Min JY, Merchan J, et al. Excess placental soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1) may contribute to endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, and proteinuria in preeclampsia. J Clin Invest, 2003, 111(5): 649-658.
87. Zeisler H, Llurba E, Chantraine F, et al. Predictive value of the sFlt-1: PlGF ratio in women with suspected preeclampsia. N Engl J Med, 2016, 374(1): 13-22.
88. Verlohren S, Herraiz I, Lapaire O, et al. New gestational phase-specific cutoff values for the use of the soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1/placental growth factor ratio as a diagnostic test for preeclampsia. Hypertension, 2014, 63(2): 346-352.
89. Rana S, Powe CE, Salahuddin S, et al. Angiogenic factors and the risk of adverse outcomes in women with suspected preeclampsia. Circulation, 2012, 125(7): 911-919.
90. Verlohren S, Galindo A, Schlembach D, et al. An automated method for the determination of the sFlt-1/PIGF ratio in the assessment of preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2010, 202(2): 161.e1-161.e11.
91. Stepan H, Herraiz I, Schlembach D, et al. Implementation of the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio for prediction and diagnosis of pre-eclampsia in singleton pregnancy: implications for clinical practice. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2015, 45(3): 241-246.
92. Prinz N, Clemens N, Canisius A, et al. Endosomal NADPH-oxidase is critical for induction of the tissue factor gene in monocytes and endothelial cells. Lessons from the antiphospholipid syndrome. Thromb Haemost, 2013, 109(3): 525-531.
93. Zussman R, Xu LY, Damani T, et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies can specifically target placental mitochondria and induce ROS production. J Autoimmun, 2020, 111: 102437.
94. Viall CA, Chen Q, Liu B, et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies internalised by human syncytiotrophoblast cause aberrant cell death and the release of necrotic trophoblast debris. J Autoimmun, 2013, 47: 45-57.
95. Milne GL, Yin H, Hardy KD, et al. Isoprostane generation and function. Chem Rev, 2011, 111(10): 5973-5996.
96. Sciascia S, Roccatello D, Bertero MT, et al. 8-isoprostane, prostaglandin E2, C-reactive protein and serum amyloid A as markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in antiphospholipid syndrome: a pilot study. Inflamm Res, 2012, 61(8): 809-816.
97. Djokovic A, Stojanovich L. Summary of the 12th Meeting of the European Forum on antiphospholipid antibodies online. Lupus, 2021, 30(13): 2162-2164.
98. Pérez D, Tincani A, Serrano M, et al. Antiphospholipid syndrome and IgA anti-beta2-glycoprotein I antibodies: when Cinderella becomes a princess. Lupus, 2018, 27(2): 177-178.
99. Zhou Z, You Y, Wang F, et al. Urine proteomics differentiate primary thrombotic antiphospholipid syndrome from obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome. Front Immunol, 2021, 12: 702425.
100. ?igon P, Perdan Pirkmajer K, Tom?i? M, et al. Anti-phosphatidylserine/prothrombin antibodies are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. J Immunol Res, 2015, 2015: 975704.
101. Sciascia S, Sanna G, Murru V, et al. The global anti-phospholipid syndrome score in primary APS. Rheumatology (Oxford), 2015, 54(1): 134-138.
102. Estévez Má, Lanio N, Molina á, et al. Extra-criteria antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with small vessel brain lesions and clinical manifestations associated with antiphospholipid syndrome. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis, 2023, 32(5): 107034.
103. Egri N, Bentow C, Rubio L, et al. Anti-phosphatidylserine/prothrombin antibodies at two points: correlation with lupus anticoagulant and thrombotic risk. Front Immunol, 2021, 12: 754469.
104. Müller-Calleja N, Manukyan D, Canisius A, et al. Hydroxychloroquine inhibits proinflammatory signalling pathways by targeting endosomal NADPH oxidase. Ann Rheum Dis, 2017, 76(5): 891-897.
105. Di Simone N, D’Ippolito S, Marana R, et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies affect human endometrial angiogenesis: protective effect of a synthetic peptide (TIFI) mimicking the phospholipid binding site of β(2) glycoprotein I. Am J Reprod Immunol, 2013, 70(4): 299-308.
106. Lefkou E, Mamopoulos A, Dagklis T, et al. Pravastatin improves pregnancy outcomes in obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome refractory to antithrombotic therapy. J Clin Invest, 2016, 126(8): 2933-2940.

Previous Article
Research progress on symptom cluster assessment tools for patients with inflammatory bowel disease
Next Article
宏基因組二代測序診斷貝納特柯克斯體致感染性心內膜炎三例

West China Medical Journal

Research progress and clinical application prospects of novel biomarkers for obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Previous Article

Next Article

Format

Content