- 1. Shantou University, Shantou 515000, China;
- 2. Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518000, China;
CAO Dezhi,
Email: caodezhi888@aliyun.com
With the progress of genetic testing technology, a large proportion of genes associated with epilepsy are revealed. And these genes are often linked to drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE), for which surgical treatment can be an important intervention. This article reviews the progress of surgical treatment for gene-related epilepsy and focuses on influence factors of surgical outcomes, including timing of surgery, extent of lesion resection, and preoperative assessment methods. Through early surgical intervention, some patients with specific gene mutations (eg. TSC), can significantly improve neural development and control epilepsy greatly while some patients with other gene mutations (eg. SCN1A) have less favorable outcomes. Individualized preoperative assessment, accurate localization of the epileptogenic zone, and complete resection of the lesion are key to good prognosis. Although current studies are mostly based on small sample sizes, the existing evidence provides a theoretical foundation for the advancement of epilepsy surgery toward more precise approaches.
Copyright ? the editorial department of Journal of Epilepsy of West China Medical Publisher. All rights reserved
| 1. | 林華, 王玉平, 李莉萍, 等. 藥物難治性癲癇89例術前評估適應證再探討. 中國全科醫學, 2010, 13(23): 2609-2611. |
| 2. | Clinical overview: epilepsy in children. https://www.clinicalkey.com. |
| 3. | 郭毅. KIF1A基因突變在癲癇中的作用和機制研究. 重慶: 重慶醫科大學, 2020, 碩士學位論文. |
| 4. | 李字林, 胡文瀚, 張凱. 癲癇外科常見病理類型體細胞突變研究進展. 中國現代神經疾病雜志, 2023, 23(2): 115-123. |
| 5. | 郭林靄, 樸月善. 皮質發育畸形的分型及遺傳學最新研究進展. 中華神經科雜志, 2023, 56(3): 344-350. |
| 6. | 楊皓翔, 張彥可, 孔慶霞. 局灶性皮質發育不良遺傳學研究進展. 中國神經精神疾病雜志, 2019, 45(10): 623-627. |
| 7. | 陸蓉蓉, 趙瑞. 兒童局灶性皮質發育不良發病機制的分子生物學研究進展. 中華神經外科雜志, 2022, 38(4): 420-423. |
| 8. | Yao K, Duan Z, Zhou J, et al. Clinical and immunohistochemical characteristics of type II and type I focal cortical dysplasia. Oncotarget, 2016, 7(47): 76415-76422. |
| 9. | Lai D, Gade M, Yang E, et al. Somatic variants in diverse genes leads to a spectrum of focal cortical malformations. Brain J Neurol, 2022, 145(8): 2704-2720. |
| 10. | Sanders MWCB, Koeleman BPC, Brilstra EH, et al. Somatic variant analysis of resected brain tissue in epilepsy surgery patients. Epilepsia, 2024, 65(12): e209-e215. |
| 11. | Ferri L, Menghi V, Licchetta L, et al. Detection of somatic and germline pathogenic variants in adult cohort of drug-resistant focal epilepsies. Epilepsy Behav EB, 2024, 153: 109716. |
| 12. | Stevelink R, Sanders MW, Tuinman MP, et al. Epilepsy surgery for patients with genetic refractory epilepsy: a systematic review. Epileptic Disord Int Epilepsy J Videotape, 2018, 20(2): 99-115. |
| 13. | Macdonald-Laurs E, Leventer RJ. ILAE genetic literacy series: focal cortical dysplasia. Epileptic Disord Int Epilepsy J Videotape, 2025, 27(1): 1-8. |
| 14. | Macdonald-Laurs E, Warren AEL, Lee WS, et al. Intrinsic and secondary epileptogenicity in focal cortical dysplasia type II. Epilepsia, 2023, 64(2): 348-363. |
| 15. | Macdonald-Laurs E, Warren AEL, Francis P, et al. The clinical, imaging, pathological and genetic landscape of bottom-of-sulcus dysplasia. Brain J Neurol, 2024, 147(4): 1264-1277. |
| 16. | Wang H, Liu W, Zhang Y, et al. Seizure features and outcomes in 50 children with GATOR1 variants: a retrospective study, more favorable for epilepsy surgery. Epilepsia Open, 2023, 8(3): 969-979. |
