Role of resistance to myofibroblast apoptosis in pulmonary fibrosis_West China Medical Journal

Authors：

JIANG Yanlin , TONG Xiang ,  FAN Hong

Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China;

Corresponding?author：

FAN Hong, Email: fanhong@scu.edu.cn

Keywords：

Pulmonary fibrosis; myofibroblasts; resistance to apoptosis; cellular senescence

DOI：

10.7507/1002-0179.202601335

Video：

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Myofibroblasts as key effector cells in fibrotic lesions, exhibit apoptosis resistance as a core factor contributing to the persistent progression and refractory reversal of fibrosis. This article systematically investigates their role in pulmonary fibrosis by focusing on the origin and regulation of myofibroblasts, the mechanisms underlying apoptosis resistance, and the association between cellular senescence and apoptosis resistance. Key analyses include the molecular regulatory network of apoptosis resistance, metabolic and epigenetic mechanisms, immune evasion pathways, and the regulatory effects of cellular senescence on apoptosis processes. These findings aim to provide novel insights for elucidating the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis and guiding therapeutic drug development.

Citation： JIANG Yanlin, TONG Xiang, FAN Hong. Role of resistance to myofibroblast apoptosis in pulmonary fibrosis. West China Medical Journal, 2026, 41(4): 535-539. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.202601335 Copy

