Citation： 喬貴賓, 陳剛. 自發性氣胸的處理：廣東胸外科行業共識（2016 年版）Surgical management of spontaneous pneumothorax: a consensus statement by Guangdong Association for Thoracic Surgery (version 2016). Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2017, 24(1): 6-15. doi: 10.7507/1007-4848.201611046 Copy
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| 1. | Bense L, Lewander R, Eklund G, et al. Nonsmoking, non-alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency-induced emphysema in nonsmokers with healed spontaneous pneumothorax, identified by computed tomography of the lungs. Chest, 1993, 103(2): 433–438. |
| 2. | Gupta D, Hansell A, Nichols T, et al. Epidemiology of pneumothorax in England. Thorax, 2000, 55(8): 666–671. |
| 3. | Baumann MH, Strange C, Heffner JE, et al. Management of spontaneous pneumothorax: an American College of Chest Physicians Delphi consensus statement. Chest, 2001, 119(2): 590–602. |
| 4. | Bense L, Eklund G, Wiman LG. Smoking and the increased risk of contracting spontaneous pneumothorax. Chest, 1987, 92(6): 1009–1012. |
| 5. | Beshay M, Kaiser H, Niedhart D, et al. Emphysema and secondary pneumothorax in young adults smoking cannabis. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2007, 32(6): 834–838. |
| 6. | Alifano M, Forti PS, Bonfanti B, et al. Atmospheric pressure influences the risk of pneumothorax: beware of the storm! Chest, 2007, 131(6): 1877–1882. |
| 7. | Bertolaccini L, Alemanno L, Rocco G, et al. Air pollution, weather variations and primary spontaneous pneumothorax. J Thorac Dis, 2010, 2(1): 9–15. |
| 8. | Marquette CH, Marx A, Leroy S, et al. Simplified stepwise management of primary spontaneous pneumothorax: a pilot study. Eur Respir J, 2006, 27(3): 470–476. |
| 9. | Chen CH, Liao WC, Liu YH, et al. Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax: which associated conditions benefit from pigtail catheter treatment? Am J Emerg Med, 2012, 30(1): 45–50. |
| 10. | Flume PA. Pneumothorax in cystic fibrosis. Curr Opin Pulm Med, 2011, 17(4): 220–225. |
| 11. | Zhang W, Hu Y, Chen L, et al. Pleural aspergillosis complicated by recurrent pneumothorax: a case report. J Med Case Rep, 2010, 4: 180. |
| 12. | Chen JS, Chan WK, Tsai KT, et al. Simple aspiration and drainage and intrapleural minocycline pleurodesis versus simple aspiration and drainage for the initial treatment of primary spontaneous pneumothorax: an open-label, parallel-group, prospective, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet, 2013, 381(9874): 1277–1282. |
| 13. | Massongo M, Leroy S, Scherpereel A, et al. Outpatient management of primary spontaneous pneumothorax: a prospective study. Eur Respir J, 2014, 43(2): 582–590. |
| 14. | Donahue DM, Wright CD, Viale G, et al. Resection of pulmonary blebs and pleurodesis for spontaneous pneumothorax. Chest, 1993, 104(6): 1767–1769. |
| 15. | Lesur O, Delorme N, Fromaget JM, et al. Computed tomography in the etiologic assessment of idiopathic spontaneous pneumothorax. Chest, 1990, 98(2): 341–347. |
| 16. | Macduff A, Arnold A, Harvey J. Management of spontaneous pneumothorax: British Thoracic Society Pleural Disease Guideline 2010. Thorax, 2010, 65(Suppl 2): i18-i31. |
| 17. | Tschopp JM, Bintcliffe O, Astoul P, et al. ERS task force statement: diagnosis and treatment of primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Eur Respir J, 2015, 46(2): 321–335. |
| 18. | Kuester JR, Frese S, Stein RM, et al. Treatment of primary spontaneous pneumothorax in Switzerland: results of a survey. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 2006, 5(2): 139–144. |
| 19. | Goto T, Kadota Y, Mori T, et al. Video-assisted thoracic surgery for pneumothorax: republication of a systematic review and a proposal by the guideline committee of the Japanese association for chest surgery 2014. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2015, 63(1): 8–13. |
| 20. | Henry M, Arnold T, Harvey J. BTS guidelines for the management of spontaneous pneumothorax. Thorax, 2003, 58(Suppl 2): i39-i52. |
| 21. | Harvey J, Prescott RJ. Simple aspiration versus intercostal tube drainage for spontaneous pneumothorax in patients with normal lungs. British Thoracic Society Research Committee. BMJ, 1994, 309(6965): 1338–1339. |