| 17. | Baldassari S, Picard F, Verbeek NE, et al. The landscape of epilepsy-related GATOR1 variants. Genet Med Off J Am Coll Med Genet, 2019, 21(2): 398-408. |
| 18. | Sahly AN, Whitney R, Costain G, et al. Epilepsy surgery outcomes in patients with GATOR1 gene complex variants: Report of new cases and review of literature. Seizure, 2023, 107: 13-20. |
| 19. | Weckhuysen S, Marsan E, Lambrecq V, et al. Involvement of GATOR complex genes in familial focal epilepsies and focal cortical dysplasia. Epilepsia, 2016, 57(6): 994-1003. |
| 20. | Oane I, Barborica A, Daneasa A, et al. Organization of the epileptogenic zone and signal analysis at seizure onset in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy due to focal cortical dysplasia with mTOR pathway gene mutations-An SEEG study. Epilepsia Open, 2023, 8(4): 1588-1595. |
| 21. | McGinley C, Teti S, Hofmann K, et al. Seizure control outcomes following resection of cortical dysplasia in patients with depdc5 variants: a systematic review and individual patient data analysis. Neuropediatrics, 2024, 55(1): 1-8. |
| 22. | 孫宇, 王若凡, 于昊, 等. GATOR1復合體突變相關腦皮質發育畸形所致兒童藥物難治性癲癇的手術療效觀察. 中華神經外科雜志, 2024, 40(2): 119-125. |
| 23. | Specchio N, Pepi C, de Palma L, et al. Surgery for drug-resistant tuberous sclerosis complex-associated epilepsy: who, when, and what. Epileptic Disord Int Epilepsy J Videotape, 2021, 23(1): 53-73. |
| 24. | Moavero R, Cerminara C, Curatolo P. Epilepsy secondary to tuberous sclerosis: lessons learned and current challenges. Childs Nerv Syst ChNS Off J Int Soc Pediatr Neurosurg, 2010, 26(11): 1495-1504. |
| 25. | Curatolo P, Jó?wiak S, Nabbout R. Management of epilepsy associated with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC): clinical recommendations. Eur J Paediatr Neurol EJPN Off J Eur Paediatr Neurol Soc, 2012, 16(6): 582-586. |
| 26. | 張冰清, 王海祥, 豐倩, 等. 立體定向腦電圖在結節性硬化癥相關難治性癲癇中的定位價值及預后影響因素分析. 中華實用兒科臨床雜志, 2024, 39(11): 837-841. |
| 27. | Serletis D, MacDonald C, Xu Q, et al. Hemispherectomy for hemimegalencephaly in a 6. 5-week-old infant with tuberous sclerosis complex. Childs Nerv Syst ChNS Off J Int Soc Pediatr Neurosurg, 2022, 38(7): 1415-1419. |
| 28. | 賀晶, 周文靜, 史潔, 等. 外周血基因陰性的結節性硬化難治性癲癇患者總結與分析. 癲癇雜志, 2024, 10(4): 295-298. |
| 29. | Barba C, Blumcke I, Winawer MR, et al. Clinical features, neuropathology, and surgical outcome in patients with refractory epilepsy and brain somatic variants in the SLC35A2 gene. Neurology, 2023, 100(5): e528-e542. |
| 30. | Gaballa A, Woermann FG, Cloppenborg T, et al. Clinical characteristics and postoperative seizure outcome in patients with mild malformation of cortical development and oligodendroglial hyperplasia. Epilepsia, 2021, 62(12): 2920-2931. |
| 31. | Mendes Coelho VC, Morita-Sherman M, Yasuda CL, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging findings and clinical characteristics in mild malformation of cortical development with oligodendroglial hyperplasia and epilepsy in a predominantly adult cohort. Epilepsia, 2021, 62(6): 1429-1441. |
| 32. | Bonduelle T, Hartlieb T, Baldassari S, et al. Frequent SLC35A2 brain mosaicism in mild malformation of cortical development with oligodendroglial hyperplasia in epilepsy (MOGHE). Acta Neuropathol Commun, 2021, 9(1): 3. |
| 33. | Hino-Fukuyo N, Kikuchi A, Iwasaki M, et al. Dramatic response after functional hemispherectomy in a patient with epileptic encephalopathy carrying a de novo COL4A1 mutation. Brain Dev, 2017, 39(4): 337-340. |
| 34. | Fearns N, Wagner M, Borggr?fe I, et al. Good outcome of resective epilepsy surgery in a 1-year-old child with drug-resistant focal epilepsy with a novel pathogenic COL4A1 mutation. Neuropediatrics, 2024, 55(4): 255-259. |
