Etiology and Epidemiological Trend of Thyroid Nodule_CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

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于曉會 , 單忠艷

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甲狀腺結節; 流行病學; 病因

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Citation： 于曉會,單忠艷. Etiology and Epidemiological Trend of Thyroid Nodule. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY, 2011, 18(8): 800-802. doi: Copy

1.	Tunbridge WMG, Evered DC, Hall R, et al. The spectrum of thyroid disease in a community: the Whickham survey [J]. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 1977, 7(6):481493.
2.	Vander JB, Gaston EA, Dawber TR. The significance of nontoxic thyroid nodules. Final report of a 15year study of the incidence of thyroid malignancy [J]. Ann Intern Med, 1968, 69(3): 537540.
3.	Tan GH, Gharib H. Thyroid incidentalomas: management approaches to nonpalpable nodules discovered incidentally on thyroid imaging [J]. Ann Intern Med, 1997, 126(3): 226231.
4.	Ghassi D, Donato A. Evaluation of the thyroid nodule [J]. Postgrad Med J, 2009, 85(1002): 190195.
5.	Knudsen N, Bülow I, Jorgensen T, et al. Goitre prevalence and thyroid abnormalities at ultrasonography: a comparative epidemiological study in two regions with slightly different iodine status [J]. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 2000, 53(4): 479485.
6.	Hintze G, Windeler J, Baumert J, et al. Thyroid volume and goitre prevalence in the elderly as determined by ultrasound and their relationships to laboratory indices [J]. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh), 1991, 124(1): 1218.
7.	Knudsen N, Perrild H, Christiansen E, et al. Thyroid structure and size and twoyear followup of solitary cold thyroid nodules in an unselected population with borderline iodine deficiency [J]. Eur J Endocrinol, 2000, 142(3): 224230.
8.	Vlzke H, Lüdemann J, Robinson DM, et al. The prevalence of undiagnosed thyroid disorders in a previously iodinedeficient area [J]. Thyroid, 2003, 13(8): 803810.
9.	胡鳳楠，滕曉春，滕衛平，等．不同碘攝入量地區居民甲狀腺腫和甲狀腺結節的流行病學對比研究 [J]．中國地方病學雜志， 2002， 21（6）： 464467．.
10.	Azizi G, Malchoff CD. Autoimmune thyroid disease: a risk factor for thyroid cancer [J]. Endocr Pract, 2011, 17(2): 201209.
11.	Jazbec J, Ec′〖〗imovic′〖〗 P, Jereb B. Second neoplasms after treatment of childhood cancer in slovenia [J]. Pediatr Blood Cancer, 2004, 42(7): 574581.
12.	Szabolcs I, Podoba J, Feldkamp J, et al. Comparative screening for thyroid disorders in old age in areas of iodine deficiency, longterm iodine prophylaxis and abundant iodine intake [J]. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 1997, 47(1): 8792.
13.	Teng W, Shan Z, Teng X, et al. Effect of iodine intake on thyroid diseases in China [J]. N Engl J Med, 2006, 354(26): 27832793.
