細胞因子風暴與病毒性肺炎_Chinese Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

Authors：

李俏琦 ¹ , 楊茜 ¹ , 高玲 ¹ , 易成 ¹ ,  黃英 ²

1. ;
2. ;

Corresponding?author：

黃英, Email: huangying68@163.com

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DOI：

10.7507/1671-6205.202003033

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Citation： 李俏琦, 楊茜, 高玲, 易成, 黃英. 細胞因子風暴與病毒性肺炎. Chinese Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 2021, 20(1): 70-75. doi: 10.7507/1671-6205.202003033 Copy

1.	Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med, 2020, 382(8): 727-733.
2.	中國疾病預防控制中心. 新型冠狀病毒肺炎疫情分布[EB/OL]. [2020-12-22]. http://2019ncov.chinacdc.cn/2019-nCoV/global.html.
3.	張龍浩, 李柏宏, 賈鵬, 等. 新型冠狀病毒(SARS-CoV-2)的全球研究現狀分析. 生物醫學工程學雜志, 2020, 37(2): 236-249.
4.	中國臨床實驗注冊中心. [2020-12-22]. http://www.chictr.org.cn/searchproj.aspx?title=&officialname=&subjectid=&secondaryid=&applier=&studyleader=ðicalcommitteesanction=&sponsor=&studyailment=新型冠狀病毒肺炎&studyailmentcode=&studytype=0&studystage=0&studydesign=0&minstudyexecutetime=&maxstudyexecutetime=&recruitmentstatus=0&gender=0&agreetosign=&secsponsor=®no=®status=0&country=&province=&city=&institution=&institutionlevel=&measure=&intercode=&sourceofspends=&createyear=0&isuploadrf=&whetherpublic=&btngo=btn&verifycode=&page=1.
5.	國家衛生健康委辦公廳. 關于印發新型冠狀病毒肺炎診療方案(試行第八版)的通知[EB/OL]. [2020-12-22]. http://www.nhc.gov.cn/xcs/zhengcwj/202008/0a7bdf12bd4b46e5bd28ca7f9a7f5e5a.shtml.
6.	Dandachi D, Rodriguez-Barradas MC. Viral pneumonia: etiologies and treatment. J Invest Med, 2018, 66(6): 957-965.
7.	Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet, 2020, 395(10223): 497-506.
8.	Lee KY. Pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and early immune-modulator therapy. Int J Mol Sci, 2017, 18(2): 388.
9.	Tisoncik JR, Korth MJ, Simmons CP, et al. Into the eye of the cytokine storm. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev, 2012, 76(1): 16-32.
10.	曹雪濤, 姚智, 熊思東, 等. 醫學免疫學(第九版). 北京: 人民衛生出版社, 2018, 230.
11.	Shimabukuro-Vornhagen A, Godel P, Subklewe M, et al. Cytokine release syndrome. J Immunother Cancer, 2018, 6(1): 56.
12.	Huang KJ, Su IJ, Theron M, et al. An interferon-gamma-related cytokine storm in SARS patients. J Med Virol, 2005, 75(2): 185-194.
13.	Channappanavar R, Perlman S. Pathogenic human coronavirus infections: causes and consequences of cytokine storm and immunopathology. Semin Immunopathol, 2017, 39(5): 529-539.
14.	張競文, 胡欣, 金鵬飛. 新型冠狀病毒引起的細胞因子風暴及其藥物治療. 中國藥學雜志, 2020, 55(5): 333-336.
15.	Liu Q, Zhou YH, Yang ZQ. The cytokine storm of severe influenza and development of immunomodulatory therapy. Cell Mol Immunol, 2016, 13(1): 3-10.
16.	De Jong MD, Simmons CP, Thanh TT, et al. Fatal outcome of human influenza A (H5N1) is associated with high viral load and hypercytokinemia. Nat Med, 2006, 12(10): 1203-1207.
17.	Herold S, Steinmueller M, von Wulffen W, et al. Lung epithelial apoptosis in influenza virus pneumonia: the role of macrophage-expressed TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. J Exp Med, 2008, 205(13): 3065-3077.
18.	Rodrigue-Gervais I G, Labbe K, Dagenais M, et al. Cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein cIAP2 protects against pulmonary tissue necrosis during influenza virus infection to promote host survival. Cell Host Microbe, 2014, 15(1): 23-35.
19.	Channappanavar R, Fehr AR, Vijay R, et al. Dysregulated type Ⅰ interferon and inflammatory monocyte-macrophage responses cause lethal pneumonia in SARS-CoV-infected mice. Cell Host Microbe, 2016, 19(2): 181-193.