| 22. | Andrivet P, Djedaini K, Teboul JL, et al. Spontaneous pneumothorax. Comparison of thoracic drainage vs immediate or delayed needle aspiration. Chest, 1995, 108(2): 335–339. |
| 23. | Noppen M, Alexander P, Driesen P, et al. Manual aspiration versus chest tube drainage in first episodes of primary spontaneous pneumothorax: a multicenter, prospective, randomized pilot study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2002, 165(9): 1240–1244. |
| 24. | Ayed AK, Chandrasekaran C, Sukumar M. Aspiration versus tube drainage in primary spontaneous pneumothorax: a randomised study. Eur Respir J, 2006, 27(3): 477–482. |
| 25. | Parlak M, Uil SM, van den Berg JW. A prospective, randomised trial of pneumothorax therapy: manual aspiration versus conventional chest tube drainage. Respir Med, 2012, 106(11): 1600–1605. |
| 26. | Ho KK, Ong ME, Koh MS, et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing minichest tube and needle aspiration in outpatient management of primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Am J Emerg Med, 2011, 29(9): 1152–1157. |
| 27. | Kaneda H, Nakano T, Taniguchi Y, et al. Three-step management of pneumothorax: time for a re-think on initial management. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 2013, 16(2): 186–192. |
| 28. | Voisin F, Sohier L, Rochas Y, et al. Ambulatory management of large spontaneous pneumothorax with pigtail catheters. Ann Emerg Med, 2014, 64(3): 222–228. |
| 29. | Campos JR, Werebe EC, Vargas FS, et al. Respiratory failure due to insufflated talc. Lancet, 1997, 349(9047): 251–252. |
| 30. | Rehse DH, Aye RW, Florence MG. Respiratory failure following talc pleurodesis. Am J Surg, 1999, 177(5): 437–440. |
| 31. | Light RW. Talc should not be used for pleurodesis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2000, 162(6): 2024–2026. |
| 32. | Gonzalez AV, Bezwada V, Beamis JJ, et al. Lung injury following thoracoscopic talc insufflation: experience of a single North American center. Chest, 2010, 137(6): 1375–1381. |
| 33. | Wong RH, Ng CS, Underwood MJ. Iodine pleurodesis——a word of caution. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2012, 41(5): 1209. |
| 34. | Schoenenberger RA, Haefeli WE, Weiss P, et al. Timing of invasive procedures in therapy for primary and secondary spontaneous pneumothorax. Arch Surg, 1991, 126(6): 764–766. |
| 35. | Waller DA, Mcconnell SA, Rajesh PB. Delayed referral reduces the success of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for spontaneous pneumothorax. Respir Med, 1998, 92(2): 246–249. |
| 36. | Sahn SA, Heffner JE. Spontaneous pneumothorax. N Engl J Med, 2000, 342(12): 868–874. |
| 37. | Casali C, Stefani A, Ligabue G, et al. Role of blebs and bullae detected by high-resolution computed tomography and recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax. Ann Thorac Surg, 2013, 95(1): 249–255. |
| 38. | Kuwano H, Amano J, Yokomise H. Thoracic and cardiovascular surgery in Japan during 2010: annual report by The Japanese Association for Thoracic Surgery. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2012, 60(10): 680–708. |
| 39. | Freixinet JL, Canalis E, Julia G, et al. Axillary thoracotomy versus videothoracoscopy for the treatment of primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Ann Thorac Surg, 2004, 78(2): 417–420. |
| 40. | Cardillo G, Facciolo F, Giunti R, et al. Videothoracoscopic treatment of primary spontaneous pneumothorax: a 6-year experience. Ann Thorac Surg, 2000, 69(2): 357–362. |
| 41. | Naunheim KS, Mack MJ, Hazelrigg SR, et al. Safety and efficacy of video-assisted thoracic surgical techniques for the treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 1995, 109(6): 1198–1204. |
| 42. | Lang-Lazdunski L, Chapuis O, Bonnet PM, et al. Videothoracoscopic bleb excision and pleural abrasion for the treatment of primary spontaneous pneumothorax: long-term results. Ann Thorac Surg, 2003, 75(3): 960–965. |
| 43. | Sedrakyan A, van der Meulen J, Lewsey J, et al. Video assisted thoracic surgery for treatment of pneumothorax and lung resections: systematic review of randomised clinical trials. BMJ, 2004, 329(7473): 1008. |
| 44. | Matsuzoe D, Iwasaki A, Okabayashi K, et al. Recurrence after thoracoscopic surgery for spontaneous pneumothorax. Int Surg, 1999, 84(2): 111–114. |
