肝癌合并門靜脈癌栓外科治療進展:超巴塞羅那肝癌診療指南_CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Authors：

葉甲舟 ,  黎樂群

廣西醫科大學附屬腫瘤醫院肝膽外科（南寧 ?530021）;

Corresponding?author：

黎樂群, Email: li_lequn@263.net

Keywords：

DOI：

10.7507/1007-9424.201904085

Video：

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Citation： 葉甲舟, 黎樂群. 肝癌合并門靜脈癌栓外科治療進展:超巴塞羅那肝癌診療指南. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY, 2019, 26(5): 532-537. doi: 10.7507/1007-9424.201904085 Copy

1.	Torre LA, Bray F, Siegel RL, et al. Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin, 2015, 65(2): 87-108.
2.	Chen W, Zheng R, Baade PD, et al. Cancer statistics in China, 2015. CA Cancer J Clin, 2016, 66(2): 115-132.
3.	Zhang ZM, Lai EC, Zhang C, et al. The strategies for treating primary hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus. Int J Surg, 2015, 20: 8-16.
4.	Pawarode A, Voravud N, Sriuranpong V, et al. Natural history of untreated primary hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective study of 157 patients. Am J Clin Oncol, 1998, 21(4): 386-391.
5.	Llovet JM, Bustamante J, Castells A, et al. Natural history of untreated nonsurgical hepatocellular carcinoma: rationale for the design and evaluation of therapeutic trials. Hepatology, 1999, 29(1): 62-67.
6.	Bruix J, Sherman M, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: an update. Hepatology, 2011, 53(3): 1020-1022.
7.	Llovet JM, Ricci S, Mazzaferro V, et al. Sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med, 2008, 359(4): 378-390.
8.	Cheng AL, Kang YK, Chen Z, et al. Efficacy and safety of sorafenib in patients in the Asia-Pacific region with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase Ⅲ randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Oncol, 2009, 10(1): 25-34.
9.	Li SH, Wei W, Guo RP, et al. Long-term outcomes after curative resection for patients with macroscopically solitary hepatocellular carcinoma without macrovascular invasion and an analysis of prognostic factors. Med Oncol, 2013, 30(4): 696.
10.	Li SH, Guo ZX, Xiao CZ, et al. Risk factors for early and late intrahepatic recurrence in patients with single hepatocellular carcinoma without macrovascular invasion after curative resection. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2013, 14(8): 4759-4763.
11.	Ikai I, Yamamoto Y, Yamamoto N, et al. Results of hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma invading major portal and/or hepatic veins. Surg Oncol Clin N Am, 2003, 12(1): 65-75.
12.	程樹群, 吳孟超, 陳漢, 等. 肝癌門靜脈癌栓分型的影像學意義. 中華普通外科雜志, 2004, 19(4): 200-201.
13.	Chen SQ, Wu MC, Chen H, et al. Tumor thrombus types influence the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma with the tumor thrombi in the portal vein. Hepatogastroenterology, 2007, 54(74): 499-502.
14.	Shi J, Lai EC, Li N, et al. A new classification for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci, 2011, 18(1): 74-80.
15.	Niu ZJ, Ma YL, Kang P, et al. Transarterial chemoembolization compared with conservative treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus: using a new classification. Med Oncol, 2012, 29(4): 2992-2997.
16.	中國醫師協會肝癌專業委員會. 肝細胞癌合并門靜脈癌栓多學科診治中國專家共識(2018年版). 中國實用外科雜志, 2019, 39(1): 46-52.
17.	Shi J, Lai EC, Li N, et al. Surgical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus. Ann Surg Oncol, 2010, 17(8): 2073-2080.
18.	Chang WT, Kao WY, Chau GY, et al. Hepatic resection can provide long-term survival of patients with non-early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma: extending the indication for resection? . Surgery, 2012, 152(5): 809-820.
