TACE combined with HAIC for intermediate-advanced stage hepatocellular carcinoma: technical essential and clinical practice_CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Authors：

ZHENG Kanglian ,  WANG Xiaodong

Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing); Department of Interventional Therapy, Peking University Cancer Hospital, Beijing 100142, P. R. China;

Corresponding?author：

WANG Xiaodong, Email: wangxd2003@pku.edu.cn

Keywords：

hepatocellular carcinoma; transcatheter arterial chemoembolization; hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy; technical essential; clinical practice

DOI：

10.7507/1007-9424.202510073

Video：

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Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignancy with high incidence and poor prognosis. Most patients with HCC are diagnosed at an intermediate-advanced stage, losing the opportunity for surgical resection. Although transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) is recommended for intermediate-advanced stage HCC, supported by evidence from multiple randomized controlled trials, its efficacy is often limited by high-risk factors such as large tumor burden, vascular tumor thrombosis, arteriovenous shunting, or infiltrative growth pattern. In recent years, accumulating evidence has established hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) as an effective treatment for intermediate-advanced stage HCC, especially in patients with these high-risk features, as it can significantly enhance local tumor control and prolong survival. Recent studies and clinical practice have demonstrated that TACE and HAIC, as two effective intra-arterial therapies, possess distinct mechanisms of action. Their rational combination allows for technical complementarity, yielding a synergistic anti-tumor effect and further improving outcomes in high-risk patients with intermediate-advanced stage HCC. In this context, based on relevant literature and clinical experience, this article discusses the theoretical rationale, technical essentials, appropriate patient selection, and clinical evidence for combining TACE with HAIC in the treatment of HCC, aiming to provide references for its standardized application and wider clinical adoption.

Citation： ZHENG Kanglian, WANG Xiaodong. TACE combined with HAIC for intermediate-advanced stage hepatocellular carcinoma: technical essential and clinical practice. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY, 2025, 32(12): 1505-1510. doi: 10.7507/1007-9424.202510073 Copy