1.	May J, Mitchell JA, Jenkins RG. Beyond epithelial damage: vascular and endothelial contributions to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Clin Invest, 2023, 133(18): e172058.
2.	Distler JHW, Gy?rfi AH, Ramanujam M, et al. Shared and distinct mechanisms of fibrosis. Nat Rev Rheumatol, 2019, 15(12): 705-730.
3.	Rockey DC, Bell PD, Hill JA. Fibrosis--a common pathway to organ injury and failure. N Engl J Med, 2015, 372(12): 1138-1149.
4.	Hinz B, Lagares D. Evasion of apoptosis by myofibroblasts: a hallmark of fibrotic diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol, 2020, 16(1): 11-31.
5.	Jin L, Bao B, Huang XT, et al. MEOX1 triggers myofibroblast apoptosis resistance, contributing to pulmonary fibrosis in mice. J Cell Physiol, 2024, 239(12): e31442.
6.	Kato K, Logsdon NJ, Shin YJ, et al. Impaired myofibroblast dedifferentiation contributes to nonresolving fibrosis in aging. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 2020, 62(5): 633-644.
7.	Jorgensen I, Rayamajhi M, Miao EA. Programmed cell death as a defence against infection. Nat Rev Immunol, 2017, 17(3): 151-164.
8.	Shen M, Fu J, Zhang Y, et al. A novel senolytic drug for pulmonary fibrosis: BTSA1 targets apoptosis of senescent myofibroblasts by activating BAX. Aging Cell, 2024, 23(9): e14229.
9.	Luis-García ER, Becerril C, Salgado-Aguayo A, et al. Mitochondrial dysfunction and alterations in mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) contribute to apoptosis resistance in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci, 2021, 22(15): 7870.
10.	Zhou Y, Lagares D. Methods for studying myofibroblast apoptotic pathways. Methods Mol Biol, 2021, 2299: 123-137.
11.	Henderson NC, Rieder F, Wynn TA. Fibrosis: from mechanisms to medicines. Nature, 2020, 587(7835): 555-566.
12.	Massagué J, Sheppard D. TGF-β signaling in health and disease. Cell, 2023, 186(19): 4007-4037.
13.	Farooqi AA, Naureen H, Attar R. Regulation of cell signaling pathways by circular RNAs and microRNAs in different cancers: spotlight on Wnt/β-catenin, JAK/STAT, TGF/SMAD, SHH/GLI, NOTCH and Hippo pathways. Semin Cell Dev Biol, 2022, 124: 72-81.
14.	Cruz-Soca M, Faundez-Contreras J, Córdova-Casanova A, et al. Activation of skeletal muscle FAPs by LPA requires the Hippo signaling via the FAK pathway. Matrix Biol, 2023, 119: 57-81.
15.	Konikov-Rozenman J, Breuer R, Kaminski N, et al. CMH-small molecule docks into SIRT1, elicits human IPF-lung fibroblast cell death, inhibits Ku70-deacetylation, FLIP and experimental pulmonary fibrosis. Biomolecules, 2020, 10(7): 997.
16.	Vittal R, Walker NM, McLinden AP, et al. Genetic deficiency of the transcription factor NFAT1 confers protection against fibrogenic responses independent of immune influx. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 2024, 326(1): L39-L51.
17.	Zhao M, Ding N, Wang H, et al. Activation of TRPA1 in bladder suburothelial myofibroblasts counteracts TGF-β1-induced fibrotic changes. Int J Mol Sci, 2023, 24(11): 9501.
18.	Han H, Zhang Y, Peng G, et al. Extracellular PKM2 facilitates organ-tissue fibrosis progression. iScience, 2021, 24(10): 103165.
19.	Cai Z, Guo H, Qian J, et al. Effects of bone morphogenetic protein 4 on TGF-β1-induced cell proliferation, apoptosis, activation and differentiation in mouse lung fibroblasts via ERK/p38 MAPK signaling pathway. PeerJ, 2022, 10: e13775.
