An experimental study on distal locking of femoral intramedullary nail assisted by an intelligent orthopedic robot_Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery

Authors：

WANG Kun ¹ , XU Cui ² ^{共同第一作者} , WANG Zhonghe ¹ , WANG Junsong ³ , NIE Shaobo ³ , ZHAO Yanpeng ¹ , ZHANG Wei ¹ ,  HAO Ming ¹

1. Department of Orthopedics, the Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, P. R. China;
2. Medical Department of Chinese PLA 305 Hospital, Beijing, 100034, P. R. China;
3. Department of Orthopedics, the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, P. R. China;

Corresponding?author：

HAO Ming, Email: haoming301@163.com

Keywords：

Orthopedic robot; robot assisted; femoral intramedullary nail; distal locking

DOI：

10.7507/1002-1892.202410079

Video：

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Objective To explore the advantages and effectiveness of the independently developed intelligent orthopedic robot-assisted distal locking of femoral intramedullary nails. Methods Thirty-two adult cadaveric femur specimens were randomly divided into two groups, with 16 specimens in each group. The experimental group used the intelligent orthopedic robot to assist in the distal locking of femoral intramedullary nail holes, while the control group used the traditional method of manual locking under X-ray fluoroscopy. The locking time, fluoroscopy times, and the success rate of first locking were recorded and compared between the two groups. Results The locking time of the experimental group was (273.94±38.67) seconds, which was shorter than that of the control group [(378.38±152.72) seconds], and number of fluoroscopies was (4.56±0.81) times, which was less than that of the control group [(8.00±3.98) times]. The differences were significant [MD=73.054 (?37.187, 85.813), P=0.049; MD=1.969 (?1.437, 2.563), P=0.002]. The first locking success rate of the experimental group was 100% (16/16), which was significantly higher than that of the control group (68.75%, 11/16) (P=0.043). Conclusion The efficiency of distal locking of femoral intramedullary nails assisted by the intelligent orthopedic robot is significantly higher than that of the traditional manual locking method under fluoroscopy, as it can markedly reduce the time required for distal locking of femoral intramedullary nails, decrease intraoperative radiation exposure, and increase the success rate of locking.

Citation： WANG Kun, XU Cui, WANG Zhonghe, WANG Junsong, NIE Shaobo, ZHAO Yanpeng, ZHANG Wei, HAO Ming. An experimental study on distal locking of femoral intramedullary nail assisted by an intelligent orthopedic robot. Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery, 2025, 39(2): 129-133. doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.202410079 Copy