1.	Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin, 2024, 74(3): 229-263.
2.	Han B, Zheng R, Zeng H, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality in China, 2022. J Natl Cancer Cent, 2024, 4(1): 47-53.
3.	Llovet JM, Pinyol R, Kelley RK, et al. Molecular pathogenesis and systemic therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Cancer, 2022, 3(4): 386-401.
4.	Moriya K, Namisaki T, Sato S, et al. Efficacy of bi-monthly hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastrointest Oncol, 2018, 9(4): 741-749.
5.	Li QJ, He MK, Chen HW, et al. Hepatic arterial infusion of oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin versus transarterial chemoembolization for large hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized phase Ⅲ trial. J Clin Oncol, 2022, 40(2): 150-160.
6.	Lyu N, Wang X, Li JB, et al. Arterial chemotherapy of oxaliplatin plus fluorouracil versus sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a biomolecular exploratory, randomized, phase Ⅲ trial (FOHAIC-1). J Clin Oncol, 2022, 40(5): 468-480.
7.	He M, Li Q, Zou R, et al. Sorafenib plus hepatic arterial infusion of oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin vs sorafenib alone for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein invasion: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol, 2019, 5(7): 953-960.
8.	Zheng K, Zhu X, Fu S, et al. Sorafenib plus hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy versus sorafenib for hepatocellular carcinoma with major portal vein tumor thrombosis: a randomized trial. Radiology, 2022, 303(2): 455-464.
9.	Chen S, Wang X, Yuan B, et al. Apatinib plus hepatic arterial infusion of oxaliplatin and raltitrexed for hepatocellular carcinoma with extrahepatic metastasis: phase Ⅱ trial. Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1): 8857. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-52700-z.
10.	Lai Z, He M, Bu X, et al. Lenvatinib, toripalimab plus hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy in patients with high-risk advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a biomolecular exploratory, phase Ⅱ trial. Eur J Cancer, 2022, 174: 68-77.
11.	Wei W, Li S, Zhao R, et al. Neoadjuvant hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy with FOLFOX could improve outcomes of resectable BCLC stage A/B hepatocellular carcinoma patients beyond Milan criteria: a multi-center, phase 3, randomized, controlled clinical trial. J Clin Oncol, 2023, 41(16_suppl): 4023. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2023.41.16_suppl.4023.
12.	Li SH, Mei J, Cheng Y, et al. Postoperative adjuvant hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy with FOLFOX in hepatocellular carcinoma with microvascular invasion: a multicenter, phase Ⅲ, randomized study. J Clin Oncol, 2023, 41(10): 1898-1908.
13.	Reig M, Forner A, Rimola J, et al. BCLC strategy for prognosis prediction and treatment recommendation: the 2022 update. J Hepatol, 2022, 76(3): 681-693.
14.	國家綜合介入技術質控中心. 經動脈化療栓塞(TACE)治療肝癌臨床應用管理規范及質量控制指標(2024版). 中華肝臟病雜志, 2024, 32(12): 1098-104.
15.	中華人民共和國國家衛生健康委員會. 原發性肝癌診療指南(2024年版). 臨床肝膽病雜志, 2024, 40(5): 893.
16.	Llovet JM, De Baere T, Kulik L, et al. Locoregional therapies in the era of molecular and immune treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2021, 18(5): 293-313.
17.	Bartkowski R, Berger MR, Aguiar JL, et al. Experiments on the efficacy and toxicity of locoregional chemotherapy of liver tumors with 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine (FUDR) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in an animal model. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 1986, 111(1): 42-46.
18.	Kim HC, Chung JW, Lee W, et al. Recognizing extrahepatic collateral vessels that supply hepatocellular carcinoma to avoid complications of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. Radiographics, 2005, 25 Suppl 1: S25-S39. doi: 10.1148/rg.25si055508.
19.	Liu C, Li J, Zhao M, et al. TACE-HAIC versus TACE as initial regional therapy for unresectable huge hepatocellular carcinoma (>10 cm): a propensity score-matched study. J Hepatocell Carcinoma, 2025, 12: 2083-2093.
20.	Feng G, Feng Y, Yao S, et al. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization combined with hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy versus transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Turk J Gastroenterol, 2024, 35(4): 266-279.
21.	Gaba RC, Lokken RP, Hickey RM, et al. Quality improvement guidelines for transarterial chemoembolization and embolization of hepatic malignancy. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2017, 28(9): 1210-1223.
22.	Adhoute X, Penaranda G, Naude S, et al. Retreatment with TACE: the ABCR SCORE, an aid to the decision-making process. J Hepatol, 2015, 62(4): 855-862.
23.	Arai Y, Takeuchi Y, Inaba Y, et al. Percutaneous catheter placement for hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol, 2007, 10(1): 30-37.