14.	Jemal A, Siegel R, Xu J, et al. Cancer statistics, 2010 [J]. CA Cancer J Clin, 2009, 60(5): 277300.
15.	Davies L, Welch HG. Increasing incidence of thyroid cancer in the United States, 19732002 [J]. JAMA, 2006, 295(18): 21642167.
16.	Erdogan MF, Gursoy A, Erdogan G. Natural course of benign thyroid nodules in a moderately iodinedeficient area [J]. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 2006, 65(6): 767771.
17.	Gozu HI, Bircan R, Krohn K, et al. Similar prevalence of somatic TSH receptor and Gsalpha mutations in toxic thyroid nodules in geographical regions with different iodine supply in Turkey [J]. Eur J Endocrinol, 2006, 155(4): 535545.
18.	Eszlinger M, Krohn K, Kratzsch J, et al. Growth factor expression in cold and hot thyroid nodules [J]. Thyroid, 2001, 11(2): 125135.
19.	Scipioni A, Ferretti E, Soda G, et al. hNIS protein in thyroid: the iodine supply influences its expression and localization [J]. Thyroid, 2007, 17(7): 613618.
20.	Rasmussen LB, Schomburg L, Khrle J, et al. Selenium status,thyroid volume,and multiple nodule formation in an area with mild iodine deficiency [J]. Eur J Endocrinol, 2011, 164(4): 585590.
21.	Schonfeld SJ, Lee C, Berrington de González A. Medical exposure to radiation and thyroid cancer [J]. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol), 2011, 23(4): 244250.
22.	Belfiore A, Giuffrida D, La GR, et al. High frequency of cancer in cold thyroid nodules occurring at young age [J]. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh), 1989, 121(2): 197202.
23.	Bartalena L, Bogazzi F, Tanda ML, et al. Cigarette smoking and the thyroid [J]. Eur J Endocrinol, 1995, 133(5): 507512.
24.	Bertelsen JB, Hegedüs L. Cigarette smoking and the thyroid [J]. Thyroid, 1994, 4(3): 327331.
25.	Fukayama H, Nasu M, Murakami S, et al. Examination of antithyroid effects of smoking products in cultured thyroid follicles: only thiocyanate is a potent antithyroid agent [J]. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh), 1992, 127(6): 520525.
26.	Hart P, Farrell GC, Cooksley WG, et al. Enhanced drug metabolism in cigarette smokers [J]. Br Med J, 1976, 2(6028): 147149.
27.	Sepkovic DW, Haley NJ, Wynder EL. Thyroid activity in cigarette smokers [J]. Arch Intern Med, 1984, 144(3): 501503.
28.	Knudsen N, Bülow I, Laurberg P, et al. Alcohol consumption is associated with reduced prevalence of goitre and solitary thyroid nodules [J]. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 2001, 55(1): 4146.
29.	Karger S, Schtz S, Stumvoll M, et al. Impact of pregnancy on prevalence of goitre and nodular thyroid disease in women living in a region of borderline sufficient iodine supply [J]. Horm Metab Res, 2010, 42(2): 137142.