| 35. | Zagaglia S, Selch C, Nisevic JR, et al. Neurologic phenotypes associated with COL4A1/2 mutations: expanding the spectrum of disease. Neurology, 2018, 91(22): e2078-e2088. |
| 36. | 劉愛杰, 張月華. 原鈣黏蛋白19(PCDH19)基因相關癲癇研究進展. 中華實用兒科臨床雜志, 2017, 32(24): 1908-1911. |
| 37. | 廖彩時, 康慶云, 王苗, 等. PCDH19基因相關癲癇的臨床表型及抗癲癇治療效果分析. 癲癇與神經電生理學雜志, 2021, 30(5): 300-305. |
| 38. | Smith L, Singhal N, El Achkar CM, et al. PCDH19-related epilepsy is associated with a broad neurodevelopmental spectrum. Epilepsia, 2018, 59(3): 679-689. |
| 39. | 郎長會, 雷文婷, 李娟, 等. PCDH19基因變異相關癲癇3例報告. 癲癇與神經電生理學雜志, 2020, 29(6): 374-377. |
| 40. | Simmons R, Singhal N, Sullivan J, et al. Epilepsy surgery as a treatment option for select patients with PCDH19-related epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav, 2023, 149: 109517. |
| 41. | Nagarajan L, Ghosh S, Dyke J, et al. Epilepsy surgery in PCDH 19 related developmental and epileptic encephalopathy: a case report. Epilepsy Behav Rep, 2022, 19: 100560. |
| 42. | 趙嬌嬌, 武運紅, 趙晶晶. KCNQ2基因相關癲癇研究進展. 卒中與神經疾病, 2024, 31(6): 596-600. |
| 43. | 屈曉旋, 謝涵, 姜玉武. KCNQ2基因相關癲癇: 一種譜系疾病. 中國醫師雜志, 2017, 19(8): 1134-1138. |
| 44. | Yamamoto A, Saito Y, Oyama Y, et al. Effect of total callosotomy on KCNQ2-related intractable epilepsy. Brain Dev, 2020, 42(8): 612-616. |
| 45. | Straka B, Koblí?ek M, Splítková B, et al. A 5-year-old boy with super-refractory status epilepticus and RANBP2 variant warranting life-saving hemispherotomy. Epilepsia Open, 2024, 9(1): 424-431. |
| 46. | Neilson DE, Adams MD, Orr CMD, et al. Infection-triggered familial or recurrent cases of acute necrotizing encephalopathy caused by mutations in a component of the nuclear pore, RANBP2. Am J Hum Genet, 2009, 84(1): 44-51. |
| 47. | Tiefes AM, Hartlieb T, Tacke M, et al. Mesial temporal sclerosis in SCN1A-related epilepsy: two long-term EEG case studies. Clin EEG Neurosci, 2019, 50(4): 267-272. |
| 48. | Vezyroglou A, Varadkar S, Bast T, et al. Focal epilepsy in SCN1A-mutation carrying patients: is there a role for epilepsy surgery? Dev Med Child Neurol, 2020, 62(11): 1331-1335. |
| 49. | Barba C, Parrini E, Coras R, et al. Co-occurring malformations of cortical development and SCN1A gene mutations. Epilepsia, 2014, 55(7): 1009-1019. |
| 50. | Skjei KL, Church EW, Harding BN, et al. Clinical and histopathological outcomes in patients with SCN1A mutations undergoing surgery for epilepsy. J Neurosurg Pediatr, 2015, 16(6): 668-674. |
| 51. | Moloney PB, Dugan P, Widdess-Walsh P, et al. Genomics in the presurgical epilepsy evaluation. Epilepsy Res, 2022, 184: 106951. |
| 52. | Rubboli G, Plazzi G, Picard F, et al. Mild malformations of cortical development in sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy due to KCNT1 mutations. Ann Clin Transl Neurol, 2019, 6(2): 386-391. |
| 53. | Kakkar A, Majumdar A, Kumar A, et al. Alterations in BRAF gene, and enhanced mTOR and MAPK signaling in dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors (DNTs). Epilepsy Res, 2016, 127: 141-151. |
| 54. | Liu Q, Cai L, Sun Y, et al. Epilepsy outcome and pathology analysis for ganglioglioma: a series of 51 pediatric patients. Pediatr Neurol, 2023, 149: 127-133. |
| 55. | Xie M, Wang X, Qiao J, et al. The clinical and pathological features of low-grade epilepsy-associated glioneuronal tumors. Sci Rep, 2022, 12(1): 18163. |
| 56. | 張曉磊, 董生, 郭嘉禾, 等. 兒童藥物難治性癲癇外科治療現狀. 中國現代神經疾病雜志, 2024, 24(10): 802-806. |
- 1. 林華, 王玉平, 李莉萍, 等. 藥物難治性癲癇89例術前評估適應證再探討. 中國全科醫學, 2010, 13(23): 2609-2611.