20.	Shinya K, Gao Y, Cilloniz C, et al. Integrated clinical, pathologic, virologic, and transcriptomic analysis of H5N1 influenza virus-induced viral pneumonia in the rhesus macaque. J Virol, 2012, 86(11): 6055-6066.
21.	Peiris JSM, Chu CM, Cheng VCC, et al. Clinical progression and viral load in a community outbreak of coronavirus-associated SARS pneumonia: a prospective study. Lancet, 2003, 361(9371): 1767-1772.
22.	Wong CK, Lam CW, Wu AK, et al. Plasma inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in severe acute respiratory syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol, 2004, 136(1): 95-103.
23.	Chien JY, Hsueh PR, Cheng WC, et al. Temporal changes in cytokine/chemokine profiles and pulmonary involvement in severe acute respiratory syndrome. Respirology, 2006, 11(6): 715-722.
24.	Zhang YC, Li J, Zhan YL, et al. Analysis of serum cytokines in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Infect Immun, 2004, 72(8): 4410-4415.
25.	Cameron MJ, Ran L, Xu L, et al. Interferon-mediated immunopathological events are associated with atypical innate and adaptive immune responses in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. J Virol, 2007, 81(16): 8692-706.
26.	祝邵俊, 黃文杰, 賴日權. 38 例 SARS 病例的臨床及病理特點分析. 熱帶醫學雜志, 2003, 2003(3): 271-274.
27.	Chu H, Zhou J, Wong BHY, et al. Productive replication of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in monocyte-derived dendritic cells modulates innate immune response. Virology, 2014, 454: 197-205.
28.	Zhou J, Chu H, Li C, et al. Active replication of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus and aberrant induction of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in human macrophages: implications for pathogenesis. J Infect Dis, 2014, 209(9): 1331-1342.
29.	Chu H, Zhou J, Wong BHY, et al. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus efficiently infects human primary T lymphocytes and activates the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways. J Infect Dis, 2016, 213(6): 904-914.
30.	Tynell J, Westenius V, Ronkko E, et al. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus shows poor replication but significant induction of antiviral responses in human monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells. J Gen Virol, 2016, 97(Pt 2): 344-355.
31.	Yeung ML, Yao YF, Jia LL, et al. MERS coronavirus induces apoptosis in kidney and lung by upregulating Smad7 and FGF2. Nat Microbiol, 2016, 1(3): 16004.
32.	Kim ES, Choe PG, Park WB, et al. Clinical progression and cytokine profiles of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection. J Korean Med Sci, 2016, 31(11): 1717-1725.
33.	Min CK, Cheon S, Ha NY, et al. Comparative and kinetic analysis of viral shedding and immunological responses in MERS patients representing a broad spectrum of disease severity. Sci Rep, 2016, 6: 2359.
34.	Alsaad KO, Hajeer AH, Al Balwi M, et al. Histopathology of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronovirus (MERS-CoV) infection - clinicopathological and ultrastructural study. Histopathology, 2018, 72(3): 516-524.
35.	陳蕾, 劉輝國, 劉威, 等. 2019 新型冠狀病毒肺炎 29 例臨床特征分析. 中華結核和呼吸雜志, 2020, 43(3): 203-208.
36.	Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y, et al. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med, 2020, 8(4): 420-422.
37.	Li CG, Yang PH, Sun Y, et al. IL-17 response mediates acute lung injury induced by the 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus. Cell Res, 2012, 22(3): 528-538.
38.	Wang W, Yang PH, Zhong Y, et al. Monoclonal antibody against CXCL-10/IP-10 ameliorates influenza A (H1N1) virus induced acute lung injury. Cell Res, 2013, 23(4): 577-580.