19.	Zhong JH, Ke Y, Gong WF, et al. Hepatic resection associated with good survival for selected patients with intermediate and advanced-stage hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg, 2014, 260(2): 329-340.
20.	Ruzzenente A, Capra F, Pachera S, et al. Is liver resection justified in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma? Results of an observational study in 464 patients. J Gastrointest Surg, 2009, 13(7): 1313-1320.
21.	Ban D, Shimada K, Yamamoto Y, et al. Efficacy of a hepatectomy and a tumor thrombectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma with tumor thrombus extending to the main portal vein. J Gastrointest Surg, 2009, 13(11): 1921-1928.
22.	Chen JS, Wang Q, Chen XL, et al. Clinicopathologic characteristics and surgical outcomes of hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis. J Surg Res, 2012, 175(2): 243-250.
23.	Chen XP, Qiu FZ, Wu ZD, et al. Effects of location and extension of portal vein tumor thrombus on long-term outcomes of surgical treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol, 2006, 13(7): 940-946.
24.	Fan J, Zhou J, Wu ZQ, et al. Efficacy of different treatment strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis. World J Gastroenterol, 2005, 11(8): 1215-1219.
25.	Huang J, Hernandez-Alejandro R, Croome KP, et al. Hepatic resection for huge (>15 cm) multinodular HCC with macrovascular invasion. J Surg Res, 2012, 178(2): 743-750.
26.	Inoue Y, Hasegawa K, Ishizawa T, et al. Is there any difference in survival according to the portal tumor thrombectomy method in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma? . Surgery, 2009, 145(1): 9-19.
27.	Liang LJ, Hu WJ, Yin XY, et al. Adjuvant intraportal venous chemotherapy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and portal vein tumor thrombi following hepatectomy plus portal thrombectomy. World J Surg, 2008, 32(4): 627-631.
28.	Ohkubo T, Yamamoto J, Sugawara Y, et al. Surgical results for hepatocellular carcinoma with macroscopic portal vein tumor thrombosis. J Am Coll Surg, 2000, 191(6): 657-660.
29.	Pawlik TM, Poon RT, Abdalla EK, et al. Hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma with major portal or hepatic vein invasion: results of a multicenter study. Surgery, 2005, 137(4): 403-410.
30.	Peng B, Liang L, He Q, et al. Surgical treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus. Hepatogastroenterology, 2006, 53(69): 415-419.
31.	Peng ZW, Guo RP, Zhang YJ, et al. Hepatic resection versus transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus. Cancer, 2012, 118(19): 4725-4736.
32.	Poon RT, Fan ST, Ng IO, et al. Prognosis after hepatic resection for stage ⅣA hepatocellular carcinoma: a need for reclassification. Ann Surg, 2003, 237(3): 376-383.
33.	Roayaie S, Jibara G, Taouli B, et al. Resection of hepatocellular carcinoma with macroscopic vascular invasion. Ann Surg Oncol, 2013, 20(12): 3754-3760.
34.	Tang QH, Li AJ, Yang GM, et al. Surgical resection versus conformal radiotherapy combined with TACE for resectable hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus: a comparative study. World J Surg, 2013, 37(6): 1362-1370.
35.	Wu CC, Hsieh SR, Chen JT, et al. An appraisal of liver and portal vein resection for hepatocellular carcinoma with tumor thrombi extending to portal bifurcation. Arch Surg, 2000, 135(11): 1273-1279.
36.	Liu PH, Lee YH, Hsia CY, et al. Surgical resection versus transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis: a propensity score analysis. Ann Surg Oncol, 2014, 21(6): 1825-1833.
37.	Zheng N, Wei X, Zhang D, et al. Hepatic resection or transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus. Medicine (Baltimore), 2016, 95(26): e3959.
38.	Yoshidome H, Takeuchi D, Kimura F, et al. Treatment strategy for hepatocellular carcinoma with major portal vein or inferior vena cava invasion: a single institution experience. J Am Coll Surg, 2011, 212(5): 796-803.