- 2. Clinical overview: epilepsy in children. https://www.clinicalkey.com.
- 3. 郭毅. KIF1A基因突變在癲癇中的作用和機制研究. 重慶: 重慶醫科大學, 2020, 碩士學位論文.
- 4. 李字林, 胡文瀚, 張凱. 癲癇外科常見病理類型體細胞突變研究進展. 中國現代神經疾病雜志, 2023, 23(2): 115-123.
- 5. 郭林靄, 樸月善. 皮質發育畸形的分型及遺傳學最新研究進展. 中華神經科雜志, 2023, 56(3): 344-350.
- 6. 楊皓翔, 張彥可, 孔慶霞. 局灶性皮質發育不良遺傳學研究進展. 中國神經精神疾病雜志, 2019, 45(10): 623-627.
- 7. 陸蓉蓉, 趙瑞. 兒童局灶性皮質發育不良發病機制的分子生物學研究進展. 中華神經外科雜志, 2022, 38(4): 420-423.
- 8. Yao K, Duan Z, Zhou J, et al. Clinical and immunohistochemical characteristics of type II and type I focal cortical dysplasia. Oncotarget, 2016, 7(47): 76415-76422.
- 9. Lai D, Gade M, Yang E, et al. Somatic variants in diverse genes leads to a spectrum of focal cortical malformations. Brain J Neurol, 2022, 145(8): 2704-2720.
- 10. Sanders MWCB, Koeleman BPC, Brilstra EH, et al. Somatic variant analysis of resected brain tissue in epilepsy surgery patients. Epilepsia, 2024, 65(12): e209-e215.
- 11. Ferri L, Menghi V, Licchetta L, et al. Detection of somatic and germline pathogenic variants in adult cohort of drug-resistant focal epilepsies. Epilepsy Behav EB, 2024, 153: 109716.
- 12. Stevelink R, Sanders MW, Tuinman MP, et al. Epilepsy surgery for patients with genetic refractory epilepsy: a systematic review. Epileptic Disord Int Epilepsy J Videotape, 2018, 20(2): 99-115.
- 13. Macdonald-Laurs E, Leventer RJ. ILAE genetic literacy series: focal cortical dysplasia. Epileptic Disord Int Epilepsy J Videotape, 2025, 27(1): 1-8.
- 14. Macdonald-Laurs E, Warren AEL, Lee WS, et al. Intrinsic and secondary epileptogenicity in focal cortical dysplasia type II. Epilepsia, 2023, 64(2): 348-363.
- 15. Macdonald-Laurs E, Warren AEL, Francis P, et al. The clinical, imaging, pathological and genetic landscape of bottom-of-sulcus dysplasia. Brain J Neurol, 2024, 147(4): 1264-1277.
- 16. Wang H, Liu W, Zhang Y, et al. Seizure features and outcomes in 50 children with GATOR1 variants: a retrospective study, more favorable for epilepsy surgery. Epilepsia Open, 2023, 8(3): 969-979.
- 17. Baldassari S, Picard F, Verbeek NE, et al. The landscape of epilepsy-related GATOR1 variants. Genet Med Off J Am Coll Med Genet, 2019, 21(2): 398-408.
- 18. Sahly AN, Whitney R, Costain G, et al. Epilepsy surgery outcomes in patients with GATOR1 gene complex variants: Report of new cases and review of literature. Seizure, 2023, 107: 13-20.
