Research Progress of Vascular Tumor Embolus in Esophageal Cancer_Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Authors：

YUANYang ¹ , XIAOBo ² , FANGQiang ² ,  RENGuang-guo ²

1. Graduate Institute of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou 646000 Sichuang, P. R. China;
2. Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Chengdu 610000, P. R. China;

Corresponding?author：

RENGuang-guo, Email: rengg2091@163.com

Keywords：

Esophageal cancer; Vascular tumor embolus; Prognosis

DOI：

10.7507/1007-4848.20140196

Video：

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The incidence of esophageal cancer (EC)is high in China. In recent years, vascular tumor embolus (VTE)has become a common pathological finding after esophagectomy. Multiple studies show that VTE is the result of multiple contributing factors, and is correlated to patients' prognosis. Many researchers confirm that VTE is positively correlated with the risk of lymph node metastasis. Optimal treatment for VTE patients has not yet reached a consensus. Research progress of VTE in EC is reviewed.

Citation： YUANYang, XIAOBo, FANGQiang, RENGuang-guo. Research Progress of Vascular Tumor Embolus in Esophageal Cancer. Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2014, 21(5): 686-689. doi: 10.7507/1007-4848.20140196 Copy

1.	Hongo M, Nagasaki Y, Shoji T. Epidemiology of esophageal cancer:Orient to Occident. Effects of chronology, geography and ethnicity.J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2009, 24(5):729-735.
2.	李林, 柳碩巖, 朱坤壽, 等.早期食管癌淋巴結轉移規律與預后分析.中華腫瘤雜志, 2009, 31(3):226-229.
3.	Del CJ, Corte MD, Alvarez A, et al. Lymphatic and/or blood vessel invasion in gastric cancer:Relationship with clinicopathological parameters, biological factors and prognostic significance. J Cancer Res Clinic Oncol, 2008, 134(2):153-161.
4.	劉志才, 管福順, 郭建莊, 等.食管賁門癌脈管瘤栓與病理相關因素分析.癌癥, 2002, 21(5):530-532.
5.	Tsai TJ, Chau GY, Lui WY, et al. Clinical significance of microscopic tumor venous invasion in patients with resectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Surgery, 2000, 127(6):603-608.
6.	閻濤, 趙建軍, 畢新宇, 等.肝細胞肝癌術后預后因素分析.中華腫瘤雜志, 2013, 35(1):54-58.
7.	陳煥偉, 廖珊, 王峰杰, 等.解剖性肝切除治療肝細胞癌的長期結果和預后影響因素分析:附90例報告.中華肝膽外科雜志, 2012, 18(2):110-114.
8.	提云霞, 安永恒, 王立森, 等.胃癌病人脈管內癌栓與臨床病理因素及預后的關系.青島大學醫學院學報, 2007, 43(3):256-258.
9.	Noble S, Pasi J. Epidemiology and pathophysiology of cancer-associated thrombosis.Br J Cancer, 2010, 102(S1):S2-S9.
10.	Albelda SM. Role of integrins and other cell adhesion molecules in tumor progression and metastasis. Lab Invest, 1993, 68(1):4-17.
11.	郭建莊, 楊增周. VEGFR-3在食管癌高發區食管鱗癌淋巴結轉移中的作用.腫瘤基礎與臨床, 2008, 21(3):205-207.
12.	Saharinen P, Eklund L, Pulkki K, et al. VEGF and angiopoietin signaling in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. Trends Mol Med, 2011, 17(7):347-362.
13.	Varney ML, Singh S, Backora M, et al. Lymphangiogenesis and anti-tumor immune responses. Curr Mol Med, 2009, 9(6):694-701.
14.	李春海, 李克勤.腫瘤微血管生成的機制與腫瘤侵襲和轉移.中華腫瘤雜志, 2000, 22(3):5-7.
15.	王長春, 毛偉敏, 凌志強.腺瘤性息肉病基因DNA甲基化在食管癌患者腫瘤組織及血漿中的表達.中華胃腸外科雜志, 2011, 14(9):719-722.
16.	王長春, 毛偉敏, 凌志強.食管癌患者腫瘤組織及外周血中上皮細胞鈣黏蛋白及Ras相關區域家族1 A基因甲基化的研究.中華實驗外科, 2012, 29(3):475-477.
17.	Ayadi W, Karray-Hakim H, Khabir A, et al. Aberrant methylation of p16, DLECI, BLU and E-cadherin gene promoters in nasopharyngeal carcinoma biopsies from Tunisian patients. Anticancer Res, 2008, 28(4B):2161-2167.