20.	Wu A, Lee D, Xiong WC. Lactate metabolism, signaling, and function in brain development, synaptic plasticity, angiogenesis, and neurodegenerative diseases. Int J Mol Sci, 2023, 24(17): 13398.
21.	Li R, Yang W. Gomisin J inhibits the glioma progression by inducing apoptosis and reducing HKII-regulated glycolysis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2020, 529(1): 15-22.
22.	段然, 李青原, 馮同. 代謝重編程在特發性肺纖維化發病中的作用. 基礎醫學與臨床, 2024, 44(6): 882-886.
23.	Sun Y, Liang JJ, Xu J, et al. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein changes the inflammatory status and metabolomics profiles in human and mouse macrophages and microglia. Heliyon, 2024, 10(7): e28806.
24.	Tian G, Zhou J, Quan Y, et al. Voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) overexpression alleviates cardiac fibroblast activation in cardiac fibrosis via regulating fatty acid metabolism. Redox Biol, 2023, 67: 102907.
25.	Hu B, Gharaee-Kermani M, Wu Z, et al. Epigenetic regulation of myofibroblast differentiation by DNA methylation. Am J Pathol, 2010, 177(1): 21-28.
26.	Rehan M, Deskin B, Kurundkar AR, et al. Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase mediates lipofibroblast-myofibroblast transition and apoptosis resistance. J Biol Chem, 2023, 299(8): 105027.
27.	Hinz B, Phan SH, Thannickal VJ, et al. The myofibroblast: one function, multiple origins. Am J Pathol, 2007, 170(6): 1807-1816.
28.	Pachera E, Assassi S, Salazar GA, et al. Long noncoding RNA H19X is a key mediator of TGF-β-driven fibrosis. J Clin Invest, 2020, 130(9): 4888-4905.
29.	Lu MY, Fang CY, Hsieh PL, et al. MIAT promotes myofibroblastic activities and transformation in oral submucous fibrosis through sponging the miR-342-3p/SOX6 axis. Aging (Albany NY), 2024, 16(19): 12909-12927.
30.	Guo X, Sunil C, Adeyanju O, et al. PD-L1 mediates lung fibroblast to myofibroblast transition through Smad3 and β-catenin signaling pathways. Sci Rep, 2022, 12(1): 3053.
31.	Qiu D, Zhang S, Huang C, et al. Dectin-1 facilitates lung fungal-mediated pulmonary fibrosis. Immunity, 2025, 58(7): 1811-1829.e8.
32.	Basisty N, Kale A, Jeon OH, et al. A proteomic atlas of senescence-associated secretomes for aging biomarker development. PLoS Biol, 2020, 18(1): e3000599.
33.	Zhou J, An X, Xia X, et al. Aging-associated interleukin-11 drives the molecular mechanism and targeted therapy of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur J Med Res, 2025, 30(1): 542.
34.	Wang B, Han J, Elisseeff JH, et al. The senescence-associated secretory phenotype and its physiological and pathological implications. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 2024, 25(12): 958-978.
35.	Enomoto Y, Katsura H, Fujimura T, et al. Autocrine TGF-β-positive feedback in profibrotic AT2-lineage cells plays a crucial role in non-inflammatory lung fibrogenesis. Nat Commun, 2023, 14(1): 4956.
36.	Kita A, Yamamoto S, Saito Y, et al. Cellular senescence and wound healing in aged and diabetic skin. Front Physiol, 2024, 15: 1344116.
37.	Giordanengo L, Proment A, Botta V, et al. Shifting shapes: the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition as a driver for cancer progression. Int J Mol Sci, 2025, 26(13): 6353.
38.	Rangarajan S, Locy ML, Chanda D, et al. Mitochondrial uncoupling protein-2 reprograms metabolism to induce oxidative stress and myofibroblast senescence in age-associated lung fibrosis. Aging Cell, 2022, 21(9): e13674.