- 19. Weckhuysen S, Marsan E, Lambrecq V, et al. Involvement of GATOR complex genes in familial focal epilepsies and focal cortical dysplasia. Epilepsia, 2016, 57(6): 994-1003.
- 20. Oane I, Barborica A, Daneasa A, et al. Organization of the epileptogenic zone and signal analysis at seizure onset in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy due to focal cortical dysplasia with mTOR pathway gene mutations-An SEEG study. Epilepsia Open, 2023, 8(4): 1588-1595.
- 21. McGinley C, Teti S, Hofmann K, et al. Seizure control outcomes following resection of cortical dysplasia in patients with depdc5 variants: a systematic review and individual patient data analysis. Neuropediatrics, 2024, 55(1): 1-8.
- 22. 孫宇, 王若凡, 于昊, 等. GATOR1復合體突變相關腦皮質發育畸形所致兒童藥物難治性癲癇的手術療效觀察. 中華神經外科雜志, 2024, 40(2): 119-125.
- 23. Specchio N, Pepi C, de Palma L, et al. Surgery for drug-resistant tuberous sclerosis complex-associated epilepsy: who, when, and what. Epileptic Disord Int Epilepsy J Videotape, 2021, 23(1): 53-73.
- 24. Moavero R, Cerminara C, Curatolo P. Epilepsy secondary to tuberous sclerosis: lessons learned and current challenges. Childs Nerv Syst ChNS Off J Int Soc Pediatr Neurosurg, 2010, 26(11): 1495-1504.
- 25. Curatolo P, Jó?wiak S, Nabbout R. Management of epilepsy associated with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC): clinical recommendations. Eur J Paediatr Neurol EJPN Off J Eur Paediatr Neurol Soc, 2012, 16(6): 582-586.
- 26. 張冰清, 王海祥, 豐倩, 等. 立體定向腦電圖在結節性硬化癥相關難治性癲癇中的定位價值及預后影響因素分析. 中華實用兒科臨床雜志, 2024, 39(11): 837-841.
- 27. Serletis D, MacDonald C, Xu Q, et al. Hemispherectomy for hemimegalencephaly in a 6. 5-week-old infant with tuberous sclerosis complex. Childs Nerv Syst ChNS Off J Int Soc Pediatr Neurosurg, 2022, 38(7): 1415-1419.
- 28. 賀晶, 周文靜, 史潔, 等. 外周血基因陰性的結節性硬化難治性癲癇患者總結與分析. 癲癇雜志, 2024, 10(4): 295-298.
- 29. Barba C, Blumcke I, Winawer MR, et al. Clinical features, neuropathology, and surgical outcome in patients with refractory epilepsy and brain somatic variants in the SLC35A2 gene. Neurology, 2023, 100(5): e528-e542.
- 30. Gaballa A, Woermann FG, Cloppenborg T, et al. Clinical characteristics and postoperative seizure outcome in patients with mild malformation of cortical development and oligodendroglial hyperplasia. Epilepsia, 2021, 62(12): 2920-2931.
- 31. Mendes Coelho VC, Morita-Sherman M, Yasuda CL, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging findings and clinical characteristics in mild malformation of cortical development with oligodendroglial hyperplasia and epilepsy in a predominantly adult cohort. Epilepsia, 2021, 62(6): 1429-1441.
- 32. Bonduelle T, Hartlieb T, Baldassari S, et al. Frequent SLC35A2 brain mosaicism in mild malformation of cortical development with oligodendroglial hyperplasia in epilepsy (MOGHE). Acta Neuropathol Commun, 2021, 9(1): 3.
- 33. Hino-Fukuyo N, Kikuchi A, Iwasaki M, et al. Dramatic response after functional hemispherectomy in a patient with epileptic encephalopathy carrying a de novo COL4A1 mutation. Brain Dev, 2017, 39(4): 337-340.
- 34. Fearns N, Wagner M, Borggr?fe I, et al. Good outcome of resective epilepsy surgery in a 1-year-old child with drug-resistant focal epilepsy with a novel pathogenic COL4A1 mutation. Neuropediatrics, 2024, 55(4): 255-259.
- 35. Zagaglia S, Selch C, Nisevic JR, et al. Neurologic phenotypes associated with COL4A1/2 mutations: expanding the spectrum of disease. Neurology, 2018, 91(22): e2078-e2088.