| 45. | Muramatsu T, Nishii T, Takeshita S, et al. Preventing recurrence of spontaneous pneumothorax after thoracoscopic surgery: a review of recent results. Surg Today, 2010, 40(8): 696–699. |
| 46. | Barker A, Maratos EC, Edmonds L, et al. Recurrence rates of video-assisted thoracoscopic versus open surgery in the prevention of recurrent pneumothoraces: a systematic review of randomised and non-randomised trials. Lancet, 2007, 370(9584): 329–335. |
| 47. | Herrmann D, Klapdor B, Ewig S, et al. Initial management of primary spontaneous pneumothorax with video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery: a 10-year experience. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2016, 49(3): 854–859. |
| 48. | Min X, Huang Y, Yang Y, et al. Mechanical pleurodesis does not reduce recurrence of spontaneous pneumothorax: a randomized trial. Ann Thorac Surg, 2014, 98(5): 1790–1796. |
| 49. | Lee S, Kim HR, Cho S, et al. Staple line coverage after bullectomy for primary spontaneous pneumothorax: a randomized trial. Ann Thorac Surg, 2014, 98(6): 2005–2011. |
| 50. | de Hoyos A. Pneumothorax. In: Shields TW, LoCicero J, Reed CE, et al, editors. General thoracic surgery. 7th ed. New York, NY. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009. s828-p833. |
| 51. | Huang TW, Lee SC, Cheng YL, et al. Contralateral recurrence of primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Chest, 2007, 132(4): 1146–1150. |
| 52. | Ouanes-Besbes L, Golli M, Knani J, et al. Prediction of recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax: CT scan findings versus management features. Respir Med, 2007, 101(2): 230–236. |
| 53. | Mitlehner W, Friedrich M, Dissmann W. Value of computer tomography in the detection of bullae and blebs in patients with primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Respiration, 1992, 59(4): 221–227. |
| 54. | Martinez-Ramos D, Angel-Yepes V, Escrig-Sos J, et al. Usefulness of computed tomography in determining risk of recurrence after a first episode of primary spontaneous pneumothorax: therapeutic implications. Arch Bronconeumol, 2007, 43(6): 304–308. |
| 55. | Sihoe AD, Yim AP, Lee TW, et al. Can CT scanning be used to select patients with unilateral primary spontaneous pneumothorax for bilateral surgery? Chest, 2000, 118(2): 380–383. |
| 56. | Cho DG, Cho KD, Kang CU, et al. Thoracoscopic simultaneous bilateral bullectomy through apicoposterior transmediastinal access for bilateral spontaneous pneumothorax: a challenging approach. World J Surg, 2011, 35(9): 2016–2021. |
| 57. | Suda T, Ashikari S, Tochii S, et al. Single-incision subxiphoid approach for bilateral metastasectomy. Ann Thorac Surg, 2014, 97(2): 718–719. |
| 58. | Terndrup TE, Bosco SF, Mclean ER. Spontaneous pneumothorax complicating pregnancy——case report and review of the literature. J Emerg Med, 1989, 7(3): 245–248. |
| 59. | Lal A, Anderson G, Cowen M, et al. Pneumothorax and pregnancy. Chest, 2007, 132(3): 1044–1048. |
| 60. | Sepkowitz KA, Telzak EE, Gold JW, et al. Pneumothorax in AIDS. Ann Intern Med, 1991, 114(6): 455–459. |
| 61. | Gerein AN, Brumwell ML, Lawson LM, et al. Surgical management of pneumothorax in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Surg, 1991, 126(10): 1272–1277. |
| 62. | Delorenzo LJ, Huang CT, Maguire GP, et al. Roentgenographic patterns of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in 104 patients with AIDS. Chest, 1987, 91(3): 323–327. |
| 63. | Eng RH, Bishburg E, Smith SM. Evidence for destruction of lung tissues during Pneumocystis carinii infection. Arch Intern Med, 1987, 147(4): 746–749. |
| 64. | Wait MA, Dal Nogare AR. Treatment of AIDS-related spontaneous pneumothorax. A decade of experience. Chest, 1994, 106(3): 693–696. |
| 65. | Morris A, Wachter RM, Luce J, et al. Improved survival with highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients with severe Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. AIDS, 2003, 17(1): 73–80. |
| 66. | Flume PA, Strange C, Ye X, et al. Pneumothorax in cystic fibrosis. Chest, 2005, 128(2): 720–728. |
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- 1. Bense L, Lewander R, Eklund G, et al. Nonsmoking, non-alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency-induced emphysema in nonsmokers with healed spontaneous pneumothorax, identified by computed tomography of the lungs. Chest, 1993, 103(2): 433–438.