18.	Xu Q, Ma PQ, Hu CF, et al. Overexpression of the DEC1 protein induces senescence in vitro and is related to better survival in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. PLoS One, 2012, 7(7):e41862.
19.	Zhang Hl, Chen Lq, Liu Rl, et al. The number of lymph node metas-tases influences survival and International Union Against Cancer tumor-node-metastasis classification for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Dis Esophagus, 2010, 23(1):53-58.
20.	Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, et al. Global cancel statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin, 2005, 55(2):74-108.
21.	Kunisaki C, Akiyama H, Nomura M, et al. Developing an appropriate staging system for esophageal carcinoma. J Am Coll Surg, 2005, 201(6):884-890.
22.	Shimada H, Okazumi S, Matsubara H, et al. Impact of the number and extent of positive lymph nodes in 200 patients with thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma after three-field lymph node dissection. World J Surg, 2006, 30(8):1441-1449.
23.	Li YM, Zhu SC, Liu ZK, et al. Characteristics of the lymph node metastases and influencing factors and their value in target region delineation in postoperative radiotherapy for thoracic esophageal carcinoma. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi, 2010, 32(5):391-395.
24.	Wang YD, Wu P, Mao JD, et al. Relationship between vascular invasion and microvessel density and micrometastasis. World J Gastroenterol, 2007, 13(46):6269-6273.
25.	Chuang WY, Yeh CJ, Wu YC, et al. Tumor cell expression of podoplanin correlates with nodal metastasis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Histol Histopathol, 2009, 24(8):1021-1027.
26.	劉巍, 赫希山, 陳勇, 等. 1 526例胸段食管癌及責門癌淋巴結轉移狀況分析.中國腫瘤臨床, 2008, 35(11):601-605.
27.	李斌, 相加慶, 張亞偉, 等.食管癌淋巴結轉移特點及其危險因素.中華胃腸外科雜志, 2011, 14(9):711-714.
28.	趙宏光, 胡艷君, 毛偉敏, 等.食管癌右喉返神經旁淋巴結轉移的相關因素研究.中華腫瘤雜志, 2010, 32(5):387-390.
29.	Sgourakis G, Gockel I, Lang H. Endoscopic and surgical resection of T1a/T1b esophageal neoplasms:a systematic review. World J Gastroenterol, 2013, 19(9):1424-1437.
30.	Takubo K, Makuuchi H, Arima M, et al. Lymph node metastasis in superficial squamous carcinoma of the esophagus. Pathologe, 2013, 34(2):148-154.
31.	Gertler R, Stein HJ, Schuster T, et al. Prevalence and topography of lymph node metastases in early esophageal and gastric cancer. Ann Surg, 2014, 259(1):96-101.
32.	王偉, 黃志宇, 陳明強, 等. 53例局限期原發食管小細胞癌治療與預后分析.腫瘤學雜志, 2013, 19(5):342-345.
33.	祝淑釵, 宋長亮, 沈文斌, 等.食管癌根治性切除術后患者預后的影響因素分析.中華腫瘤雜志, 2012, 34(4):281-286.
34.	霍小東, 王洪江, 龐作良, 等. 339例中晚期胸段食管鱗癌術后生存評價及預后因素分析.實用腫瘤雜志, 2010, 25(3):273-277.
35.	章文成, 王奇峰, 肖澤芬, 等. Ⅱ和Ⅲ期胸段食管癌術后預防性三維放療療效分析.中華放射腫瘤學雜志, 2012, 21(2):136-139.
36.	王文憑, 陳龍奇.食管癌外科治療的現狀與展望.中國胸心血管外科臨床雜志, 2011, 18(1):58-65.
37.	Groth SS, Virnig BA, Whitson BA, et al. Determination of the minimum number of lymph nodes to examine to maximize survival in patients with esophageal carcinoma:data from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results database. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2010, 139(3):612-620.
38.	劉青, 王軍, 程云杰.食管癌新輔助治療研究進展.中華放射腫瘤學雜志, 2013, 22(3):197-200.
39.	Urschel JD, Vasan H. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that compared neoadjuvant chemoradiation and surgery to surgery alone for resectable esophageal cancer. Am J Surg, 2003, 185(6):538-543.
40.	吳海山, 陳俊強, 朱坤壽, 等. N_0期食管鱗癌術后預后因素及術后放療價值探討.實用臨床醫藥雜志, 2009, 13(19):22-25.