1.	Salawu ON, Ibraheem GH, Babalola OM, et al. Clinical outcomes after open locked intramedullary nailing of closed femoral shaft fractures for adult patients in a Nigerian Hospital. Niger J Clin Pract, 2017, 20(10): 1316-1321.
2.	Zhang J, Bradshaw F, Hussain I, et al. The epidemiology of lower limb fractures: A major United Kingdom (UK) Trauma Centre study. Cureus, 2024, 16(3): e56581. doi: 10.7759/cureus.56581.
3.	Hosseini H, Heydari S, Domari AA, et al. Comparison of treatment results of femoral shaft fracture with two methods of intramedullary nail (IMN) and plate. BMC Surg, 2024, 24(1): 318. doi: 10.1186/s12893-024-02590-1.
4.	Wild M, Gehrmann S, Jungbluth P, et al. Treatment strategies for intramedullary nailing of femoral shaft fractures. Orthopedics, 2010, 33(10): 726. doi: 10.3928/01477447-20100826-15.
5.	B?stman O, Varjonen L, Vainionp?? S, et al. Incidence of local complications after intramedullary nailing and after plate fixation of femoral shaft fractures. J Trauma, 1989, 29(5): 639-645.
6.	Desta T, Lodamo T, Mulat H, et al. Prevalence and associated factors of infection after intramedullary nailing of long bone fractures among patients attending St.Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, AaBET Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. SAGE Open Med, 2023, 11: 20503121231181648. doi: 10.1177/20503121231181648.
7.	Odatuwa-Omagbemi DO. Open intramedullary nailing using ‘Greens Instrumentation’ in the treatment of femoral and tibial shaft fractures: a 5 years review of cases in a private health facility in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. J Med Tropics, 2020, 22(2): 115-121.
8.	Rand JA, An KN, Chao EY, et al. A comparison of the effect of open intramedullary nailing and compression-plate fixation on fracture-site blood flow and fracture union. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 1981, 63(3): 427-442.
9.	Rose DM, Smith TO, Nielsen D, et al. Expandable intramedullary nails in lower limb trauma: a systematic review of clinical and radiological outcomes. Strategies Trauma Limb Reconstr, 2013, 8(1): 1-12.
10.	Patra SK, Shetty AP, Jayaramaraju D, et al. Radiation exposure to the surgeon, surgical assistant, and scrub nurse during closed intramedullary nailing of long bones-does it vary depending on the experience of the surgeon? J Orthop Trauma, 2019, 33(2): e52-e57.
11.	Kalem M, Ba?ar?r K, Kocao?lu H, et al. The effect of C-arm mobility and field of vision on radiation exposure in the treatment of proximal femoral fractures: A randomized clinical trial. Biomed Res Int, 2018, 2018: 6768272. doi: 10.1155/2018/6768272.
12.	Williamson M, Iliopoulos E, Williams R, et al. Intra-operative fluoroscopy time and radiation dose during suprapatellar tibial nailing versus infrapatellar tibial nailing. Injury, 2018, 49(10): 1891-1894.