39.	Hou W, Zhao Y, Yang L, et al. SIRT5-mediated desuccinylation prevents mitochondrial dysfunction in alveolar epithelial cells senescence and pulmonary fibrosis. Cell Signal, 2025, 132: 111830.
40.	Ruwanpura SM, Thomas BJ, Bardin PG. Pirfenidone: molecular mechanisms and potential clinical applications in lung disease. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 2020, 62(4): 413-422.
41.	Li Y, Li H, Liu S, et al. Pirfenidone ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis by blocking NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Mol Immunol, 2018, 99: 134-144.
42.	Huang J, Beyer C, Palumbo-Zerr K, et al. Nintedanib inhibits fibroblast activation and ameliorates fibrosis in preclinical models of systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis, 2016, 75(5): 883-890.
43.	Rajchgot J, Stanbrook MB, Anand A. Combination nintedanib and pirfenidone for treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2018, 198(8): 1105.
44.	Vancheri C, Kreuter M, Richeldi L, et al. Nintedanib with add-on pirfenidone in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Results of the INJOURNEY trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2018, 197(3): 356-363.
45.	Meersseman C, Martínez Besteiro E, Romain-Scelle N, et al. Nintedanib combined with pirfenidone in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis or progressive pulmonary fibrosis: a long-term retrospective multicentre study (combi-PF). Arch Bronconeumol, 2025, 10: S0300-2896(25)00355-2.
46.	Huh JY, Lee JH, Song JW. Efficacy and safety of combination therapy with pirfenidone and nintedanib in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Front Pharmacol, 2023, 14: 1301923.
47.	Maher TM, Assassi S, Azuma A, et al. Nerandomilast in patients with progressive pulmonary fibrosis. N Engl J Med, 2025, 392(22): 2203-2214.
48.	Ding J, Chen Z, Yu J, et al. Artesunate attenuates pulmonary fibrosis by suppressing fibroblast senescence through inhibition of the STAT3/p53 signaling pathway. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 2026, 506: 117646.
49.	Lu A, Xu Z, Zhao Z, et al. Double braking effects of nanomedicine on mitochondrial permeability transition pore for treating idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Adv Sci (Weinh), 2024, 11(47): e2405406.
50.	Penke LRK, Speth J, Wettlaufer S, et al. Bortezomib inhibits lung fibrosis and fibroblast activation without proteasome inhibition. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 2022, 66(1): 23-37.
51.	Hogan TB, Tiwari N, Nagaraja MR, et al. Caveolin-1 peptide regulates p53-microRNA-34a feedback in fibrotic lung fibroblasts. iScience, 2022, 25(4): 104022.
52.	Gopu V, Fan L, Shetty RS, et al. Caveolin-1 scaffolding domain peptide regulates glucose metabolism in lung fibrosis. JCI Insight, 2020, 5(19): e137969.
53.	Shaikh SB, Rahman I. Caveolin-1 scaffolding domain peptide (CSP7): a novel target for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 2025, 72(1): 14-15.
54.	Fan J, Zheng S, Wang M, et al. The critical roles of caveolin-1 in lung diseases. Front Pharmacol, 2024, 15: 1417834.
55.	Hernandez-Gonzalez F, Prats N, Ramponi V, et al. Human senescent fibroblasts trigger progressive lung fibrosis in mice. Aging (Albany NY), 2023, 15(14): 6641-6657.
56.	Rehan M, Kurundkar D, Kurundkar AR, et al. Restoration of SIRT3 gene expression by airway delivery resolves age-associated persistent lung fibrosis in mice. Nat Aging, 2021, 1(2): 205-217.