39.	Bermejo-Martin JF, de Lejarazu RO, Pumarola T, et al. Th1 and Th17 hypercytokinemia as early host response signature in severe pandemic influenza. Crit Care, 2009, 13(6): 2605-2615.
40.	Imai Y, Kuba K, Neely GG, et al. Identification of oxidative stress and toll-like receptor 4 signaling as a key pathway of acute lung injury. Cell, 2008, 133(2): 235-249.
41.	Huang F, Guo J, Zou Z, et al. Angiotensin Ⅱ plasma levels are linked to disease severity and predict fatal outcomes in H7N9-infected patients. Nat Commun, 2014, 5: 3595.
42.	Akiyama R, Komori I, Hiramoto R, et al. H1N1 influenza (swine flu)-associated thrombotic microangiopathy with a markedly high plasma ratio of von Willebrand factor to ADAMTS13. Intern Med, 2011, 50(6): 643-647.
43.	Auyeung TW, Lee JS, Lai WK, et al. The use of corticosteroid as treatment in SARS was associated with adverse outcomes: a retrospective cohort study. J Infect, 2005, 51(2): 98-102.
44.	Russell CD, Millar JE, Baillie JK. Clinical evidence does not support corticosteroid treatment for 2019-nCoV lung injury. Lancet, 2020, 395(10223): 473-475.
45.	羅偉, 魏茂剛, 魏海龍, 等. 重型新型冠狀病毒肺炎合并糖皮質激素誘導性糖尿病一例及糖皮質激素使用初探. 中國呼吸與危重監護雜志, 2020, 19(2): 176-180.
46.	Le RQ, Li L, Yuan WS, et al. FDA approval summary: tocilizumab for treatment of chimeric cntigen receptor T cell-induced severe or life-threatening cytokine release syndrome. Oncologist, 2018, 23(8): 943-947.
47.	Zou Y, Fan L, Xu W, et al. Progress of cytokine release syndrome caused by chimeric antigen receptor T-cell immunotherapy. J Leuk Lymph, 2017, 26(11): 697-701.
48.	Giavridis T, van der Stegen SJC, Eyquem J, et al. CAR T cell-induced cytokine release syndrome is mediated by macrophages and abated by IL-1 blockade. Nat Med, 2018, 24(6): 731-738.
49.	劉廣洋, 鄭力搏, 王皓, 等. 間充質干細胞治療新型冠狀病毒肺炎的研究. 藥物評價研究, 2020, 43(3): 372-377.
50.	Loy H, Kuok DIT, Hui KPY, et al. Therapeutic implications of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells in attenuating influenza A(H5N1) virus-associated acute lung injury. J Infect Dis, 2019, 219(2): 186-196.
51.	Cheng Y, Wong R, Soo YOY, et al. Use of convalescent plasma therapy in SARS patients in Hong Kong. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 2005, 24(1): 44-46.
52.	Hung IFN, To KKW, Lee CK, et al. Convalescent plasma treatment reduced mortality in patients with severe pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus infection. Clin Infect Dis, 2011, 52(4): 447-456.
53.	Walsh KB, Teijaro JR, Wilker PR, et al. Suppression of cytokine storm with a sphingosine analog provides protection against pathogenic influenza virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2011, 108(29): 12018-12023.
54.	Geiler J, Michaelis M, Naczk P, et al. N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) inhibits virus replication and expression of pro-inflammatory molecules in A549 cells infected with highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza A virus. Biochem Pharmacol, 2010, 79(3): 413-420.
55.	Bassaganya-Riera J, Song R, Roberts PC, et al. PPAR-gamma activation as an anti-inflammatory therapy for respiratory virus infections. Viral Immunol, 2010, 23(4): 343-352.
56.	Carey MA, Bradbury JA, Rebolloso YD, et al. Pharmacologic inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 in influenza a viral infection in mice. PLoS One, 2010, 5(7): e11610.
57.	程韶, 舒冰, 趙東峰, 等. 基于炎癥–氧化應激角度探討中藥對新型冠狀病毒肺炎的干預作用. 世界科學技術–中醫藥現代化, 2020, 22(2): 289-295.
58.	何黎黎, 龔普陽, 封玥, 等. 中藥在抗新型冠狀病毒肺炎(COVID-19)引起的細胞因子風暴中的應用分析. 中草藥, 2020, 51(6): 1375-1385.

1. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med, 2020, 382(8): 727-733.
2. 中國疾病預防控制中心. 新型冠狀病毒肺炎疫情分布[EB/OL]. [2020-12-22]. http://2019ncov.chinacdc.cn/2019-nCoV/global.html.
3. 張龍浩, 李柏宏, 賈鵬, 等. 新型冠狀病毒(SARS-CoV-2)的全球研究現狀分析. 生物醫學工程學雜志, 2020, 37(2): 236-249.
4. 中國臨床實驗注冊中心. [2020-12-22]. http://www.chictr.org.cn/searchproj.aspx?title=&officialname=&subjectid=&secondaryid=&applier=&studyleader=ðicalcommitteesanction=&sponsor=&studyailment=新型冠狀病毒肺炎&studyailmentcode=&studytype=0&studystage=0&studydesign=0&minstudyexecutetime=&maxstudyexecutetime=&recruitmentstatus=0&gender=0&agreetosign=&secsponsor=®no=®status=0&country=&province=&city=&institution=&institutionlevel=&measure=&intercode=&sourceofspends=&createyear=0&isuploadrf=&whetherpublic=&btngo=btn&verifycode=&page=1.
5. 國家衛生健康委辦公廳. 關于印發新型冠狀病毒肺炎診療方案(試行第八版)的通知[EB/OL]. [2020-12-22]. http://www.nhc.gov.cn/xcs/zhengcwj/202008/0a7bdf12bd4b46e5bd28ca7f9a7f5e5a.shtml.
6. Dandachi D, Rodriguez-Barradas MC. Viral pneumonia: etiologies and treatment. J Invest Med, 2018, 66(6): 957-965.
7. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet, 2020, 395(10223): 497-506.
8. Lee KY. Pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and early immune-modulator therapy. Int J Mol Sci, 2017, 18(2): 388.
9. Tisoncik JR, Korth MJ, Simmons CP, et al. Into the eye of the cytokine storm. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev, 2012, 76(1): 16-32.
10. 曹雪濤, 姚智, 熊思東, 等. 醫學免疫學(第九版). 北京: 人民衛生出版社, 2018, 230.
11. Shimabukuro-Vornhagen A, Godel P, Subklewe M, et al. Cytokine release syndrome. J Immunother Cancer, 2018, 6(1): 56.
12. Huang KJ, Su IJ, Theron M, et al. An interferon-gamma-related cytokine storm in SARS patients. J Med Virol, 2005, 75(2): 185-194.
13. Channappanavar R, Perlman S. Pathogenic human coronavirus infections: causes and consequences of cytokine storm and immunopathology. Semin Immunopathol, 2017, 39(5): 529-539.
14. 張競文, 胡欣, 金鵬飛. 新型冠狀病毒引起的細胞因子風暴及其藥物治療. 中國藥學雜志, 2020, 55(5): 333-336.
15. Liu Q, Zhou YH, Yang ZQ. The cytokine storm of severe influenza and development of immunomodulatory therapy. Cell Mol Immunol, 2016, 13(1): 3-10.
16. De Jong MD, Simmons CP, Thanh TT, et al. Fatal outcome of human influenza A (H5N1) is associated with high viral load and hypercytokinemia. Nat Med, 2006, 12(10): 1203-1207.
17. Herold S, Steinmueller M, von Wulffen W, et al. Lung epithelial apoptosis in influenza virus pneumonia: the role of macrophage-expressed TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. J Exp Med, 2008, 205(13): 3065-3077.
18. Rodrigue-Gervais I G, Labbe K, Dagenais M, et al. Cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein cIAP2 protects against pulmonary tissue necrosis during influenza virus infection to promote host survival. Cell Host Microbe, 2014, 15(1): 23-35.
19. Channappanavar R, Fehr AR, Vijay R, et al. Dysregulated type Ⅰ interferon and inflammatory monocyte-macrophage responses cause lethal pneumonia in SARS-CoV-infected mice. Cell Host Microbe, 2016, 19(2): 181-193.
20. Shinya K, Gao Y, Cilloniz C, et al. Integrated clinical, pathologic, virologic, and transcriptomic analysis of H5N1 influenza virus-induced viral pneumonia in the rhesus macaque. J Virol, 2012, 86(11): 6055-6066.
21. Peiris JSM, Chu CM, Cheng VCC, et al. Clinical progression and viral load in a community outbreak of coronavirus-associated SARS pneumonia: a prospective study. Lancet, 2003, 361(9371): 1767-1772.
