Effect of surgical treatment on prognosis in patients with gallbladder squamous cell carcinoma_CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Authors：

HUANG Kun , ZHAO Pan ,  ZHAO Pingwu , HE Yunsheng

Department of General Surgery, Mianyang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Mianyang, Sichuan 621000, P. R. China;

Corresponding?author：

ZHAO Pingwu, Email: zhaopingwu01@hotmail.com

Keywords：

gallbladder squamous cell carcinoma; surgical treatment; prognosis; the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database

DOI：

10.7507/1007-9424.202304039

Video：

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Objective To evaluate the prognostic value of surgical treatment in gallbladder squamous cell carcinoma (GSCC) by using real-world data with a large sample in the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database. Methods The clinical data of patients with pathologically diagnosed GSCC from 2000 to 2019 were extracted from the SEER database. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 257 patients were included after strict screening. The patients were divided into operation group and non-operation group according to whether they underwent surgery. The cancer-specific survival (CSS) and the overall survival (OS) between the two groups were compared, and the influencing factors for the CSS and the OS were analyzed by using Cox proportional hazard model. Results Of 257 patients, 127 (49.4%) were in the operation group, and 130 (50.6%) in the non-operation group. The average follow-up ranged from 0 to 220 months, with the median follow-up time of 3 months. Of the 127 patients in the operation group, 105 died (82.7%), including 88 tumor-related deaths (69.3%). Of the 130 patients in the non-operation group, 124 died (95.4%), including 115 tumor-related deaths (88.5%). The median survival time for OS in the operation group and the non-operation group were 6 months and 3 months, respectively, and that for CSS were 7 months and 3 months, respectively. The estimated 1-year OS of the operation group and the non-operation group were 30.1% and 4.6% respectively; the estimated 1-year CSS were 35.1% and 5.8%, respectively. There were significant differences between the two groups on OS and CSS (χ²=41.400, P<0.001; χ²=42.750, P<0.001). That the OS [HR=0.44, 95%CI (0.25, 0.77), P=0.004] and the CSS [HR=0.46, 95%CI (0.25, 0.84), P=0.011] in GSCC patients were significantly improved by surgical treatment, showed by the results of multivariate prognostic analysis via Cox proportional hazard mode. Conclusions Surgical treatment was an independent factor affecting the prognosis of GSCC, and it could improve the OS and the CSS. As for the modus operandi, R0 resection should be recommended.

Citation： HUANG Kun, ZHAO Pan, ZHAO Pingwu, HE Yunsheng. Effect of surgical treatment on prognosis in patients with gallbladder squamous cell carcinoma. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY, 2023, 30(8): 964-969. doi: 10.7507/1007-9424.202304039 Copy