13.	Wang Y, Han B, Shi Z, et al. Comparison of free-hand fluoroscopic guidance and electromagnetic navigation in distal locking of tibia intramedullary nails. Medicine (Baltimore), 2018, 97(27): e11305. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000011305.
14.	Whatling GM, Nokes LD. Literature review of current techniques for the insertion of distal screws into intramedullary locking nails. Injury, 2006, 37(2): 109-119.
15.	Lei H, Sheng L, Manyi W, et al. A biplanar robot navigation system for the distal locking of intramedullary nails. Int J Med Robot, 2010, 6(1): 61-65.
16.	Leuraud K, Richardson DB, Cardis E, et al. Ionising radiation and risk of death from leukaemia and lymphoma in radiation-monitored workers (INWORKS): an international cohort study. Lancet Haematol, 2015, 2(7): e276-e281.
17.	Brambilla M, Cerini P, Lizio D, et al. Cumulative radiation dose and radiation risk from medical imaging in patients subjected to endovascular aortic aneurysm repair. Radiol Med, 2015, 120(6): 563-570.
18.	Brown N, Jones L. Knowledge of medical imaging radiation dose and risk among doctors. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol, 2013, 57(1): 8-14.
19.	Little MP. Radiation and circulatory disease. Mutat Res Rev Mutat Res, 2016, 770(Pt B): 299-318.
20.	Zakeri F, Shakeri M, Rajabpour MR, et al. Physicians’ knowledge about radiation dose and possible risks of common medical tests: A surgery in iran. Radiat Prot Dosimetry, 2016, 172(1-3): 311-316.
21.	Kelly GA, Rowan FE, Hurson C. Factors influencing radiation exposure during internal fixation of hip fractures. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol, 2017, 27(5): 637-641.
22.	Winquist RA. Locked femoral nailing. J Am Acad Orthop Surg, 1993, 1(2): 95-105.
23.	王軍強, 王劍飛, 胡磊, 等. 醫用機器人輔助股骨帶鎖髓內針遠端鎖釘瞄準系統的實驗研究. 中華醫學雜志, 2006(9): 614-618.
24.	Boraiah S, Barker JU, Lorich D. Efficacy of an aiming device for the placement of distal interlocking screws in trochanteric fixation nailing. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg, 2009, 129(9): 1177-1182.
25.	Krettek C, K?nemann B, Miclau T, et al. A new mechanical aiming device for the placement of distal interlocking screws in femoral nails. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg, 1998, 117(3): 147-152.
26.	Stathopoulos I, Karampinas P, Evangelopoulos DS, et al. Radiation-free distal locking of intramedullary nails: evaluation of a new electromagnetic computer-assisted guidance system. Injury, 2013, 44(6): 872-875.
27.	Kuang S, Leung KS, Wang T, et al. A novel passive/active hybrid robot for orthopaedic trauma surgery. Int J Med Robot, 2012, 8(4): 458-467.
28.	趙春, 黃震. 天璣機器人輔助空心螺紋釘治療股骨頸骨折的效果分析. 淮海醫藥, 2024, 42(5): 488-491.
29.	劉亞軍, 王照東, 徐陳, 等. 天璣骨科機器人輔助股骨頸動力交叉釘系統微創治療老年GardenⅡ、Ⅲ型股骨頸骨折早期臨床療效. 中國修復重建外科雜志, 2023, 37(12): 1471-1476.
30.	馬銘志, 王志聰, 葉佳徽, 等. “天璣”骨科機器人輔助與徒手經椎弓根行椎體后凸成形術治療胸椎骨質疏松性椎體壓縮骨折的療效分析. 中國修復重建外科雜志, 2023, 37(9): 1106-1112.
31.	劉申, 雷同昊, 顧鋒, 等. 天璣骨科手術機器人在創傷骨科領域中的應用綜述. 醫療衛生裝備, 2024, 45(5): 104-110.