1. Hongo M, Nagasaki Y, Shoji T. Epidemiology of esophageal cancer:Orient to Occident. Effects of chronology, geography and ethnicity.J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2009, 24(5):729-735.
2. 李林, 柳碩巖, 朱坤壽, 等.早期食管癌淋巴結轉移規律與預后分析.中華腫瘤雜志, 2009, 31(3):226-229.
3. Del CJ, Corte MD, Alvarez A, et al. Lymphatic and/or blood vessel invasion in gastric cancer:Relationship with clinicopathological parameters, biological factors and prognostic significance. J Cancer Res Clinic Oncol, 2008, 134(2):153-161.
4. 劉志才, 管福順, 郭建莊, 等.食管賁門癌脈管瘤栓與病理相關因素分析.癌癥, 2002, 21(5):530-532.
5. Tsai TJ, Chau GY, Lui WY, et al. Clinical significance of microscopic tumor venous invasion in patients with resectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Surgery, 2000, 127(6):603-608.
6. 閻濤, 趙建軍, 畢新宇, 等.肝細胞肝癌術后預后因素分析.中華腫瘤雜志, 2013, 35(1):54-58.
7. 陳煥偉, 廖珊, 王峰杰, 等.解剖性肝切除治療肝細胞癌的長期結果和預后影響因素分析:附90例報告.中華肝膽外科雜志, 2012, 18(2):110-114.
8. 提云霞, 安永恒, 王立森, 等.胃癌病人脈管內癌栓與臨床病理因素及預后的關系.青島大學醫學院學報, 2007, 43(3):256-258.
9. Noble S, Pasi J. Epidemiology and pathophysiology of cancer-associated thrombosis.Br J Cancer, 2010, 102(S1):S2-S9.
10. Albelda SM. Role of integrins and other cell adhesion molecules in tumor progression and metastasis. Lab Invest, 1993, 68(1):4-17.
11. 郭建莊, 楊增周. VEGFR-3在食管癌高發區食管鱗癌淋巴結轉移中的作用.腫瘤基礎與臨床, 2008, 21(3):205-207.
12. Saharinen P, Eklund L, Pulkki K, et al. VEGF and angiopoietin signaling in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. Trends Mol Med, 2011, 17(7):347-362.
13. Varney ML, Singh S, Backora M, et al. Lymphangiogenesis and anti-tumor immune responses. Curr Mol Med, 2009, 9(6):694-701.
14. 李春海, 李克勤.腫瘤微血管生成的機制與腫瘤侵襲和轉移.中華腫瘤雜志, 2000, 22(3):5-7.
15. 王長春, 毛偉敏, 凌志強.腺瘤性息肉病基因DNA甲基化在食管癌患者腫瘤組織及血漿中的表達.中華胃腸外科雜志, 2011, 14(9):719-722.
16. 王長春, 毛偉敏, 凌志強.食管癌患者腫瘤組織及外周血中上皮細胞鈣黏蛋白及Ras相關區域家族1 A基因甲基化的研究.中華實驗外科, 2012, 29(3):475-477.
17. Ayadi W, Karray-Hakim H, Khabir A, et al. Aberrant methylation of p16, DLECI, BLU and E-cadherin gene promoters in nasopharyngeal carcinoma biopsies from Tunisian patients. Anticancer Res, 2008, 28(4B):2161-2167.
18. Xu Q, Ma PQ, Hu CF, et al. Overexpression of the DEC1 protein induces senescence in vitro and is related to better survival in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. PLoS One, 2012, 7(7):e41862.
19. Zhang Hl, Chen Lq, Liu Rl, et al. The number of lymph node metas-tases influences survival and International Union Against Cancer tumor-node-metastasis classification for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Dis Esophagus, 2010, 23(1):53-58.
20. Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, et al. Global cancel statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin, 2005, 55(2):74-108.