1. May J, Mitchell JA, Jenkins RG. Beyond epithelial damage: vascular and endothelial contributions to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Clin Invest, 2023, 133(18): e172058.
2. Distler JHW, Gy?rfi AH, Ramanujam M, et al. Shared and distinct mechanisms of fibrosis. Nat Rev Rheumatol, 2019, 15(12): 705-730.
3. Rockey DC, Bell PD, Hill JA. Fibrosis--a common pathway to organ injury and failure. N Engl J Med, 2015, 372(12): 1138-1149.
4. Hinz B, Lagares D. Evasion of apoptosis by myofibroblasts: a hallmark of fibrotic diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol, 2020, 16(1): 11-31.
5. Jin L, Bao B, Huang XT, et al. MEOX1 triggers myofibroblast apoptosis resistance, contributing to pulmonary fibrosis in mice. J Cell Physiol, 2024, 239(12): e31442.
6. Kato K, Logsdon NJ, Shin YJ, et al. Impaired myofibroblast dedifferentiation contributes to nonresolving fibrosis in aging. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 2020, 62(5): 633-644.
7. Jorgensen I, Rayamajhi M, Miao EA. Programmed cell death as a defence against infection. Nat Rev Immunol, 2017, 17(3): 151-164.
8. Shen M, Fu J, Zhang Y, et al. A novel senolytic drug for pulmonary fibrosis: BTSA1 targets apoptosis of senescent myofibroblasts by activating BAX. Aging Cell, 2024, 23(9): e14229.
9. Luis-García ER, Becerril C, Salgado-Aguayo A, et al. Mitochondrial dysfunction and alterations in mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) contribute to apoptosis resistance in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci, 2021, 22(15): 7870.
10. Zhou Y, Lagares D. Methods for studying myofibroblast apoptotic pathways. Methods Mol Biol, 2021, 2299: 123-137.
11. Henderson NC, Rieder F, Wynn TA. Fibrosis: from mechanisms to medicines. Nature, 2020, 587(7835): 555-566.
12. Massagué J, Sheppard D. TGF-β signaling in health and disease. Cell, 2023, 186(19): 4007-4037.
13. Farooqi AA, Naureen H, Attar R. Regulation of cell signaling pathways by circular RNAs and microRNAs in different cancers: spotlight on Wnt/β-catenin, JAK/STAT, TGF/SMAD, SHH/GLI, NOTCH and Hippo pathways. Semin Cell Dev Biol, 2022, 124: 72-81.
14. Cruz-Soca M, Faundez-Contreras J, Córdova-Casanova A, et al. Activation of skeletal muscle FAPs by LPA requires the Hippo signaling via the FAK pathway. Matrix Biol, 2023, 119: 57-81.
15. Konikov-Rozenman J, Breuer R, Kaminski N, et al. CMH-small molecule docks into SIRT1, elicits human IPF-lung fibroblast cell death, inhibits Ku70-deacetylation, FLIP and experimental pulmonary fibrosis. Biomolecules, 2020, 10(7): 997.
16. Vittal R, Walker NM, McLinden AP, et al. Genetic deficiency of the transcription factor NFAT1 confers protection against fibrogenic responses independent of immune influx. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 2024, 326(1): L39-L51.
17. Zhao M, Ding N, Wang H, et al. Activation of TRPA1 in bladder suburothelial myofibroblasts counteracts TGF-β1-induced fibrotic changes. Int J Mol Sci, 2023, 24(11): 9501.
18. Han H, Zhang Y, Peng G, et al. Extracellular PKM2 facilitates organ-tissue fibrosis progression. iScience, 2021, 24(10): 103165.
19. Cai Z, Guo H, Qian J, et al. Effects of bone morphogenetic protein 4 on TGF-β1-induced cell proliferation, apoptosis, activation and differentiation in mouse lung fibroblasts via ERK/p38 MAPK signaling pathway. PeerJ, 2022, 10: e13775.
20. Wu A, Lee D, Xiong WC. Lactate metabolism, signaling, and function in brain development, synaptic plasticity, angiogenesis, and neurodegenerative diseases. Int J Mol Sci, 2023, 24(17): 13398.
21. Li R, Yang W. Gomisin J inhibits the glioma progression by inducing apoptosis and reducing HKII-regulated glycolysis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2020, 529(1): 15-22.
22. 段然, 李青原, 馮同. 代謝重編程在特發性肺纖維化發病中的作用. 基礎醫學與臨床, 2024, 44(6): 882-886.
23. Sun Y, Liang JJ, Xu J, et al. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein changes the inflammatory status and metabolomics profiles in human and mouse macrophages and microglia. Heliyon, 2024, 10(7): e28806.
24. Tian G, Zhou J, Quan Y, et al. Voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) overexpression alleviates cardiac fibroblast activation in cardiac fibrosis via regulating fatty acid metabolism. Redox Biol, 2023, 67: 102907.
25. Hu B, Gharaee-Kermani M, Wu Z, et al. Epigenetic regulation of myofibroblast differentiation by DNA methylation. Am J Pathol, 2010, 177(1): 21-28.
26. Rehan M, Deskin B, Kurundkar AR, et al. Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase mediates lipofibroblast-myofibroblast transition and apoptosis resistance. J Biol Chem, 2023, 299(8): 105027.
27. Hinz B, Phan SH, Thannickal VJ, et al. The myofibroblast: one function, multiple origins. Am J Pathol, 2007, 170(6): 1807-1816.
28. Pachera E, Assassi S, Salazar GA, et al. Long noncoding RNA H19X is a key mediator of TGF-β-driven fibrosis. J Clin Invest, 2020, 130(9): 4888-4905.
29. Lu MY, Fang CY, Hsieh PL, et al. MIAT promotes myofibroblastic activities and transformation in oral submucous fibrosis through sponging the miR-342-3p/SOX6 axis. Aging (Albany NY), 2024, 16(19): 12909-12927.