22. Wong CK, Lam CW, Wu AK, et al. Plasma inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in severe acute respiratory syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol, 2004, 136(1): 95-103.
23. Chien JY, Hsueh PR, Cheng WC, et al. Temporal changes in cytokine/chemokine profiles and pulmonary involvement in severe acute respiratory syndrome. Respirology, 2006, 11(6): 715-722.
24. Zhang YC, Li J, Zhan YL, et al. Analysis of serum cytokines in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Infect Immun, 2004, 72(8): 4410-4415.
25. Cameron MJ, Ran L, Xu L, et al. Interferon-mediated immunopathological events are associated with atypical innate and adaptive immune responses in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. J Virol, 2007, 81(16): 8692-706.
26. 祝邵俊, 黃文杰, 賴日權. 38 例 SARS 病例的臨床及病理特點分析. 熱帶醫學雜志, 2003, 2003(3): 271-274.
27. Chu H, Zhou J, Wong BHY, et al. Productive replication of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in monocyte-derived dendritic cells modulates innate immune response. Virology, 2014, 454: 197-205.
28. Zhou J, Chu H, Li C, et al. Active replication of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus and aberrant induction of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in human macrophages: implications for pathogenesis. J Infect Dis, 2014, 209(9): 1331-1342.
29. Chu H, Zhou J, Wong BHY, et al. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus efficiently infects human primary T lymphocytes and activates the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways. J Infect Dis, 2016, 213(6): 904-914.
30. Tynell J, Westenius V, Ronkko E, et al. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus shows poor replication but significant induction of antiviral responses in human monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells. J Gen Virol, 2016, 97(Pt 2): 344-355.
31. Yeung ML, Yao YF, Jia LL, et al. MERS coronavirus induces apoptosis in kidney and lung by upregulating Smad7 and FGF2. Nat Microbiol, 2016, 1(3): 16004.
32. Kim ES, Choe PG, Park WB, et al. Clinical progression and cytokine profiles of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection. J Korean Med Sci, 2016, 31(11): 1717-1725.
33. Min CK, Cheon S, Ha NY, et al. Comparative and kinetic analysis of viral shedding and immunological responses in MERS patients representing a broad spectrum of disease severity. Sci Rep, 2016, 6: 2359.
34. Alsaad KO, Hajeer AH, Al Balwi M, et al. Histopathology of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronovirus (MERS-CoV) infection - clinicopathological and ultrastructural study. Histopathology, 2018, 72(3): 516-524.
35. 陳蕾, 劉輝國, 劉威, 等. 2019 新型冠狀病毒肺炎 29 例臨床特征分析. 中華結核和呼吸雜志, 2020, 43(3): 203-208.
36. Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y, et al. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med, 2020, 8(4): 420-422.
37. Li CG, Yang PH, Sun Y, et al. IL-17 response mediates acute lung injury induced by the 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus. Cell Res, 2012, 22(3): 528-538.
38. Wang W, Yang PH, Zhong Y, et al. Monoclonal antibody against CXCL-10/IP-10 ameliorates influenza A (H1N1) virus induced acute lung injury. Cell Res, 2013, 23(4): 577-580.
39. Bermejo-Martin JF, de Lejarazu RO, Pumarola T, et al. Th1 and Th17 hypercytokinemia as early host response signature in severe pandemic influenza. Crit Care, 2009, 13(6): 2605-2615.
