Search

The Application of Propofol in the Patients after Surgical Operation in Intensive Care Unit

【摘要】 目的 觀察丙泊酚在重癥監護室（ICU） 外科術后對患者的鎮靜效果及作用。 方法 2006年7月-2008年7月，對行外科手術后在ICU觀察室采用丙泊酚鎮靜的45例患者的鎮靜效果、停藥蘇醒時間及給藥前后呼吸、循環參數的變化進行觀察，并與治療前進行比較。 結果 丙泊酚鎮靜起效快，鎮靜治療后大多數患者開始血壓有所下降（Plt;0.05）但不久恢復正常，所有患者心率、呼吸頻率、血氧飽和度無明顯變化（Pgt;0.05），停藥后蘇醒快。 結論 丙泊酚是外科術后患者較理想的鎮靜劑，但應根據患者情況調整給藥速度、劑量及時間。 【Abstract】 Objective To observe the sedative effect of propofol on the patients after surgical operations in intensive care unit (ICU). Methods Forty-five patients underwent the injection with propofol after surgical operations in ICU from July 2006 to July 2008. The sedative efficacy, recovery time after the propofol administration, and changes of respiratory, circulate parameter before and after medication were observed, which were compared with those before the treatment. Results The sedative reactive time of propofol was short. Most of the patients had decreased blood pressure after injection with propofol (Plt;0.05) but recovered soon. The heart rate, respiratory rate, and pulse oxygen saturation did not significantly changed (Pgt;0.05). The recovery time was short after propofol administration was stopped. Conclusion Propofol is an effective sedative for the patients after surgical operations in ICU, but the medicated speed, amount and time according to state of the patients should be adjusted.

EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA COMBINED WITH PROPOFOL IN LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY（REPORT OF 850 CASES）

目的 評價硬膜外麻醉合用丙泊酚用于腹腔鏡膽囊切除術的可行性。方法 擇期行腹腔鏡膽囊切除術患者850例，經T 9～10椎間隙行硬脊膜外腔穿刺置管，給予常規劑量的2%利多卡因或0.75%布比卡因，氣腹前靜脈注射丙泊酚1～2 mg/kg,直至患者意識消失，繼以10 mg/(kg·h)維持麻醉深度。結果 全組850例患者術中麻醉效果好，腹肌松弛，意識消失后避免了氣腹引起的牽扯反射，停止使用丙泊酚10 min左右時間，大部分患者即恢復呼喚反應。 結論 硬膜外麻醉合用丙泊酚用于腹腔鏡膽囊切除術是一種效果很好的臨床麻醉方法。

Sedative Effect of Dexmedetomidine versus Propofol on Postoperative Patients in ICU: A Systematic Review

Objective To evaluate the sedative and analgesic efficacy and adverse effect of dexmedetomidine versus propofol on the postoperative patients in intensive care unit (ICU). Methods The relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were searched in The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, PubMed, SCI, SpringerLinker, ScinceDirect, CNKI, VIP, WanFang Data and CBM from the date of their establishment to November 2011. The quality of the included studies was evaluated after the data were extracted by two reviewers independently, and then the meta-analysis was performed by using RevMan 5.1. Results Ten RCTs involoving 793 cases were included. The qualitative analysis results showed: within a certain range of dosage as dexmedetomidine: 0.2-2.5 μg/(kg·h), and propofol: 0.8-4 mg/(kg·h), dexmedetomidine was similar to propofol in sedative effect, but dexmedetomidine group needed smaller dosage of supplemental analgesics during the period of sedative therapy. The results of meta-analysis showed: the percentage of patients needing supplemental analgesics in dexmedetomidine group was less than that in propofol group during the period of sedative therapy (OR=0.24, 95%CI 0.08 to 0.68, P=0.008). Compared with the propofol group, the duration of ICU stay was significantly shorter in the dexmedetomidine group (WMD= –1.10, 95%CI –1.88 to –0.32, P=0.006), but the mechanical ventilated time was comparable between the two groups (WMD=0.89, 95%CI –1.15 to 2.93, P=0.39); the incidence of adverse effects had no significant difference between two groups (bradycardia: OR=3.57, 95%CI 0.86 to 14.75, P=0.08; hypotension: OR=1.00, 95%CI 0.30 to 3.32, P=1.00); respiratory depression seemed to be more frequently in propofol group, which however needed further study. Mortalities were similar in both groups after the sedative therapy (OR=1.03, 95%CI 0.54 to 1.99, P=0.92). Conclusion Within an exact range of dosage, dexmedetomidine is comparable with propofol in sedative effect. Besides, it has analgesic effect, fewer adverse effects and fewer occurrences of respiratory depression, and it can save the extra dosage of analgesics and shorten ICU stay. Still, more larger-sample, multi-center RCTs are needed to provide more evidence to support this outcome.