- 2. Gupta D, Hansell A, Nichols T, et al. Epidemiology of pneumothorax in England. Thorax, 2000, 55(8): 666–671.
- 3. Baumann MH, Strange C, Heffner JE, et al. Management of spontaneous pneumothorax: an American College of Chest Physicians Delphi consensus statement. Chest, 2001, 119(2): 590–602.
- 4. Bense L, Eklund G, Wiman LG. Smoking and the increased risk of contracting spontaneous pneumothorax. Chest, 1987, 92(6): 1009–1012.
- 5. Beshay M, Kaiser H, Niedhart D, et al. Emphysema and secondary pneumothorax in young adults smoking cannabis. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2007, 32(6): 834–838.
- 6. Alifano M, Forti PS, Bonfanti B, et al. Atmospheric pressure influences the risk of pneumothorax: beware of the storm! Chest, 2007, 131(6): 1877–1882.
- 7. Bertolaccini L, Alemanno L, Rocco G, et al. Air pollution, weather variations and primary spontaneous pneumothorax. J Thorac Dis, 2010, 2(1): 9–15.
- 8. Marquette CH, Marx A, Leroy S, et al. Simplified stepwise management of primary spontaneous pneumothorax: a pilot study. Eur Respir J, 2006, 27(3): 470–476.
- 9. Chen CH, Liao WC, Liu YH, et al. Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax: which associated conditions benefit from pigtail catheter treatment? Am J Emerg Med, 2012, 30(1): 45–50.
- 10. Flume PA. Pneumothorax in cystic fibrosis. Curr Opin Pulm Med, 2011, 17(4): 220–225.
- 11. Zhang W, Hu Y, Chen L, et al. Pleural aspergillosis complicated by recurrent pneumothorax: a case report. J Med Case Rep, 2010, 4: 180.
- 12. Chen JS, Chan WK, Tsai KT, et al. Simple aspiration and drainage and intrapleural minocycline pleurodesis versus simple aspiration and drainage for the initial treatment of primary spontaneous pneumothorax: an open-label, parallel-group, prospective, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet, 2013, 381(9874): 1277–1282.
- 13. Massongo M, Leroy S, Scherpereel A, et al. Outpatient management of primary spontaneous pneumothorax: a prospective study. Eur Respir J, 2014, 43(2): 582–590.
- 14. Donahue DM, Wright CD, Viale G, et al. Resection of pulmonary blebs and pleurodesis for spontaneous pneumothorax. Chest, 1993, 104(6): 1767–1769.
- 15. Lesur O, Delorme N, Fromaget JM, et al. Computed tomography in the etiologic assessment of idiopathic spontaneous pneumothorax. Chest, 1990, 98(2): 341–347.
- 16. Macduff A, Arnold A, Harvey J. Management of spontaneous pneumothorax: British Thoracic Society Pleural Disease Guideline 2010. Thorax, 2010, 65(Suppl 2): i18-i31.
- 17. Tschopp JM, Bintcliffe O, Astoul P, et al. ERS task force statement: diagnosis and treatment of primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Eur Respir J, 2015, 46(2): 321–335.
- 18. Kuester JR, Frese S, Stein RM, et al. Treatment of primary spontaneous pneumothorax in Switzerland: results of a survey. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 2006, 5(2): 139–144.
- 19. Goto T, Kadota Y, Mori T, et al. Video-assisted thoracic surgery for pneumothorax: republication of a systematic review and a proposal by the guideline committee of the Japanese association for chest surgery 2014. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2015, 63(1): 8–13.
- 20. Henry M, Arnold T, Harvey J. BTS guidelines for the management of spontaneous pneumothorax. Thorax, 2003, 58(Suppl 2): i39-i52.