30. Guo X, Sunil C, Adeyanju O, et al. PD-L1 mediates lung fibroblast to myofibroblast transition through Smad3 and β-catenin signaling pathways. Sci Rep, 2022, 12(1): 3053.
31. Qiu D, Zhang S, Huang C, et al. Dectin-1 facilitates lung fungal-mediated pulmonary fibrosis. Immunity, 2025, 58(7): 1811-1829.e8.
32. Basisty N, Kale A, Jeon OH, et al. A proteomic atlas of senescence-associated secretomes for aging biomarker development. PLoS Biol, 2020, 18(1): e3000599.
33. Zhou J, An X, Xia X, et al. Aging-associated interleukin-11 drives the molecular mechanism and targeted therapy of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur J Med Res, 2025, 30(1): 542.
34. Wang B, Han J, Elisseeff JH, et al. The senescence-associated secretory phenotype and its physiological and pathological implications. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 2024, 25(12): 958-978.
35. Enomoto Y, Katsura H, Fujimura T, et al. Autocrine TGF-β-positive feedback in profibrotic AT2-lineage cells plays a crucial role in non-inflammatory lung fibrogenesis. Nat Commun, 2023, 14(1): 4956.
36. Kita A, Yamamoto S, Saito Y, et al. Cellular senescence and wound healing in aged and diabetic skin. Front Physiol, 2024, 15: 1344116.
37. Giordanengo L, Proment A, Botta V, et al. Shifting shapes: the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition as a driver for cancer progression. Int J Mol Sci, 2025, 26(13): 6353.
38. Rangarajan S, Locy ML, Chanda D, et al. Mitochondrial uncoupling protein-2 reprograms metabolism to induce oxidative stress and myofibroblast senescence in age-associated lung fibrosis. Aging Cell, 2022, 21(9): e13674.
39. Hou W, Zhao Y, Yang L, et al. SIRT5-mediated desuccinylation prevents mitochondrial dysfunction in alveolar epithelial cells senescence and pulmonary fibrosis. Cell Signal, 2025, 132: 111830.
40. Ruwanpura SM, Thomas BJ, Bardin PG. Pirfenidone: molecular mechanisms and potential clinical applications in lung disease. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 2020, 62(4): 413-422.
41. Li Y, Li H, Liu S, et al. Pirfenidone ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis by blocking NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Mol Immunol, 2018, 99: 134-144.
42. Huang J, Beyer C, Palumbo-Zerr K, et al. Nintedanib inhibits fibroblast activation and ameliorates fibrosis in preclinical models of systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis, 2016, 75(5): 883-890.
43. Rajchgot J, Stanbrook MB, Anand A. Combination nintedanib and pirfenidone for treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2018, 198(8): 1105.
44. Vancheri C, Kreuter M, Richeldi L, et al. Nintedanib with add-on pirfenidone in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Results of the INJOURNEY trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2018, 197(3): 356-363.
45. Meersseman C, Martínez Besteiro E, Romain-Scelle N, et al. Nintedanib combined with pirfenidone in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis or progressive pulmonary fibrosis: a long-term retrospective multicentre study (combi-PF). Arch Bronconeumol, 2025, 10: S0300-2896(25)00355-2.
46. Huh JY, Lee JH, Song JW. Efficacy and safety of combination therapy with pirfenidone and nintedanib in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Front Pharmacol, 2023, 14: 1301923.
47. Maher TM, Assassi S, Azuma A, et al. Nerandomilast in patients with progressive pulmonary fibrosis. N Engl J Med, 2025, 392(22): 2203-2214.
48. Ding J, Chen Z, Yu J, et al. Artesunate attenuates pulmonary fibrosis by suppressing fibroblast senescence through inhibition of the STAT3/p53 signaling pathway. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 2026, 506: 117646.
49. Lu A, Xu Z, Zhao Z, et al. Double braking effects of nanomedicine on mitochondrial permeability transition pore for treating idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Adv Sci (Weinh), 2024, 11(47): e2405406.
50. Penke LRK, Speth J, Wettlaufer S, et al. Bortezomib inhibits lung fibrosis and fibroblast activation without proteasome inhibition. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 2022, 66(1): 23-37.
51. Hogan TB, Tiwari N, Nagaraja MR, et al. Caveolin-1 peptide regulates p53-microRNA-34a feedback in fibrotic lung fibroblasts. iScience, 2022, 25(4): 104022.
52. Gopu V, Fan L, Shetty RS, et al. Caveolin-1 scaffolding domain peptide regulates glucose metabolism in lung fibrosis. JCI Insight, 2020, 5(19): e137969.
53. Shaikh SB, Rahman I. Caveolin-1 scaffolding domain peptide (CSP7): a novel target for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 2025, 72(1): 14-15.
54. Fan J, Zheng S, Wang M, et al. The critical roles of caveolin-1 in lung diseases. Front Pharmacol, 2024, 15: 1417834.
55. Hernandez-Gonzalez F, Prats N, Ramponi V, et al. Human senescent fibroblasts trigger progressive lung fibrosis in mice. Aging (Albany NY), 2023, 15(14): 6641-6657.
56. Rehan M, Kurundkar D, Kurundkar AR, et al. Restoration of SIRT3 gene expression by airway delivery resolves age-associated persistent lung fibrosis in mice. Nat Aging, 2021, 1(2): 205-217.

West China Medical Journal

Role of resistance to myofibroblast apoptosis in pulmonary fibrosis

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