- 36. 劉愛杰, 張月華. 原鈣黏蛋白19(PCDH19)基因相關癲癇研究進展. 中華實用兒科臨床雜志, 2017, 32(24): 1908-1911.
- 37. 廖彩時, 康慶云, 王苗, 等. PCDH19基因相關癲癇的臨床表型及抗癲癇治療效果分析. 癲癇與神經電生理學雜志, 2021, 30(5): 300-305.
- 38. Smith L, Singhal N, El Achkar CM, et al. PCDH19-related epilepsy is associated with a broad neurodevelopmental spectrum. Epilepsia, 2018, 59(3): 679-689.
- 39. 郎長會, 雷文婷, 李娟, 等. PCDH19基因變異相關癲癇3例報告. 癲癇與神經電生理學雜志, 2020, 29(6): 374-377.
- 40. Simmons R, Singhal N, Sullivan J, et al. Epilepsy surgery as a treatment option for select patients with PCDH19-related epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav, 2023, 149: 109517.
- 41. Nagarajan L, Ghosh S, Dyke J, et al. Epilepsy surgery in PCDH 19 related developmental and epileptic encephalopathy: a case report. Epilepsy Behav Rep, 2022, 19: 100560.
- 42. 趙嬌嬌, 武運紅, 趙晶晶. KCNQ2基因相關癲癇研究進展. 卒中與神經疾病, 2024, 31(6): 596-600.
- 43. 屈曉旋, 謝涵, 姜玉武. KCNQ2基因相關癲癇: 一種譜系疾病. 中國醫師雜志, 2017, 19(8): 1134-1138.
- 44. Yamamoto A, Saito Y, Oyama Y, et al. Effect of total callosotomy on KCNQ2-related intractable epilepsy. Brain Dev, 2020, 42(8): 612-616.
- 45. Straka B, Koblí?ek M, Splítková B, et al. A 5-year-old boy with super-refractory status epilepticus and RANBP2 variant warranting life-saving hemispherotomy. Epilepsia Open, 2024, 9(1): 424-431.
- 46. Neilson DE, Adams MD, Orr CMD, et al. Infection-triggered familial or recurrent cases of acute necrotizing encephalopathy caused by mutations in a component of the nuclear pore, RANBP2. Am J Hum Genet, 2009, 84(1): 44-51.
- 47. Tiefes AM, Hartlieb T, Tacke M, et al. Mesial temporal sclerosis in SCN1A-related epilepsy: two long-term EEG case studies. Clin EEG Neurosci, 2019, 50(4): 267-272.
- 48. Vezyroglou A, Varadkar S, Bast T, et al. Focal epilepsy in SCN1A-mutation carrying patients: is there a role for epilepsy surgery? Dev Med Child Neurol, 2020, 62(11): 1331-1335.
- 49. Barba C, Parrini E, Coras R, et al. Co-occurring malformations of cortical development and SCN1A gene mutations. Epilepsia, 2014, 55(7): 1009-1019.
- 50. Skjei KL, Church EW, Harding BN, et al. Clinical and histopathological outcomes in patients with SCN1A mutations undergoing surgery for epilepsy. J Neurosurg Pediatr, 2015, 16(6): 668-674.
- 51. Moloney PB, Dugan P, Widdess-Walsh P, et al. Genomics in the presurgical epilepsy evaluation. Epilepsy Res, 2022, 184: 106951.
- 52. Rubboli G, Plazzi G, Picard F, et al. Mild malformations of cortical development in sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy due to KCNT1 mutations. Ann Clin Transl Neurol, 2019, 6(2): 386-391.
- 53. Kakkar A, Majumdar A, Kumar A, et al. Alterations in BRAF gene, and enhanced mTOR and MAPK signaling in dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors (DNTs). Epilepsy Res, 2016, 127: 141-151.
- 54. Liu Q, Cai L, Sun Y, et al. Epilepsy outcome and pathology analysis for ganglioglioma: a series of 51 pediatric patients. Pediatr Neurol, 2023, 149: 127-133.
- 55. Xie M, Wang X, Qiao J, et al. The clinical and pathological features of low-grade epilepsy-associated glioneuronal tumors. Sci Rep, 2022, 12(1): 18163.
- 56. 張曉磊, 董生, 郭嘉禾, 等. 兒童藥物難治性癲癇外科治療現狀. 中國現代神經疾病雜志, 2024, 24(10): 802-806.