1.	Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2020. CA Cancer J Clin, 2020, 70(1): 7-30.
2.	Leigh N, Solomon D, Pletcher E, et al. Adeno-squamous and squamous cell carcinoma of the gallbladder: the importance of histology in surgical management. Am J Surg, 2020, 220(5): 1242-1248.
3.	呂文才, 鄒運, 溫爽, 等. 中國膽囊癌發病率及流行趨勢分析. 中華消化外科雜志, 2019, 18(2): 186-189.
4.	孫旭恒, 王一鈞, 張薇, 等. 中國膽囊癌流行病學特征與診治及預后分析 (附6 159例報告). 中華消化外科雜志, 2022, 21(1): 114-128.
5.	Jena SS, Meher D. Squamous cell carcinoma of the gallbladder masquerading liver abscess with review of literature. Int J Surg Case Rep, 2022, 90: 106710. doi: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2021.106710.
6.	Takahashi H, Irri A, Fenig Y, et al. Systematic review of squamous cell carcinoma of the gallbladder. Am J Surg, 2022, 224(3): 863-868.
7.	朱加啟, 何敏, 巢凱, 等. 原發性膽囊低分化鱗狀細胞癌1例并文獻復習. 中國臨床研究, 2022, 35(7): 1019-1021, 1026.
8.	巫琳, 刁小麗, 王劍鋒, 等. 肝動脈化療栓塞術緩解膽囊鱗狀細胞癌肝轉移引起的腫瘤熱一例. 中華介入放射學電子雜志, 2021, 9(2): 231-233.
9.	Perisetti A, Raghavapuram S, Tharian B, et al. Pure squamous cell carcinoma of the gallbladder masquerading as a hepatic mass. Cureus, 2018, 10(1): e2011. doi: 10.7759/cureus.2011.
10.	Chen X, Zhou Y, Xu Q, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcome between gallbladder squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma: a propensity matched analysis based on the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Database. Front Oncol, 2022, 12: 833447. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.833447.
11.	Li J, Miao Y, Wang Y, et al. Advanced primary squamous cell carcinoma of gallbladder and potential predictive biomarkers for prognosis. J Int Med Res, 2020, 48(8): 300060520946558. doi: 10.1177/0300060520946558.
12.	高瑩, 劉蘭, 崔京淑, 等. 膽囊原發性鱗狀細胞癌1例. 臨床與實驗病理學雜志, 2021, 37(12): 1520-1521.
13.	Hashimoto K, Fujie Y, Fujita J, et al. Surgical resection of advanced gallbladder squamous cell carcinoma accompanied by infiltration of the surrounding organs and general peritonitis. Int J Surg Case Rep, 2020, 73: 294-297.
14.	Junior MAR, Favaro ML, Santin S, et al. Giant squamous cell carcinoma of the gallbladder: a case report. World J Clin Cases, 2019, 7(18): 2787-2793.
15.	任超, 王璽瑞, 薛峰, 等. 放化療在膽囊腺鱗癌治療中的預后價值. 肝膽胰外科雜志, 2022, 34(1): 30-34, 42.
16.	Groeschl RT, Christians KK, Turaga KK, et al. Management of primary hepatopancreatobiliary small cell carcinoma. J Surg Oncol, 2013, 107(7): 692-695.
17.	Crippa S, Cirocchi R, Weiss MJ, et al. A systematic review of surgical resection of liver-only synchronous metastases from pancreatic cancer in the era of multiagent chemotherapy. Updates Surg, 2020, 72(1): 39-45.
18.	黃坤, 趙平武, 白斗, 等. 不同病理學類型的腹膜后脂肪肉瘤患者的預后分析及臨床評價. 中國普通外科雜志, 2021, 30(10): 1212-1228.
19.	陳茂山, 李芳芳, 楊宏偉, 等. 基于SEER數據庫分析142 007例乳腺癌診斷時婚姻狀態與預后的關系. 重慶醫科大學學報, 2020, 45(11): 1567-1572.
20.	Qiu MZ, Shi SM, Chen ZH, et al. Frequency and clinicopathological features of metastasis to liver, lung, bone, and brain from gastric cancer: a SEER-based study. Cancer Med, 2018, 7(8): 3662-3672.
21.	Mao W, Deng F, Wang D, et al. Treatment of advanced gallbladder cancer: a SEER-based study. Cancer Med, 2020, 9(1): 141-150.
22.	Mao W, Zhang Z, Huang X, et al. Marital status and survival in patients with penile cancer. J Cancer, 2019, 10(12): 2661-2669.
23.	徐鵬. 基于SEER數據庫分析進行原發腫瘤手術聯合全身治療的初診Ⅳ期乳腺癌患者的預后. 山東: 山東大學, 2022.
24.	Chen MS, Liu PC, Yi JZ, et al. Development and validation of nomograms for predicting survival in patients with de novo metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. Sci Rep, 2022, 12(1): 14659. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-18727-2.
25.	康鍶鵬, 謝飛來, 余英豪. 膽囊原發性鱗狀細胞癌1例. 臨床與實驗病理學雜志, 2016, 32(1): 118-119.
26.	Ayabe RI, Wach MM, Ruff SM, et al. Gallbladder squamous cell carcinoma: an analysis of 1 084 cases from the National Cancer Database. J Surg Oncol, 2020. doi: 10.1002/jso.26066.
27.	耿智敏, 王林, 陳晨, 等. 438例膽囊癌外科治療及預后因素分析. 中華消化外科雜志, 2016, 15(4): 346-352.
28.	劉智, 高曉勤, 張俊, 等. 原發性膽囊鱗狀上皮細胞癌1例. 診斷病理學雜志, 2016, 23(3): 238-239.
29.	Huang K, Zhao P, Zhao J, et al. A unique case of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the liver manifesting with biloma: a case report. Oncol Lett, 2022, 24(1): 227. doi: 10.3892/ol.2022.13348.
30.	Aldossary MY, Alayed AA, Amr S, et al. Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the gallbladder: report of a rare neoplasm from the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Int J Surg Case Rep, 2018, 51: 186-189.
31.	劉凱, 段紀成, 常顏信, 等. 膽囊鱗癌、腺鱗癌的診斷和治療 (附33例病例分析和78例文獻復習). 肝膽外科雜志, 2016, 24(3): 172-175.
32.	黃坤, 何運勝, 趙攀, 等. 手術治療對直腸小細胞神經內分泌癌患者預后影響的SEER數據庫分析. 中國普外基礎與臨床雜志, 2023, 30(2): 179-184.

1. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2020. CA Cancer J Clin, 2020, 70(1): 7-30.
2. Leigh N, Solomon D, Pletcher E, et al. Adeno-squamous and squamous cell carcinoma of the gallbladder: the importance of histology in surgical management. Am J Surg, 2020, 220(5): 1242-1248.
3. 呂文才, 鄒運, 溫爽, 等. 中國膽囊癌發病率及流行趨勢分析. 中華消化外科雜志, 2019, 18(2): 186-189.
4. 孫旭恒, 王一鈞, 張薇, 等. 中國膽囊癌流行病學特征與診治及預后分析 (附6 159例報告). 中華消化外科雜志, 2022, 21(1): 114-128.
5. Jena SS, Meher D. Squamous cell carcinoma of the gallbladder masquerading liver abscess with review of literature. Int J Surg Case Rep, 2022, 90: 106710. doi: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2021.106710.
6. Takahashi H, Irri A, Fenig Y, et al. Systematic review of squamous cell carcinoma of the gallbladder. Am J Surg, 2022, 224(3): 863-868.
7. 朱加啟, 何敏, 巢凱, 等. 原發性膽囊低分化鱗狀細胞癌1例并文獻復習. 中國臨床研究, 2022, 35(7): 1019-1021, 1026.
8. 巫琳, 刁小麗, 王劍鋒, 等. 肝動脈化療栓塞術緩解膽囊鱗狀細胞癌肝轉移引起的腫瘤熱一例. 中華介入放射學電子雜志, 2021, 9(2): 231-233.
9. Perisetti A, Raghavapuram S, Tharian B, et al. Pure squamous cell carcinoma of the gallbladder masquerading as a hepatic mass. Cureus, 2018, 10(1): e2011. doi: 10.7759/cureus.2011.
10. Chen X, Zhou Y, Xu Q, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcome between gallbladder squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma: a propensity matched analysis based on the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Database. Front Oncol, 2022, 12: 833447. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.833447.
11. Li J, Miao Y, Wang Y, et al. Advanced primary squamous cell carcinoma of gallbladder and potential predictive biomarkers for prognosis. J Int Med Res, 2020, 48(8): 300060520946558. doi: 10.1177/0300060520946558.
12. 高瑩, 劉蘭, 崔京淑, 等. 膽囊原發性鱗狀細胞癌1例. 臨床與實驗病理學雜志, 2021, 37(12): 1520-1521.
13. Hashimoto K, Fujie Y, Fujita J, et al. Surgical resection of advanced gallbladder squamous cell carcinoma accompanied by infiltration of the surrounding organs and general peritonitis. Int J Surg Case Rep, 2020, 73: 294-297.
14. Junior MAR, Favaro ML, Santin S, et al. Giant squamous cell carcinoma of the gallbladder: a case report. World J Clin Cases, 2019, 7(18): 2787-2793.
15. 任超, 王璽瑞, 薛峰, 等. 放化療在膽囊腺鱗癌治療中的預后價值. 肝膽胰外科雜志, 2022, 34(1): 30-34, 42.
16. Groeschl RT, Christians KK, Turaga KK, et al. Management of primary hepatopancreatobiliary small cell carcinoma. J Surg Oncol, 2013, 107(7): 692-695.