- 21. Harvey J, Prescott RJ. Simple aspiration versus intercostal tube drainage for spontaneous pneumothorax in patients with normal lungs. British Thoracic Society Research Committee. BMJ, 1994, 309(6965): 1338–1339.
- 22. Andrivet P, Djedaini K, Teboul JL, et al. Spontaneous pneumothorax. Comparison of thoracic drainage vs immediate or delayed needle aspiration. Chest, 1995, 108(2): 335–339.
- 23. Noppen M, Alexander P, Driesen P, et al. Manual aspiration versus chest tube drainage in first episodes of primary spontaneous pneumothorax: a multicenter, prospective, randomized pilot study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2002, 165(9): 1240–1244.
- 24. Ayed AK, Chandrasekaran C, Sukumar M. Aspiration versus tube drainage in primary spontaneous pneumothorax: a randomised study. Eur Respir J, 2006, 27(3): 477–482.
- 25. Parlak M, Uil SM, van den Berg JW. A prospective, randomised trial of pneumothorax therapy: manual aspiration versus conventional chest tube drainage. Respir Med, 2012, 106(11): 1600–1605.
- 26. Ho KK, Ong ME, Koh MS, et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing minichest tube and needle aspiration in outpatient management of primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Am J Emerg Med, 2011, 29(9): 1152–1157.
- 27. Kaneda H, Nakano T, Taniguchi Y, et al. Three-step management of pneumothorax: time for a re-think on initial management. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 2013, 16(2): 186–192.
- 28. Voisin F, Sohier L, Rochas Y, et al. Ambulatory management of large spontaneous pneumothorax with pigtail catheters. Ann Emerg Med, 2014, 64(3): 222–228.
- 29. Campos JR, Werebe EC, Vargas FS, et al. Respiratory failure due to insufflated talc. Lancet, 1997, 349(9047): 251–252.
- 30. Rehse DH, Aye RW, Florence MG. Respiratory failure following talc pleurodesis. Am J Surg, 1999, 177(5): 437–440.
- 31. Light RW. Talc should not be used for pleurodesis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2000, 162(6): 2024–2026.
- 32. Gonzalez AV, Bezwada V, Beamis JJ, et al. Lung injury following thoracoscopic talc insufflation: experience of a single North American center. Chest, 2010, 137(6): 1375–1381.
- 33. Wong RH, Ng CS, Underwood MJ. Iodine pleurodesis——a word of caution. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2012, 41(5): 1209.
- 34. Schoenenberger RA, Haefeli WE, Weiss P, et al. Timing of invasive procedures in therapy for primary and secondary spontaneous pneumothorax. Arch Surg, 1991, 126(6): 764–766.
- 35. Waller DA, Mcconnell SA, Rajesh PB. Delayed referral reduces the success of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for spontaneous pneumothorax. Respir Med, 1998, 92(2): 246–249.
- 36. Sahn SA, Heffner JE. Spontaneous pneumothorax. N Engl J Med, 2000, 342(12): 868–874.
- 37. Casali C, Stefani A, Ligabue G, et al. Role of blebs and bullae detected by high-resolution computed tomography and recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax. Ann Thorac Surg, 2013, 95(1): 249–255.
- 38. Kuwano H, Amano J, Yokomise H. Thoracic and cardiovascular surgery in Japan during 2010: annual report by The Japanese Association for Thoracic Surgery. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2012, 60(10): 680–708.
- 39. Freixinet JL, Canalis E, Julia G, et al. Axillary thoracotomy versus videothoracoscopy for the treatment of primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Ann Thorac Surg, 2004, 78(2): 417–420.
- 40. Cardillo G, Facciolo F, Giunti R, et al. Videothoracoscopic treatment of primary spontaneous pneumothorax: a 6-year experience. Ann Thorac Surg, 2000, 69(2): 357–362.
- 41. Naunheim KS, Mack MJ, Hazelrigg SR, et al. Safety and efficacy of video-assisted thoracic surgical techniques for the treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 1995, 109(6): 1198–1204.
- 42. Lang-Lazdunski L, Chapuis O, Bonnet PM, et al. Videothoracoscopic bleb excision and pleural abrasion for the treatment of primary spontaneous pneumothorax: long-term results. Ann Thorac Surg, 2003, 75(3): 960–965.
- 43. Sedrakyan A, van der Meulen J, Lewsey J, et al. Video assisted thoracic surgery for treatment of pneumothorax and lung resections: systematic review of randomised clinical trials. BMJ, 2004, 329(7473): 1008.