39.	Kokudo T, Hasegawa K, Matsuyama Y, et al. Survival benefit of liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma associated with portal vein invasion. J Hepatol, 2016, 65(5): 938-943.
40.	Liu J, Wang Y, Zhang D, et al. Comparison of survival and quality of life of hepatectomy and thrombectomy using total hepatic vascular exclusion and chemotherapy alone in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and tumor thrombi in the inferior vena cava and hepatic vein. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2012, 24(2): 186-194.
41.	Kim JM, Kwon CH, Joh JW, et al. C-reactive protein may be a prognostic factor in hepatocellular carcinoma with malignant portal vein invasion. World J Surg Oncol, 2013, 11: 92.
42.	Lin DX, Zhang QY, Li X, et al. An aggressive approach leads to improved survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with portal vein tumor thrombus. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 2011, 137(1): 139-149.
43.	Zhou J, Tang ZY, Wu ZQ, et al. Factors influencing survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with macroscopic portal vein tumor thrombosis after surgery, with special reference to time dependency: a single-center experience of 381 cases. Hepatogastroenterology, 2006, 53(68): 275-280.
44.	Torzilli G, Belghiti J, Kokudo N, et al. A snapshot of the effective indications and results of surgery for hepatocellular carcinoma in tertiary referral centers: is it adherent to the EASL/AASLD recommendations? : an observational study of the HCC East-West study group. Ann Surg, 2013, 257(5): 929-937.
45.	Kondo K, Chijiiwa K, Kai M, et al. Surgical strategy for hepatocellular carcinoma patients with portal vein tumor thrombus based on prognostic factors. J Gastrointest Surg, 2009, 13(6): 1078-1083.
46.	Zhou Q, Wang Y, Zhou X, et al. Prognostic analysis for treatment modalities in hepatocellular carcinomas with portal vein tumor thrombi. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2011, 12(11): 2847-2850.
47.	Xu JF, Liu XY, Wang S, et al. Surgical treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus: a novel classification. World J Surg Oncol, 2015, 13: 86.
48.	Ye JZ, Wang YY, Bai T, et al. Surgical resection for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus in the Asia-Pacific region beyond the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer treatment algorithms: a review and update. Oncotarget, 2017, 8(54): 93258-93278.
49.	Wang K, Guo WX, Chen MS, et al. Multimodality treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus: a large-scale, multicenter, propensity mathching score analysis. Medicine (Baltimore), 2016, 95(11): e3015.
50.	Hao S, Fan P, Chen S, et al. Distinct recurrence risk factors for intrahepatic metastasis and multicenter occurrence after surgery in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastrointest Surg, 2017, 21(2): 312-320.
51.	Kamiyama T, Nakanishi K, Yokoo H, et al. Analysis of the risk factors for early death due to disease recurrence or progression within 1 year after hepatectomy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Surg Oncol, 2012, 10: 107.
52.	Liu L, Miao R, Yang H, et al. Prognostic factors after liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: a single-center experience from China. Am J Surg, 2012, 203(6): 741-750.
53.	Imamura H, Matsuyama Y, Tanaka E, et al. Risk factors contributing to early and late phase intrahepatic recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy. J Hepatol, 2003, 38(2): 200-207.
54.	Li DH, Sun B. Research progress in intrahepatic metastasis and multiple centre carcinogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Surg, 2006, 33: 28-31.
55.	Li Q, Wang J, Sun Y, et al. Efficacy of postoperative transarterial chemoembolization and portal vein chemotherapy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma complicated by portal vein tumor thrombosis—a randomized study. World J Surg, 2006, 30(11): 2004-2011.
56.	Peng BG, He Q, Li JP, et al. Adjuvant transcatheter arterial chemoembolization improves efficacy of hepatectomy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and portal vein tumor thrombus. Am J Surg, 2009, 198(3): 313-318.