24.	Hu J, Zhu X, Wang X, et al. Evaluation of percutaneous unilateral trans-femoral implantation of side-hole port-catheter system with coil only fixed-catheter-tip for hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy. Cancer Imaging, 2019, 19(1): 15. doi: 10.1186/s40644-019-0202-z.
25.	Zheng K, Wang X. Techniques and status of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy for primary hepatobiliary cancers. Ther Adv Med Oncol, 2024, 16: 17588359231225040. doi: 10.1177/17588359231225040.
26.	Chen S, Zhang K, Liu W, et al. Hepatic arterial infusion of oxaliplatin plus raltitrexed in patients with intermediate and advanced stage hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase Ⅱ, single-arm, prospective study. Eur J Cancer, 2020, 134: 90-98.
27.	Lu H, Gao Y, Xia X, et al. RALOX-HAIC (raltitrexed + oxaliplatin) combined with lenvatinib improves survival and safety in elderly patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Cancer, 2025, 25(1): 882. doi: 10.1186/s12885-025-14274-x.
28.	Wan J, Tang B, Zhang W, et al. Sequential HAIC-TACE combined with targeted and immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma: a quality improvement study. Int J Surg, 2025, 111(10): 6942-6960.
29.	葛乃建, 楊業發. 再論肝癌TACE與HAIC的聯合臨床應用. 介入放射學雜志, 2025, 34(2): 129-33.
30.	Liu BJ, Gao S, Zhu X, et al. Sorafenib combined with embolization plus hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy for inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastrointest Oncol, 2020, 12(6): 663-676.
31.	Zhong S, Zhang F, Zhang H, et al. Efficacy and safety of transarterial chemoembolization combined with hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy plus lenvatinib for intermediate-stage hepatocellular carcinoma beyond up-to-seven: a multicentre, retrospective propensity score matching analysis. J Hepatocell Carcinoma, 2025, 12: 445-458.
32.	Gao S, Zhang PJ, Guo JH, et al. Chemoembolization alone vs combined chemoembolization and hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy in inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma patients. World J Gastroenterol, 2015, 21(36): 10443-10452.
33.	Huang Z, Chen T, Li W, et al. Atezolizumab and bevacizumab plus transarterial chemoembolization and hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy for patients with high tumor burden unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a multi-center cohort study. Int Immunopharmacol, 2024, 139: 112711. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112711.
34.	Liu BJ, Gao S, Zhu X, et al. Combination therapy of chemoembolization and hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis compared with chemoembolization alone: a propensity score-matched analysis. Biomed Res Int, 2021, 2021: 6670367. doi: 10.1155/2021/6670367.
35.	Yuan Y, He W, Yang Z, et al. TACE-HAIC combined with targeted therapy and immunotherapy versus TACE alone for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumour thrombus: a propensity score matching study. Int J Surg, 2023, 109(5): 1222-1230.
36.	Cai M, Liang L, Zhang J, et al. Lenvatinib plus drug-eluting bead transarterial chemoembolization with/without hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma larger than 7 cm with major portal vein tumor thrombosis: a multicenter retrospective cohort study. Int J Surg, 2024, 110(12): 7860-7870.
37.	Liu B, Yin L, Chen Y, et al. Efficacy and safety of TACE-HAIC combined with tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors for the patients with BCLC-defined stage B-C HCC. Front Oncol, 2025, 15: 1615506. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2025.1615506.
38.	Liu B, Gao S, Guo J, et al. Efficacy and safety of hepasphere drug-eluting bead transarterial chemoembolization combined with hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy as the second-line treatment in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatocell Carcinoma, 2024, 11: 477-488.
39.	Sangro B, Kudo M, Erinjeri JP, et al. Durvalumab with or without bevacizumab with transarterial chemoembolisation in hepatocellular carcinoma (EMERALD-1): a multiregional, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study. Lancet, 2025, 405(10474): 216-232.
40.	Kudo M, Ren Z, Guo Y, et al. Transarterial chemoembolisation combined with lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab versus dual placebo for unresectable, non-metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma (LEAP-012): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, phase 3 study. Lancet, 2025, 405(10474): 203-215.
41.	Dong J, Han G, Ogasawara S, et al. LBA2 TALENTACE: a phase Ⅲ, open-label, randomized study of on-demand transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) combined with atezolizumab + bevacizumab (Atezo+Bev) or on-demand TACE alone in patients with systemically untreated, intermediate-to-high burden unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (uHCC). Ann Oncolo, 2025, 36(Supplement 1): S62. doi. org/10.1016/j. annonc. 2025.05. 542.

1. Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin, 2024, 74(3): 229-263.
2. Han B, Zheng R, Zeng H, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality in China, 2022. J Natl Cancer Cent, 2024, 4(1): 47-53.
3. Llovet JM, Pinyol R, Kelley RK, et al. Molecular pathogenesis and systemic therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Cancer, 2022, 3(4): 386-401.
4. Moriya K, Namisaki T, Sato S, et al. Efficacy of bi-monthly hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastrointest Oncol, 2018, 9(4): 741-749.
5. Li QJ, He MK, Chen HW, et al. Hepatic arterial infusion of oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin versus transarterial chemoembolization for large hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized phase Ⅲ trial. J Clin Oncol, 2022, 40(2): 150-160.
6. Lyu N, Wang X, Li JB, et al. Arterial chemotherapy of oxaliplatin plus fluorouracil versus sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a biomolecular exploratory, randomized, phase Ⅲ trial (FOHAIC-1). J Clin Oncol, 2022, 40(5): 468-480.
7. He M, Li Q, Zou R, et al. Sorafenib plus hepatic arterial infusion of oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin vs sorafenib alone for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein invasion: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol, 2019, 5(7): 953-960.
8. Zheng K, Zhu X, Fu S, et al. Sorafenib plus hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy versus sorafenib for hepatocellular carcinoma with major portal vein tumor thrombosis: a randomized trial. Radiology, 2022, 303(2): 455-464.
9. Chen S, Wang X, Yuan B, et al. Apatinib plus hepatic arterial infusion of oxaliplatin and raltitrexed for hepatocellular carcinoma with extrahepatic metastasis: phase Ⅱ trial. Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1): 8857. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-52700-z.
10. Lai Z, He M, Bu X, et al. Lenvatinib, toripalimab plus hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy in patients with high-risk advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a biomolecular exploratory, phase Ⅱ trial. Eur J Cancer, 2022, 174: 68-77.
11. Wei W, Li S, Zhao R, et al. Neoadjuvant hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy with FOLFOX could improve outcomes of resectable BCLC stage A/B hepatocellular carcinoma patients beyond Milan criteria: a multi-center, phase 3, randomized, controlled clinical trial. J Clin Oncol, 2023, 41(16_suppl): 4023. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2023.41.16_suppl.4023.
12. Li SH, Mei J, Cheng Y, et al. Postoperative adjuvant hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy with FOLFOX in hepatocellular carcinoma with microvascular invasion: a multicenter, phase Ⅲ, randomized study. J Clin Oncol, 2023, 41(10): 1898-1908.
13. Reig M, Forner A, Rimola J, et al. BCLC strategy for prognosis prediction and treatment recommendation: the 2022 update. J Hepatol, 2022, 76(3): 681-693.
14. 國家綜合介入技術質控中心. 經動脈化療栓塞(TACE)治療肝癌臨床應用管理規范及質量控制指標(2024版). 中華肝臟病雜志, 2024, 32(12): 1098-104.
15. 中華人民共和國國家衛生健康委員會. 原發性肝癌診療指南(2024年版). 臨床肝膽病雜志, 2024, 40(5): 893.
16. Llovet JM, De Baere T, Kulik L, et al. Locoregional therapies in the era of molecular and immune treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2021, 18(5): 293-313.
17. Bartkowski R, Berger MR, Aguiar JL, et al. Experiments on the efficacy and toxicity of locoregional chemotherapy of liver tumors with 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine (FUDR) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in an animal model. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 1986, 111(1): 42-46.
18. Kim HC, Chung JW, Lee W, et al. Recognizing extrahepatic collateral vessels that supply hepatocellular carcinoma to avoid complications of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. Radiographics, 2005, 25 Suppl 1: S25-S39. doi: 10.1148/rg.25si055508.
19. Liu C, Li J, Zhao M, et al. TACE-HAIC versus TACE as initial regional therapy for unresectable huge hepatocellular carcinoma (>10 cm): a propensity score-matched study. J Hepatocell Carcinoma, 2025, 12: 2083-2093.
20. Feng G, Feng Y, Yao S, et al. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization combined with hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy versus transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Turk J Gastroenterol, 2024, 35(4): 266-279.
21. Gaba RC, Lokken RP, Hickey RM, et al. Quality improvement guidelines for transarterial chemoembolization and embolization of hepatic malignancy. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2017, 28(9): 1210-1223.
22. Adhoute X, Penaranda G, Naude S, et al. Retreatment with TACE: the ABCR SCORE, an aid to the decision-making process. J Hepatol, 2015, 62(4): 855-862.
23. Arai Y, Takeuchi Y, Inaba Y, et al. Percutaneous catheter placement for hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol, 2007, 10(1): 30-37.
24. Hu J, Zhu X, Wang X, et al. Evaluation of percutaneous unilateral trans-femoral implantation of side-hole port-catheter system with coil only fixed-catheter-tip for hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy. Cancer Imaging, 2019, 19(1): 15. doi: 10.1186/s40644-019-0202-z.