17. Crippa S, Cirocchi R, Weiss MJ, et al. A systematic review of surgical resection of liver-only synchronous metastases from pancreatic cancer in the era of multiagent chemotherapy. Updates Surg, 2020, 72(1): 39-45.
18. 黃坤, 趙平武, 白斗, 等. 不同病理學類型的腹膜后脂肪肉瘤患者的預后分析及臨床評價. 中國普通外科雜志, 2021, 30(10): 1212-1228.
19. 陳茂山, 李芳芳, 楊宏偉, 等. 基于SEER數據庫分析142 007例乳腺癌診斷時婚姻狀態與預后的關系. 重慶醫科大學學報, 2020, 45(11): 1567-1572.
20. Qiu MZ, Shi SM, Chen ZH, et al. Frequency and clinicopathological features of metastasis to liver, lung, bone, and brain from gastric cancer: a SEER-based study. Cancer Med, 2018, 7(8): 3662-3672.
21. Mao W, Deng F, Wang D, et al. Treatment of advanced gallbladder cancer: a SEER-based study. Cancer Med, 2020, 9(1): 141-150.
22. Mao W, Zhang Z, Huang X, et al. Marital status and survival in patients with penile cancer. J Cancer, 2019, 10(12): 2661-2669.
23. 徐鵬. 基于SEER數據庫分析進行原發腫瘤手術聯合全身治療的初診Ⅳ期乳腺癌患者的預后. 山東: 山東大學, 2022.
24. Chen MS, Liu PC, Yi JZ, et al. Development and validation of nomograms for predicting survival in patients with de novo metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. Sci Rep, 2022, 12(1): 14659. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-18727-2.
25. 康鍶鵬, 謝飛來, 余英豪. 膽囊原發性鱗狀細胞癌1例. 臨床與實驗病理學雜志, 2016, 32(1): 118-119.
26. Ayabe RI, Wach MM, Ruff SM, et al. Gallbladder squamous cell carcinoma: an analysis of 1 084 cases from the National Cancer Database. J Surg Oncol, 2020. doi: 10.1002/jso.26066.
27. 耿智敏, 王林, 陳晨, 等. 438例膽囊癌外科治療及預后因素分析. 中華消化外科雜志, 2016, 15(4): 346-352.
28. 劉智, 高曉勤, 張俊, 等. 原發性膽囊鱗狀上皮細胞癌1例. 診斷病理學雜志, 2016, 23(3): 238-239.
29. Huang K, Zhao P, Zhao J, et al. A unique case of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the liver manifesting with biloma: a case report. Oncol Lett, 2022, 24(1): 227. doi: 10.3892/ol.2022.13348.
30. Aldossary MY, Alayed AA, Amr S, et al. Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the gallbladder: report of a rare neoplasm from the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Int J Surg Case Rep, 2018, 51: 186-189.
31. 劉凱, 段紀成, 常顏信, 等. 膽囊鱗癌、腺鱗癌的診斷和治療 (附33例病例分析和78例文獻復習). 肝膽外科雜志, 2016, 24(3): 172-175.
32. 黃坤, 何運勝, 趙攀, 等. 手術治療對直腸小細胞神經內分泌癌患者預后影響的SEER數據庫分析. 中國普外基礎與臨床雜志, 2023, 30(2): 179-184.

CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Effect of surgical treatment on prognosis in patients with gallbladder squamous cell carcinoma

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