57.	Zhong C, Guo RP, Li JQ, et al. A randomized controlled trial of hepatectomy with adjuvant transcatheter arterial chemoembolization versus hepatectomy alone for stage ⅢA hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 2009, 135(10): 1437-1445.
58.	Cheng HY, Wang X, Chen D, et al. The value and limitation of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in preventing recurrence of resected hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol, 2005, 11(23): 3644-3646.
59.	Ren ZG, Lin ZY, Xia JL, et al. Postoperative adjuvant arterial chemoembolization improves survival of hepatocellular carcinoma patients with risk factors for residual tumor: a retrospective control study. World J Gastroenterol, 2004, 10(19): 2791-2794.
60.	Kamiyama T, Nakanishi K, Yokoo H, et al. Efficacy of preoperative radiotherapy to portal vein tumor thrombus in the main trunk or first branch in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Clin Oncol, 2007, 12(5): 363-368.
61.	Li N, Feng S, Xue J, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma with main portal vein tumor thrombus: a comparative study comparing hepatectomy with or without neoadjuvant radiotherapy. HPB (Oxford), 2016, 18(6): 549-556.
62.	雷正清, 沈鋒. 早期肝癌微血管侵犯的術前預測和對肝切除切緣選擇的影響. 第二軍醫大學, 2016.
63.	Bruix J, Takayama T, Mazzaferro V, et al. Adjuvant sorafenib for hepatocellular carcinoma after resection or ablation (STORM): a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Oncol, 2015, 16(13): 1344-1354.
64.	Lau WY, Lai EC. Salvage surgery following downstaging of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma-a strategy to increase resectability. Ann Surg Oncol, 2007, 14(12): 3301-3309.
65.	Lau WY, Ho SK, Yu SC, et al. Salvage surgery following downstaging of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg, 2004, 240(2): 299-305.
66.	Pracht M, Edeline J, Lenoir L, et al. Lobar hepatocellular carcinoma with ipsilateral portal vein tumor thrombosis treated with yttrium-90 glass microsphere radioembolization: preliminary results. Int J Hepatol, 2013, 2013: 827649.
67.	Kudo M, Matsui O, Izumi N, et al. JSH consensus-based clinical practice guidelines for the management of hepatocellular carcinoma: 2014 update by the Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan. Liver Cancer, 2014, 3(3-4): 458-468.
68.	Poon RT, Cheung TT, Kwok PC, et al. Hong Kong consensus recommendations on the management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Cancer, 2015, 4(1): 51-69.
69.	Ho MC, Hasegawa K, Chen XP, et al. Surgery for intermediate and advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a consensus report from the 5th Asia-Pacific primary liver cancer expert meeting (APPLE 2014). Liver Cancer, 2016, 5(4): 245-256.
70.	Bruix J, Reig M, Sherman M. Evidence-based diagnosis, staging, and treatment of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology, 2016, 150(4): 835-853.

1. Torre LA, Bray F, Siegel RL, et al. Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin, 2015, 65(2): 87-108.
2. Chen W, Zheng R, Baade PD, et al. Cancer statistics in China, 2015. CA Cancer J Clin, 2016, 66(2): 115-132.
3. Zhang ZM, Lai EC, Zhang C, et al. The strategies for treating primary hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus. Int J Surg, 2015, 20: 8-16.
4. Pawarode A, Voravud N, Sriuranpong V, et al. Natural history of untreated primary hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective study of 157 patients. Am J Clin Oncol, 1998, 21(4): 386-391.
5. Llovet JM, Bustamante J, Castells A, et al. Natural history of untreated nonsurgical hepatocellular carcinoma: rationale for the design and evaluation of therapeutic trials. Hepatology, 1999, 29(1): 62-67.
6. Bruix J, Sherman M, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: an update. Hepatology, 2011, 53(3): 1020-1022.