丙泊酚注射液致無痛胃腸鏡檢查過敏護理一例

Application of Combined Spinal Epidural Anesthesia Plus Propofol in Cesarean Section

目的:觀察丙泊酚靜脈泵注復合腰硬聯合麻醉于剖宮產術中的可行性及安全性。方法:50例ASA I~II級行擇期剖宮產術產婦,于L2-3行腰硬聯合麻醉,確定麻醉平面為T4-6,取出胎兒后靜脈緩推丙泊酚1mg/kg,然后2~4mg·kg-1·h-1靜脈泵入,連續監測平均動脈壓,心率,血氧飽和度,呼吸頻率。結果:腰硬聯合麻醉及靜脈推注負荷劑量丙泊酚后平均動脈壓降低,但無臨床意義。余心率,氧飽和度,呼吸頻率各時點無統計學差異。結論:丙泊酚復合腰硬聯合麻醉用于剖宮產術患者生命體征平穩,鎮靜效果良好。

Application of Rapid Preoxygenation Technique in Outpatient Obstetrics-gynecology Operations

Objective　To investigate the preventive effect of rapid preoxygenation technique on hypoxia caused by respiratory depression during outpatient obstetrics-gynecology operations. Methods　According to a computer-generated random sequence, a total of 120 ASA I-II patients undergoing outpatient obstetrics-gynecology operations were randomly allocated into the trial group or the control group, 60 in each group. Patients in the control group received preoxygenation with tidal volume breathing. Patients in the trial group received preoxygenation with eight deep breaths (DB) in 1 min before anesthesia. All patients were induced with midazolam 1 mg, fentanyl 1μg /kg and propofol 2 mg/kg, and were maintained with propofol when needed. The following parameters were observed, including the incidences of respiratory depression and apnea, the onset time of anesthesia, the total doses of propofol as well as the changes in PetCO2 and SpO2. Results　No significant differences were observed in demographic characteristics, the onset time of anesthesia, the total doses of propofol, and the incidences of respiratory depression and apnea between the two groups (P gt;0.05). However, the SpO2 in the control group was decreased significantly with a higher incidence of hypoxia (Plt;0.05). Conclusions　Rapid preoxygenation technique may increase the oxygen reserves and improve the tolerance to hypoxia. It is effective in avoiding hypoxia caused by respiratory depression and apnea during outpatient obstetrics-gynecology operations.

Remifentanil Combined with Propofol for Painless Colonoscopy in Patients Awake

目的　探討丙泊酚復合瑞芬太尼在患者清醒狀態下實施無痛腸鏡法的可行性。 方法　2011年7月－2012年7月，將160例行無痛腸鏡檢查的患者隨機分為兩組: A組用芬太尼復合丙泊酚麻醉,其中男38例，女42例，平均年齡（48 ± 16）歲，平均體重（53.37 ± 9.5）kg；B組以阿托品0.25～0.5 mg緩慢靜脈注射，繼而以瑞芬太尼+丙泊酚復合液緩慢靜脈滴注，使患者保持清醒狀態，其中男43例，女37例，平均年齡（49 ± 15）歲，平均體重（54.26 ± 8.3）kg。觀察兩組患者檢查中血壓、心率、呼吸、血氧飽和度變化，檢查中體動反應，檢查后蘇醒時間、定向力恢復、行走時間、離室時間，以及對檢查過程的記憶情況。 結果　兩組患者均能順利完成檢查，術中記憶率均低，差異無統計學意義（P＞0.05）。A組患者循環改變、心動過緩、低氧血癥、以及體動反應明顯高于B組（P＜0.05），B組患者蘇醒時間、定向力恢復、行走時間、離室時間，明顯短于A組（P＜0.05）。 結論　 瑞芬太尼-丙泊酚復合液伍用阿托品能夠安全應用于患者清醒狀態下實施的無痛腸鏡檢查，具有良好的臨床推廣價值。