40. Imai Y, Kuba K, Neely GG, et al. Identification of oxidative stress and toll-like receptor 4 signaling as a key pathway of acute lung injury. Cell, 2008, 133(2): 235-249.
41. Huang F, Guo J, Zou Z, et al. Angiotensin Ⅱ plasma levels are linked to disease severity and predict fatal outcomes in H7N9-infected patients. Nat Commun, 2014, 5: 3595.
42. Akiyama R, Komori I, Hiramoto R, et al. H1N1 influenza (swine flu)-associated thrombotic microangiopathy with a markedly high plasma ratio of von Willebrand factor to ADAMTS13. Intern Med, 2011, 50(6): 643-647.
43. Auyeung TW, Lee JS, Lai WK, et al. The use of corticosteroid as treatment in SARS was associated with adverse outcomes: a retrospective cohort study. J Infect, 2005, 51(2): 98-102.
44. Russell CD, Millar JE, Baillie JK. Clinical evidence does not support corticosteroid treatment for 2019-nCoV lung injury. Lancet, 2020, 395(10223): 473-475.
45. 羅偉, 魏茂剛, 魏海龍, 等. 重型新型冠狀病毒肺炎合并糖皮質激素誘導性糖尿病一例及糖皮質激素使用初探. 中國呼吸與危重監護雜志, 2020, 19(2): 176-180.
46. Le RQ, Li L, Yuan WS, et al. FDA approval summary: tocilizumab for treatment of chimeric cntigen receptor T cell-induced severe or life-threatening cytokine release syndrome. Oncologist, 2018, 23(8): 943-947.
47. Zou Y, Fan L, Xu W, et al. Progress of cytokine release syndrome caused by chimeric antigen receptor T-cell immunotherapy. J Leuk Lymph, 2017, 26(11): 697-701.
48. Giavridis T, van der Stegen SJC, Eyquem J, et al. CAR T cell-induced cytokine release syndrome is mediated by macrophages and abated by IL-1 blockade. Nat Med, 2018, 24(6): 731-738.
49. 劉廣洋, 鄭力搏, 王皓, 等. 間充質干細胞治療新型冠狀病毒肺炎的研究. 藥物評價研究, 2020, 43(3): 372-377.
50. Loy H, Kuok DIT, Hui KPY, et al. Therapeutic implications of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells in attenuating influenza A(H5N1) virus-associated acute lung injury. J Infect Dis, 2019, 219(2): 186-196.
51. Cheng Y, Wong R, Soo YOY, et al. Use of convalescent plasma therapy in SARS patients in Hong Kong. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 2005, 24(1): 44-46.
52. Hung IFN, To KKW, Lee CK, et al. Convalescent plasma treatment reduced mortality in patients with severe pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus infection. Clin Infect Dis, 2011, 52(4): 447-456.
53. Walsh KB, Teijaro JR, Wilker PR, et al. Suppression of cytokine storm with a sphingosine analog provides protection against pathogenic influenza virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2011, 108(29): 12018-12023.
54. Geiler J, Michaelis M, Naczk P, et al. N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) inhibits virus replication and expression of pro-inflammatory molecules in A549 cells infected with highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza A virus. Biochem Pharmacol, 2010, 79(3): 413-420.
55. Bassaganya-Riera J, Song R, Roberts PC, et al. PPAR-gamma activation as an anti-inflammatory therapy for respiratory virus infections. Viral Immunol, 2010, 23(4): 343-352.
56. Carey MA, Bradbury JA, Rebolloso YD, et al. Pharmacologic inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 in influenza a viral infection in mice. PLoS One, 2010, 5(7): e11610.
57. 程韶, 舒冰, 趙東峰, 等. 基于炎癥–氧化應激角度探討中藥對新型冠狀病毒肺炎的干預作用. 世界科學技術–中醫藥現代化, 2020, 22(2): 289-295.
58. 何黎黎, 龔普陽, 封玥, 等. 中藥在抗新型冠狀病毒肺炎(COVID-19)引起的細胞因子風暴中的應用分析. 中草藥, 2020, 51(6): 1375-1385.

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