7. Llovet JM, Ricci S, Mazzaferro V, et al. Sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med, 2008, 359(4): 378-390.
8. Cheng AL, Kang YK, Chen Z, et al. Efficacy and safety of sorafenib in patients in the Asia-Pacific region with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase Ⅲ randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Oncol, 2009, 10(1): 25-34.
9. Li SH, Wei W, Guo RP, et al. Long-term outcomes after curative resection for patients with macroscopically solitary hepatocellular carcinoma without macrovascular invasion and an analysis of prognostic factors. Med Oncol, 2013, 30(4): 696.
10. Li SH, Guo ZX, Xiao CZ, et al. Risk factors for early and late intrahepatic recurrence in patients with single hepatocellular carcinoma without macrovascular invasion after curative resection. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2013, 14(8): 4759-4763.
11. Ikai I, Yamamoto Y, Yamamoto N, et al. Results of hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma invading major portal and/or hepatic veins. Surg Oncol Clin N Am, 2003, 12(1): 65-75.
12. 程樹群, 吳孟超, 陳漢, 等. 肝癌門靜脈癌栓分型的影像學意義. 中華普通外科雜志, 2004, 19(4): 200-201.
13. Chen SQ, Wu MC, Chen H, et al. Tumor thrombus types influence the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma with the tumor thrombi in the portal vein. Hepatogastroenterology, 2007, 54(74): 499-502.
14. Shi J, Lai EC, Li N, et al. A new classification for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci, 2011, 18(1): 74-80.
15. Niu ZJ, Ma YL, Kang P, et al. Transarterial chemoembolization compared with conservative treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus: using a new classification. Med Oncol, 2012, 29(4): 2992-2997.
16. 中國醫師協會肝癌專業委員會. 肝細胞癌合并門靜脈癌栓多學科診治中國專家共識(2018年版). 中國實用外科雜志, 2019, 39(1): 46-52.
17. Shi J, Lai EC, Li N, et al. Surgical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus. Ann Surg Oncol, 2010, 17(8): 2073-2080.
18. Chang WT, Kao WY, Chau GY, et al. Hepatic resection can provide long-term survival of patients with non-early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma: extending the indication for resection? . Surgery, 2012, 152(5): 809-820.
19. Zhong JH, Ke Y, Gong WF, et al. Hepatic resection associated with good survival for selected patients with intermediate and advanced-stage hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg, 2014, 260(2): 329-340.
20. Ruzzenente A, Capra F, Pachera S, et al. Is liver resection justified in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma? Results of an observational study in 464 patients. J Gastrointest Surg, 2009, 13(7): 1313-1320.
21. Ban D, Shimada K, Yamamoto Y, et al. Efficacy of a hepatectomy and a tumor thrombectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma with tumor thrombus extending to the main portal vein. J Gastrointest Surg, 2009, 13(11): 1921-1928.
22. Chen JS, Wang Q, Chen XL, et al. Clinicopathologic characteristics and surgical outcomes of hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis. J Surg Res, 2012, 175(2): 243-250.
23. Chen XP, Qiu FZ, Wu ZD, et al. Effects of location and extension of portal vein tumor thrombus on long-term outcomes of surgical treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol, 2006, 13(7): 940-946.
24. Fan J, Zhou J, Wu ZQ, et al. Efficacy of different treatment strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis. World J Gastroenterol, 2005, 11(8): 1215-1219.
25. Huang J, Hernandez-Alejandro R, Croome KP, et al. Hepatic resection for huge (>15 cm) multinodular HCC with macrovascular invasion. J Surg Res, 2012, 178(2): 743-750.
26. Inoue Y, Hasegawa K, Ishizawa T, et al. Is there any difference in survival according to the portal tumor thrombectomy method in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma? . Surgery, 2009, 145(1): 9-19.