21. Kunisaki C, Akiyama H, Nomura M, et al. Developing an appropriate staging system for esophageal carcinoma. J Am Coll Surg, 2005, 201(6):884-890.
22. Shimada H, Okazumi S, Matsubara H, et al. Impact of the number and extent of positive lymph nodes in 200 patients with thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma after three-field lymph node dissection. World J Surg, 2006, 30(8):1441-1449.
23. Li YM, Zhu SC, Liu ZK, et al. Characteristics of the lymph node metastases and influencing factors and their value in target region delineation in postoperative radiotherapy for thoracic esophageal carcinoma. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi, 2010, 32(5):391-395.
24. Wang YD, Wu P, Mao JD, et al. Relationship between vascular invasion and microvessel density and micrometastasis. World J Gastroenterol, 2007, 13(46):6269-6273.
25. Chuang WY, Yeh CJ, Wu YC, et al. Tumor cell expression of podoplanin correlates with nodal metastasis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Histol Histopathol, 2009, 24(8):1021-1027.
26. 劉巍, 赫希山, 陳勇, 等. 1 526例胸段食管癌及責門癌淋巴結轉移狀況分析.中國腫瘤臨床, 2008, 35(11):601-605.
27. 李斌, 相加慶, 張亞偉, 等.食管癌淋巴結轉移特點及其危險因素.中華胃腸外科雜志, 2011, 14(9):711-714.
28. 趙宏光, 胡艷君, 毛偉敏, 等.食管癌右喉返神經旁淋巴結轉移的相關因素研究.中華腫瘤雜志, 2010, 32(5):387-390.
29. Sgourakis G, Gockel I, Lang H. Endoscopic and surgical resection of T1a/T1b esophageal neoplasms:a systematic review. World J Gastroenterol, 2013, 19(9):1424-1437.
30. Takubo K, Makuuchi H, Arima M, et al. Lymph node metastasis in superficial squamous carcinoma of the esophagus. Pathologe, 2013, 34(2):148-154.
31. Gertler R, Stein HJ, Schuster T, et al. Prevalence and topography of lymph node metastases in early esophageal and gastric cancer. Ann Surg, 2014, 259(1):96-101.
32. 王偉, 黃志宇, 陳明強, 等. 53例局限期原發食管小細胞癌治療與預后分析.腫瘤學雜志, 2013, 19(5):342-345.
33. 祝淑釵, 宋長亮, 沈文斌, 等.食管癌根治性切除術后患者預后的影響因素分析.中華腫瘤雜志, 2012, 34(4):281-286.
34. 霍小東, 王洪江, 龐作良, 等. 339例中晚期胸段食管鱗癌術后生存評價及預后因素分析.實用腫瘤雜志, 2010, 25(3):273-277.
35. 章文成, 王奇峰, 肖澤芬, 等. Ⅱ和Ⅲ期胸段食管癌術后預防性三維放療療效分析.中華放射腫瘤學雜志, 2012, 21(2):136-139.
36. 王文憑, 陳龍奇.食管癌外科治療的現狀與展望.中國胸心血管外科臨床雜志, 2011, 18(1):58-65.
37. Groth SS, Virnig BA, Whitson BA, et al. Determination of the minimum number of lymph nodes to examine to maximize survival in patients with esophageal carcinoma:data from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results database. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2010, 139(3):612-620.
38. 劉青, 王軍, 程云杰.食管癌新輔助治療研究進展.中華放射腫瘤學雜志, 2013, 22(3):197-200.
39. Urschel JD, Vasan H. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that compared neoadjuvant chemoradiation and surgery to surgery alone for resectable esophageal cancer. Am J Surg, 2003, 185(6):538-543.
40. 吳海山, 陳俊強, 朱坤壽, 等. N_0期食管鱗癌術后預后因素及術后放療價值探討.實用臨床醫藥雜志, 2009, 13(19):22-25.

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