25. Zheng K, Wang X. Techniques and status of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy for primary hepatobiliary cancers. Ther Adv Med Oncol, 2024, 16: 17588359231225040. doi: 10.1177/17588359231225040.
26. Chen S, Zhang K, Liu W, et al. Hepatic arterial infusion of oxaliplatin plus raltitrexed in patients with intermediate and advanced stage hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase Ⅱ, single-arm, prospective study. Eur J Cancer, 2020, 134: 90-98.
27. Lu H, Gao Y, Xia X, et al. RALOX-HAIC (raltitrexed + oxaliplatin) combined with lenvatinib improves survival and safety in elderly patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Cancer, 2025, 25(1): 882. doi: 10.1186/s12885-025-14274-x.
28. Wan J, Tang B, Zhang W, et al. Sequential HAIC-TACE combined with targeted and immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma: a quality improvement study. Int J Surg, 2025, 111(10): 6942-6960.
29. 葛乃建, 楊業發. 再論肝癌TACE與HAIC的聯合臨床應用. 介入放射學雜志, 2025, 34(2): 129-33.
30. Liu BJ, Gao S, Zhu X, et al. Sorafenib combined with embolization plus hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy for inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastrointest Oncol, 2020, 12(6): 663-676.
31. Zhong S, Zhang F, Zhang H, et al. Efficacy and safety of transarterial chemoembolization combined with hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy plus lenvatinib for intermediate-stage hepatocellular carcinoma beyond up-to-seven: a multicentre, retrospective propensity score matching analysis. J Hepatocell Carcinoma, 2025, 12: 445-458.
32. Gao S, Zhang PJ, Guo JH, et al. Chemoembolization alone vs combined chemoembolization and hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy in inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma patients. World J Gastroenterol, 2015, 21(36): 10443-10452.
33. Huang Z, Chen T, Li W, et al. Atezolizumab and bevacizumab plus transarterial chemoembolization and hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy for patients with high tumor burden unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a multi-center cohort study. Int Immunopharmacol, 2024, 139: 112711. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112711.
34. Liu BJ, Gao S, Zhu X, et al. Combination therapy of chemoembolization and hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis compared with chemoembolization alone: a propensity score-matched analysis. Biomed Res Int, 2021, 2021: 6670367. doi: 10.1155/2021/6670367.
35. Yuan Y, He W, Yang Z, et al. TACE-HAIC combined with targeted therapy and immunotherapy versus TACE alone for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumour thrombus: a propensity score matching study. Int J Surg, 2023, 109(5): 1222-1230.
36. Cai M, Liang L, Zhang J, et al. Lenvatinib plus drug-eluting bead transarterial chemoembolization with/without hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma larger than 7 cm with major portal vein tumor thrombosis: a multicenter retrospective cohort study. Int J Surg, 2024, 110(12): 7860-7870.
37. Liu B, Yin L, Chen Y, et al. Efficacy and safety of TACE-HAIC combined with tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors for the patients with BCLC-defined stage B-C HCC. Front Oncol, 2025, 15: 1615506. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2025.1615506.
38. Liu B, Gao S, Guo J, et al. Efficacy and safety of hepasphere drug-eluting bead transarterial chemoembolization combined with hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy as the second-line treatment in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatocell Carcinoma, 2024, 11: 477-488.
39. Sangro B, Kudo M, Erinjeri JP, et al. Durvalumab with or without bevacizumab with transarterial chemoembolisation in hepatocellular carcinoma (EMERALD-1): a multiregional, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study. Lancet, 2025, 405(10474): 216-232.
40. Kudo M, Ren Z, Guo Y, et al. Transarterial chemoembolisation combined with lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab versus dual placebo for unresectable, non-metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma (LEAP-012): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, phase 3 study. Lancet, 2025, 405(10474): 203-215.
41. Dong J, Han G, Ogasawara S, et al. LBA2 TALENTACE: a phase Ⅲ, open-label, randomized study of on-demand transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) combined with atezolizumab + bevacizumab (Atezo+Bev) or on-demand TACE alone in patients with systemically untreated, intermediate-to-high burden unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (uHCC). Ann Oncolo, 2025, 36(Supplement 1): S62. doi. org/10.1016/j. annonc. 2025.05. 542.

CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

TACE combined with HAIC for intermediate-advanced stage hepatocellular carcinoma: technical essential and clinical practice

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