Clinical Research on Constant Infusion of Propofol for Conscious Sedation under Combined Spinal-epidural Anesthesia

【摘要】　目的　探討腰硬聯合麻醉復合丙泊酚恒速輸注清醒鎮靜的可行性、理想的藥物劑量、術中知曉情況以及麻醉質量和效果。　方法　收集2009年3-12月480例美國麻醉醫師協會（ASA）Ⅰ～Ⅲ級擬在腰硬聯合麻醉下行下腹部、會陰部、下肢手術的患者480例，隨機分為咪達唑侖組（M組）、丙泊酚Ⅰ組（PA組）、丙泊酚Ⅱ組（PB組）、丙泊酚Ⅲ組（PC組），每組各120例。四組患者均于腰2-3或腰3-4行腰硬聯合麻醉，蛛網膜下腔注入輕比重0.2 %布比卡因12～15 mg，麻醉平面確切后，M組予以咪達唑侖0.04~0.06 mg/kg，PA組先予以負荷量丙泊酚0.50 mg/kg再以2.00 mg/（kg?h）劑量持續泵注，PB組予以負荷量丙泊酚0.75 mg/kg再以3.00 mg/（kg?h）劑量持續泵注，PC組予以負荷量丙泊酚1.00 mg/kg再以3.75 mg/（kg?h）劑量持續泵注。觀察患者給藥前（T0）、給藥1（T1）、3（T2）、5（T3）、10（T4）、30（T5）、60 min（T6）各時點血流動力學平均動脈血壓（MAP）、心率（HR）的變化、腦電雙頻指數（BIS）值及鎮靜評分、術中所看到的圖片的回憶及不良反應。　結果　各組在給予鎮靜藥后MAP、HR均有所下降，但測量值的變化在正常范圍內；在T3時間點，各組BIS值及鎮靜/警醒OAA/S評分降低，與T0比較，差異有統計學意義（Plt;0.05）；與其他3組比較，在T4、T5、T6時點PC組BIS值與OAA/S評分降低，差異有統計學意義（Plt;0.05），PC組的鎮靜遺忘滿意率高于其他3組；各組間未見發生嚴重的舌后墜、呼吸暫停和血氧飽和度（SpO2）lt;90%。　結論　在下腹部、下肢手術中，應用腰硬聯合麻醉復合1.00 mg/kg負荷量的丙泊酚繼而以3.75 mg/（kg?h）劑量持續泵注，可取得良好的鎮靜效果，不良反應小。【Abstract】　Objective　To investigate the feasibility, ideal dose, intra-operative awareness as well as the quality and effectiveness of constant infusion of propofol under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia (CSEA) for conscious sedation.　Methods　A total of 480 patients at ASA grade Ⅰ-Ⅲ to be operated in the lower abdomen, perineum and lower limbs under CSEA from March to December 2009 were randomly divided into four groups: midazolam group (M group), propofol group Ⅰ (PA group), propofol group Ⅱ (PB group), and propofol group Ⅲ (PC group), with 120 patients in each group. All four groups of patients underwent CSEA at L2-3 or L3-4 and accepted pinal injection of 12-15 mg of 0.2% hypobaric bupivacaine. After the anesthetic plane was confirmed, patients in M group accepted 0.04-0.06 mg/kg of midazolam; patients in PA group accepted propofol at a loading dose of 0.50 mg/kg followed by continuous infusion at a dose of 2.00 mg/(kg?h); patients in PB group accepted propofol at a loading dose of 0.75 mg/kg followed by continuous infusion at a dose of 3.00 mg/(kg?h); patients in PC group accepted propofol at a loading dose of 1.00 mg/kg followed by continuous infusion at a dose of 3.75 mg/(kg?h). The change of hemodynamics including the mean arterial pressure (MAP) and the heart rate (HR), bispectral index (BIS) values, sedation scores, memory of pictures seen during operation and adverse effects before drug administration (T0), at minute 1 (T1), 3 (T2), 5 (T3), 10 (T4), 30 (T5) and 60 (T6) after drug administration were observed.　Results　MAP and HR decreased in all the four groups after administration of sedatives, but the changes of measured values were within normal ranges. BIS value and the Observer’s Assessment of Alertness and Sedation (OAA/S) scale decreased in all groups at T3, compared with those at T0 (Plt;0.05). Compared with the other 3 groups, BIS valueand OAA/S scale were significantly lower in PC group at T4, T5 and T6 (Plt;0.05), and the satisfaction rate of sedation and amnesia was much higher. No serious glossocoma, apnea and SpO2 below 90% was observed in all the four groups.　Conclusion　During the surgery of lower abdomen and lower limbs, application of CSEA combined with propofol at a loading dose of 1.00 mg/kg followed by continuous infusion at a dose of 3.75 mg/(kg?h) can achieve a good sedative effect, with little side effect.