1. Tunbridge WMG, Evered DC, Hall R, et al. The spectrum of thyroid disease in a community: the Whickham survey [J]. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 1977, 7(6):481493.
2. Vander JB, Gaston EA, Dawber TR. The significance of nontoxic thyroid nodules. Final report of a 15year study of the incidence of thyroid malignancy [J]. Ann Intern Med, 1968, 69(3): 537540.
3. Tan GH, Gharib H. Thyroid incidentalomas: management approaches to nonpalpable nodules discovered incidentally on thyroid imaging [J]. Ann Intern Med, 1997, 126(3): 226231.
4. Ghassi D, Donato A. Evaluation of the thyroid nodule [J]. Postgrad Med J, 2009, 85(1002): 190195.
5. Knudsen N, Bülow I, Jorgensen T, et al. Goitre prevalence and thyroid abnormalities at ultrasonography: a comparative epidemiological study in two regions with slightly different iodine status [J]. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 2000, 53(4): 479485.
6. Hintze G, Windeler J, Baumert J, et al. Thyroid volume and goitre prevalence in the elderly as determined by ultrasound and their relationships to laboratory indices [J]. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh), 1991, 124(1): 1218.
7. Knudsen N, Perrild H, Christiansen E, et al. Thyroid structure and size and twoyear followup of solitary cold thyroid nodules in an unselected population with borderline iodine deficiency [J]. Eur J Endocrinol, 2000, 142(3): 224230.
8. Vlzke H, Lüdemann J, Robinson DM, et al. The prevalence of undiagnosed thyroid disorders in a previously iodinedeficient area [J]. Thyroid, 2003, 13(8): 803810.
9. 胡鳳楠，滕曉春，滕衛平，等．不同碘攝入量地區居民甲狀腺腫和甲狀腺結節的流行病學對比研究 [J]．中國地方病學雜志， 2002， 21（6）： 464467．.
10. Azizi G, Malchoff CD. Autoimmune thyroid disease: a risk factor for thyroid cancer [J]. Endocr Pract, 2011, 17(2): 201209.
11. Jazbec J, Ec′〖〗imovic′〖〗 P, Jereb B. Second neoplasms after treatment of childhood cancer in slovenia [J]. Pediatr Blood Cancer, 2004, 42(7): 574581.
12. Szabolcs I, Podoba J, Feldkamp J, et al. Comparative screening for thyroid disorders in old age in areas of iodine deficiency, longterm iodine prophylaxis and abundant iodine intake [J]. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 1997, 47(1): 8792.
13. Teng W, Shan Z, Teng X, et al. Effect of iodine intake on thyroid diseases in China [J]. N Engl J Med, 2006, 354(26): 27832793.
14. Jemal A, Siegel R, Xu J, et al. Cancer statistics, 2010 [J]. CA Cancer J Clin, 2009, 60(5): 277300.
15. Davies L, Welch HG. Increasing incidence of thyroid cancer in the United States, 19732002 [J]. JAMA, 2006, 295(18): 21642167.
16. Erdogan MF, Gursoy A, Erdogan G. Natural course of benign thyroid nodules in a moderately iodinedeficient area [J]. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 2006, 65(6): 767771.
17. Gozu HI, Bircan R, Krohn K, et al. Similar prevalence of somatic TSH receptor and Gsalpha mutations in toxic thyroid nodules in geographical regions with different iodine supply in Turkey [J]. Eur J Endocrinol, 2006, 155(4): 535545.
18. Eszlinger M, Krohn K, Kratzsch J, et al. Growth factor expression in cold and hot thyroid nodules [J]. Thyroid, 2001, 11(2): 125135.
19. Scipioni A, Ferretti E, Soda G, et al. hNIS protein in thyroid: the iodine supply influences its expression and localization [J]. Thyroid, 2007, 17(7): 613618.
20. Rasmussen LB, Schomburg L, Khrle J, et al. Selenium status,thyroid volume,and multiple nodule formation in an area with mild iodine deficiency [J]. Eur J Endocrinol, 2011, 164(4): 585590.
21. Schonfeld SJ, Lee C, Berrington de González A. Medical exposure to radiation and thyroid cancer [J]. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol), 2011, 23(4): 244250.
22. Belfiore A, Giuffrida D, La GR, et al. High frequency of cancer in cold thyroid nodules occurring at young age [J]. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh), 1989, 121(2): 197202.
23. Bartalena L, Bogazzi F, Tanda ML, et al. Cigarette smoking and the thyroid [J]. Eur J Endocrinol, 1995, 133(5): 507512.
24. Bertelsen JB, Hegedüs L. Cigarette smoking and the thyroid [J]. Thyroid, 1994, 4(3): 327331.
25. Fukayama H, Nasu M, Murakami S, et al. Examination of antithyroid effects of smoking products in cultured thyroid follicles: only thiocyanate is a potent antithyroid agent [J]. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh), 1992, 127(6): 520525.
26. Hart P, Farrell GC, Cooksley WG, et al. Enhanced drug metabolism in cigarette smokers [J]. Br Med J, 1976, 2(6028): 147149.
27. Sepkovic DW, Haley NJ, Wynder EL. Thyroid activity in cigarette smokers [J]. Arch Intern Med, 1984, 144(3): 501503.
28. Knudsen N, Bülow I, Laurberg P, et al. Alcohol consumption is associated with reduced prevalence of goitre and solitary thyroid nodules [J]. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 2001, 55(1): 4146.
29. Karger S, Schtz S, Stumvoll M, et al. Impact of pregnancy on prevalence of goitre and nodular thyroid disease in women living in a region of borderline sufficient iodine supply [J]. Horm Metab Res, 2010, 42(2): 137142.

CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Etiology and Epidemiological Trend of Thyroid Nodule

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