27. Liang LJ, Hu WJ, Yin XY, et al. Adjuvant intraportal venous chemotherapy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and portal vein tumor thrombi following hepatectomy plus portal thrombectomy. World J Surg, 2008, 32(4): 627-631.
28. Ohkubo T, Yamamoto J, Sugawara Y, et al. Surgical results for hepatocellular carcinoma with macroscopic portal vein tumor thrombosis. J Am Coll Surg, 2000, 191(6): 657-660.
29. Pawlik TM, Poon RT, Abdalla EK, et al. Hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma with major portal or hepatic vein invasion: results of a multicenter study. Surgery, 2005, 137(4): 403-410.
30. Peng B, Liang L, He Q, et al. Surgical treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus. Hepatogastroenterology, 2006, 53(69): 415-419.
31. Peng ZW, Guo RP, Zhang YJ, et al. Hepatic resection versus transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus. Cancer, 2012, 118(19): 4725-4736.
32. Poon RT, Fan ST, Ng IO, et al. Prognosis after hepatic resection for stage ⅣA hepatocellular carcinoma: a need for reclassification. Ann Surg, 2003, 237(3): 376-383.
33. Roayaie S, Jibara G, Taouli B, et al. Resection of hepatocellular carcinoma with macroscopic vascular invasion. Ann Surg Oncol, 2013, 20(12): 3754-3760.
34. Tang QH, Li AJ, Yang GM, et al. Surgical resection versus conformal radiotherapy combined with TACE for resectable hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus: a comparative study. World J Surg, 2013, 37(6): 1362-1370.
35. Wu CC, Hsieh SR, Chen JT, et al. An appraisal of liver and portal vein resection for hepatocellular carcinoma with tumor thrombi extending to portal bifurcation. Arch Surg, 2000, 135(11): 1273-1279.
36. Liu PH, Lee YH, Hsia CY, et al. Surgical resection versus transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis: a propensity score analysis. Ann Surg Oncol, 2014, 21(6): 1825-1833.
37. Zheng N, Wei X, Zhang D, et al. Hepatic resection or transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus. Medicine (Baltimore), 2016, 95(26): e3959.
38. Yoshidome H, Takeuchi D, Kimura F, et al. Treatment strategy for hepatocellular carcinoma with major portal vein or inferior vena cava invasion: a single institution experience. J Am Coll Surg, 2011, 212(5): 796-803.
39. Kokudo T, Hasegawa K, Matsuyama Y, et al. Survival benefit of liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma associated with portal vein invasion. J Hepatol, 2016, 65(5): 938-943.
40. Liu J, Wang Y, Zhang D, et al. Comparison of survival and quality of life of hepatectomy and thrombectomy using total hepatic vascular exclusion and chemotherapy alone in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and tumor thrombi in the inferior vena cava and hepatic vein. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2012, 24(2): 186-194.
41. Kim JM, Kwon CH, Joh JW, et al. C-reactive protein may be a prognostic factor in hepatocellular carcinoma with malignant portal vein invasion. World J Surg Oncol, 2013, 11: 92.
42. Lin DX, Zhang QY, Li X, et al. An aggressive approach leads to improved survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with portal vein tumor thrombus. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 2011, 137(1): 139-149.
43. Zhou J, Tang ZY, Wu ZQ, et al. Factors influencing survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with macroscopic portal vein tumor thrombosis after surgery, with special reference to time dependency: a single-center experience of 381 cases. Hepatogastroenterology, 2006, 53(68): 275-280.
44. Torzilli G, Belghiti J, Kokudo N, et al. A snapshot of the effective indications and results of surgery for hepatocellular carcinoma in tertiary referral centers: is it adherent to the EASL/AASLD recommendations? : an observational study of the HCC East-West study group. Ann Surg, 2013, 257(5): 929-937.
45. Kondo K, Chijiiwa K, Kai M, et al. Surgical strategy for hepatocellular carcinoma patients with portal vein tumor thrombus based on prognostic factors. J Gastrointest Surg, 2009, 13(6): 1078-1083.