1. Salawu ON, Ibraheem GH, Babalola OM, et al. Clinical outcomes after open locked intramedullary nailing of closed femoral shaft fractures for adult patients in a Nigerian Hospital. Niger J Clin Pract, 2017, 20(10): 1316-1321.
2. Zhang J, Bradshaw F, Hussain I, et al. The epidemiology of lower limb fractures: A major United Kingdom (UK) Trauma Centre study. Cureus, 2024, 16(3): e56581. doi: 10.7759/cureus.56581.
3. Hosseini H, Heydari S, Domari AA, et al. Comparison of treatment results of femoral shaft fracture with two methods of intramedullary nail (IMN) and plate. BMC Surg, 2024, 24(1): 318. doi: 10.1186/s12893-024-02590-1.
4. Wild M, Gehrmann S, Jungbluth P, et al. Treatment strategies for intramedullary nailing of femoral shaft fractures. Orthopedics, 2010, 33(10): 726. doi: 10.3928/01477447-20100826-15.
5. B?stman O, Varjonen L, Vainionp?? S, et al. Incidence of local complications after intramedullary nailing and after plate fixation of femoral shaft fractures. J Trauma, 1989, 29(5): 639-645.
6. Desta T, Lodamo T, Mulat H, et al. Prevalence and associated factors of infection after intramedullary nailing of long bone fractures among patients attending St.Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, AaBET Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. SAGE Open Med, 2023, 11: 20503121231181648. doi: 10.1177/20503121231181648.
7. Odatuwa-Omagbemi DO. Open intramedullary nailing using ‘Greens Instrumentation’ in the treatment of femoral and tibial shaft fractures: a 5 years review of cases in a private health facility in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. J Med Tropics, 2020, 22(2): 115-121.
8. Rand JA, An KN, Chao EY, et al. A comparison of the effect of open intramedullary nailing and compression-plate fixation on fracture-site blood flow and fracture union. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 1981, 63(3): 427-442.
9. Rose DM, Smith TO, Nielsen D, et al. Expandable intramedullary nails in lower limb trauma: a systematic review of clinical and radiological outcomes. Strategies Trauma Limb Reconstr, 2013, 8(1): 1-12.
10. Patra SK, Shetty AP, Jayaramaraju D, et al. Radiation exposure to the surgeon, surgical assistant, and scrub nurse during closed intramedullary nailing of long bones-does it vary depending on the experience of the surgeon? J Orthop Trauma, 2019, 33(2): e52-e57.
11. Kalem M, Ba?ar?r K, Kocao?lu H, et al. The effect of C-arm mobility and field of vision on radiation exposure in the treatment of proximal femoral fractures: A randomized clinical trial. Biomed Res Int, 2018, 2018: 6768272. doi: 10.1155/2018/6768272.
12. Williamson M, Iliopoulos E, Williams R, et al. Intra-operative fluoroscopy time and radiation dose during suprapatellar tibial nailing versus infrapatellar tibial nailing. Injury, 2018, 49(10): 1891-1894.
13. Wang Y, Han B, Shi Z, et al. Comparison of free-hand fluoroscopic guidance and electromagnetic navigation in distal locking of tibia intramedullary nails. Medicine (Baltimore), 2018, 97(27): e11305. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000011305.
14. Whatling GM, Nokes LD. Literature review of current techniques for the insertion of distal screws into intramedullary locking nails. Injury, 2006, 37(2): 109-119.
15. Lei H, Sheng L, Manyi W, et al. A biplanar robot navigation system for the distal locking of intramedullary nails. Int J Med Robot, 2010, 6(1): 61-65.
16. Leuraud K, Richardson DB, Cardis E, et al. Ionising radiation and risk of death from leukaemia and lymphoma in radiation-monitored workers (INWORKS): an international cohort study. Lancet Haematol, 2015, 2(7): e276-e281.
17. Brambilla M, Cerini P, Lizio D, et al. Cumulative radiation dose and radiation risk from medical imaging in patients subjected to endovascular aortic aneurysm repair. Radiol Med, 2015, 120(6): 563-570.
18. Brown N, Jones L. Knowledge of medical imaging radiation dose and risk among doctors. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol, 2013, 57(1): 8-14.
19. Little MP. Radiation and circulatory disease. Mutat Res Rev Mutat Res, 2016, 770(Pt B): 299-318.
20. Zakeri F, Shakeri M, Rajabpour MR, et al. Physicians’ knowledge about radiation dose and possible risks of common medical tests: A surgery in iran. Radiat Prot Dosimetry, 2016, 172(1-3): 311-316.
21. Kelly GA, Rowan FE, Hurson C. Factors influencing radiation exposure during internal fixation of hip fractures. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol, 2017, 27(5): 637-641.
22. Winquist RA. Locked femoral nailing. J Am Acad Orthop Surg, 1993, 1(2): 95-105.
23. 王軍強, 王劍飛, 胡磊, 等. 醫用機器人輔助股骨帶鎖髓內針遠端鎖釘瞄準系統的實驗研究. 中華醫學雜志, 2006(9): 614-618.
24. Boraiah S, Barker JU, Lorich D. Efficacy of an aiming device for the placement of distal interlocking screws in trochanteric fixation nailing. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg, 2009, 129(9): 1177-1182.
25. Krettek C, K?nemann B, Miclau T, et al. A new mechanical aiming device for the placement of distal interlocking screws in femoral nails. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg, 1998, 117(3): 147-152.
26. Stathopoulos I, Karampinas P, Evangelopoulos DS, et al. Radiation-free distal locking of intramedullary nails: evaluation of a new electromagnetic computer-assisted guidance system. Injury, 2013, 44(6): 872-875.
27. Kuang S, Leung KS, Wang T, et al. A novel passive/active hybrid robot for orthopaedic trauma surgery. Int J Med Robot, 2012, 8(4): 458-467.
28. 趙春, 黃震. 天璣機器人輔助空心螺紋釘治療股骨頸骨折的效果分析. 淮海醫藥, 2024, 42(5): 488-491.
29. 劉亞軍, 王照東, 徐陳, 等. 天璣骨科機器人輔助股骨頸動力交叉釘系統微創治療老年GardenⅡ、Ⅲ型股骨頸骨折早期臨床療效. 中國修復重建外科雜志, 2023, 37(12): 1471-1476.
30. 馬銘志, 王志聰, 葉佳徽, 等. “天璣”骨科機器人輔助與徒手經椎弓根行椎體后凸成形術治療胸椎骨質疏松性椎體壓縮骨折的療效分析. 中國修復重建外科雜志, 2023, 37(9): 1106-1112.
31. 劉申, 雷同昊, 顧鋒, 等. 天璣骨科手術機器人在創傷骨科領域中的應用綜述. 醫療衛生裝備, 2024, 45(5): 104-110.

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