- 44. Matsuzoe D, Iwasaki A, Okabayashi K, et al. Recurrence after thoracoscopic surgery for spontaneous pneumothorax. Int Surg, 1999, 84(2): 111–114.
- 45. Muramatsu T, Nishii T, Takeshita S, et al. Preventing recurrence of spontaneous pneumothorax after thoracoscopic surgery: a review of recent results. Surg Today, 2010, 40(8): 696–699.
- 46. Barker A, Maratos EC, Edmonds L, et al. Recurrence rates of video-assisted thoracoscopic versus open surgery in the prevention of recurrent pneumothoraces: a systematic review of randomised and non-randomised trials. Lancet, 2007, 370(9584): 329–335.
- 47. Herrmann D, Klapdor B, Ewig S, et al. Initial management of primary spontaneous pneumothorax with video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery: a 10-year experience. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2016, 49(3): 854–859.
- 48. Min X, Huang Y, Yang Y, et al. Mechanical pleurodesis does not reduce recurrence of spontaneous pneumothorax: a randomized trial. Ann Thorac Surg, 2014, 98(5): 1790–1796.
- 49. Lee S, Kim HR, Cho S, et al. Staple line coverage after bullectomy for primary spontaneous pneumothorax: a randomized trial. Ann Thorac Surg, 2014, 98(6): 2005–2011.
- 50. de Hoyos A. Pneumothorax. In: Shields TW, LoCicero J, Reed CE, et al, editors. General thoracic surgery. 7th ed. New York, NY. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009. s828-p833.
- 51. Huang TW, Lee SC, Cheng YL, et al. Contralateral recurrence of primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Chest, 2007, 132(4): 1146–1150.
- 52. Ouanes-Besbes L, Golli M, Knani J, et al. Prediction of recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax: CT scan findings versus management features. Respir Med, 2007, 101(2): 230–236.
- 53. Mitlehner W, Friedrich M, Dissmann W. Value of computer tomography in the detection of bullae and blebs in patients with primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Respiration, 1992, 59(4): 221–227.
- 54. Martinez-Ramos D, Angel-Yepes V, Escrig-Sos J, et al. Usefulness of computed tomography in determining risk of recurrence after a first episode of primary spontaneous pneumothorax: therapeutic implications. Arch Bronconeumol, 2007, 43(6): 304–308.
- 55. Sihoe AD, Yim AP, Lee TW, et al. Can CT scanning be used to select patients with unilateral primary spontaneous pneumothorax for bilateral surgery? Chest, 2000, 118(2): 380–383.
- 56. Cho DG, Cho KD, Kang CU, et al. Thoracoscopic simultaneous bilateral bullectomy through apicoposterior transmediastinal access for bilateral spontaneous pneumothorax: a challenging approach. World J Surg, 2011, 35(9): 2016–2021.
- 57. Suda T, Ashikari S, Tochii S, et al. Single-incision subxiphoid approach for bilateral metastasectomy. Ann Thorac Surg, 2014, 97(2): 718–719.
- 58. Terndrup TE, Bosco SF, Mclean ER. Spontaneous pneumothorax complicating pregnancy——case report and review of the literature. J Emerg Med, 1989, 7(3): 245–248.
- 59. Lal A, Anderson G, Cowen M, et al. Pneumothorax and pregnancy. Chest, 2007, 132(3): 1044–1048.
- 60. Sepkowitz KA, Telzak EE, Gold JW, et al. Pneumothorax in AIDS. Ann Intern Med, 1991, 114(6): 455–459.
- 61. Gerein AN, Brumwell ML, Lawson LM, et al. Surgical management of pneumothorax in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Surg, 1991, 126(10): 1272–1277.
- 62. Delorenzo LJ, Huang CT, Maguire GP, et al. Roentgenographic patterns of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in 104 patients with AIDS. Chest, 1987, 91(3): 323–327.
- 63. Eng RH, Bishburg E, Smith SM. Evidence for destruction of lung tissues during Pneumocystis carinii infection. Arch Intern Med, 1987, 147(4): 746–749.
- 64. Wait MA, Dal Nogare AR. Treatment of AIDS-related spontaneous pneumothorax. A decade of experience. Chest, 1994, 106(3): 693–696.
- 65. Morris A, Wachter RM, Luce J, et al. Improved survival with highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients with severe Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. AIDS, 2003, 17(1): 73–80.
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