46. Zhou Q, Wang Y, Zhou X, et al. Prognostic analysis for treatment modalities in hepatocellular carcinomas with portal vein tumor thrombi. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2011, 12(11): 2847-2850.
47. Xu JF, Liu XY, Wang S, et al. Surgical treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus: a novel classification. World J Surg Oncol, 2015, 13: 86.
48. Ye JZ, Wang YY, Bai T, et al. Surgical resection for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus in the Asia-Pacific region beyond the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer treatment algorithms: a review and update. Oncotarget, 2017, 8(54): 93258-93278.
49. Wang K, Guo WX, Chen MS, et al. Multimodality treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus: a large-scale, multicenter, propensity mathching score analysis. Medicine (Baltimore), 2016, 95(11): e3015.
50. Hao S, Fan P, Chen S, et al. Distinct recurrence risk factors for intrahepatic metastasis and multicenter occurrence after surgery in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastrointest Surg, 2017, 21(2): 312-320.
51. Kamiyama T, Nakanishi K, Yokoo H, et al. Analysis of the risk factors for early death due to disease recurrence or progression within 1 year after hepatectomy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Surg Oncol, 2012, 10: 107.
52. Liu L, Miao R, Yang H, et al. Prognostic factors after liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: a single-center experience from China. Am J Surg, 2012, 203(6): 741-750.
53. Imamura H, Matsuyama Y, Tanaka E, et al. Risk factors contributing to early and late phase intrahepatic recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy. J Hepatol, 2003, 38(2): 200-207.
54. Li DH, Sun B. Research progress in intrahepatic metastasis and multiple centre carcinogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Surg, 2006, 33: 28-31.
55. Li Q, Wang J, Sun Y, et al. Efficacy of postoperative transarterial chemoembolization and portal vein chemotherapy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma complicated by portal vein tumor thrombosis—a randomized study. World J Surg, 2006, 30(11): 2004-2011.
56. Peng BG, He Q, Li JP, et al. Adjuvant transcatheter arterial chemoembolization improves efficacy of hepatectomy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and portal vein tumor thrombus. Am J Surg, 2009, 198(3): 313-318.
57. Zhong C, Guo RP, Li JQ, et al. A randomized controlled trial of hepatectomy with adjuvant transcatheter arterial chemoembolization versus hepatectomy alone for stage ⅢA hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 2009, 135(10): 1437-1445.
58. Cheng HY, Wang X, Chen D, et al. The value and limitation of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in preventing recurrence of resected hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol, 2005, 11(23): 3644-3646.
59. Ren ZG, Lin ZY, Xia JL, et al. Postoperative adjuvant arterial chemoembolization improves survival of hepatocellular carcinoma patients with risk factors for residual tumor: a retrospective control study. World J Gastroenterol, 2004, 10(19): 2791-2794.
60. Kamiyama T, Nakanishi K, Yokoo H, et al. Efficacy of preoperative radiotherapy to portal vein tumor thrombus in the main trunk or first branch in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Clin Oncol, 2007, 12(5): 363-368.
61. Li N, Feng S, Xue J, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma with main portal vein tumor thrombus: a comparative study comparing hepatectomy with or without neoadjuvant radiotherapy. HPB (Oxford), 2016, 18(6): 549-556.
62. 雷正清, 沈鋒. 早期肝癌微血管侵犯的術前預測和對肝切除切緣選擇的影響. 第二軍醫大學, 2016.
63. Bruix J, Takayama T, Mazzaferro V, et al. Adjuvant sorafenib for hepatocellular carcinoma after resection or ablation (STORM): a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Oncol, 2015, 16(13): 1344-1354.
64. Lau WY, Lai EC. Salvage surgery following downstaging of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma-a strategy to increase resectability. Ann Surg Oncol, 2007, 14(12): 3301-3309.
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