Efficacy and Safety of Flurbiprofen Axetil for Clinical Analgesic Effect: A Meta-analysis

Objective　To evaluate the efficacy and safety of COX inhibitor flurbiprofen axetil in relieving propofol injection pain and preemptive analgesia after general anesthesia. Methods　Databases such as PubMed, CBM, Springer, Ovid, CNKI and ISI were searched to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) about flurbiprofen axetil in relieving propofol injection pain and preemptive analgesia after general anesthesia published from 2000 to 2010. The methodological quality of the included RCTs was assessed and the data were extracted according to the Cochrane Handbook 5.0.1. Meta-analysis was performed by using RevMan 4.2.10 software. Results　A total of 15 RCTs involving 1 425 patients were included. The results of meta-analyses showed that: a) Relieving propofol injection pain: Compared with the placebo group, flurbiprofen axetil could prevent the propofol injection pain (RR=3.13, 95%CI 1.08 to 9.11, P=0.04), and relieve the moderate and severe pain in injecting propofol (RR=0.57, 95%CI 0.40 to 0.81, P=0.002; RR=0.14, 95%CI 0.05 to 0.34, Plt;0.000 1, respectively), but there were no significant differences in relieving mild pain between the two groups; b) Preemptive analgesia: the visual analog scale (VAS) of post-operation at 2-hour (WMD= –2.25, 95%CI –4.20 to –0.29, P=0.02), 4-hour (WMD= –1.99, 95%CI –3.19 to –0.79, P=0.001), 8-hour (WMD= –1.39, 95%CI –1.86 to –0.93, Plt;0.000 01) and 12-hour (WMD= –2.70, 95%CI –4.73 to –0.68, P=0.009) was decreased when flurbiprofen axetil was injected before the operation, but there were no significant differences in VAS of post-operation at 48-hour between the two groups. When flurbiprofen axetil was injected at the end of the operation, VAS of post-operation at 12-hour (WMD= –0.94, 95%CI –1.73 to –0.16, P=0.02) was decreased, but there were no significant differences in VAS of post-operation at 24-hour between the two groups; flurbiprofen axetil could lessen the need for opioid analgesics (RR=0.47, 95%CI 0.27 to 0.82, P=0.008); and c) Safety: there were no significant differences in postoperative nausea, vomit and somnolence between the two groups. Conclusion　Flurbiprofen axetil can significantly prevent or relieve the propofol injection pain; flurbiprofen axetil injected before operation can relieve post-operative pain at 2-, 4-, 8- and 12-hour; flurbiprofen axetil injected at the end of the operation can relieve post-operative pain at 12-hour. Yet more RCTs are required to discuss its effects on nausea, vomit and somnolence.

Application of Bispectral Index in Pediatric Anesthesia

目的　研究腦電雙頻指數（BIS）在小兒麻醉中的應用，為BIS在小兒臨床麻醉上的廣泛應用及提高小兒麻醉的安全性提供依據。 方法　2011年1月－3月擬行腹部外科手術的患兒60例，男39例，女21例；年齡1～4歲，美國麻醉醫師協會分級Ⅰ～Ⅱ級，隨機分為兩組，每組各30例。S組：七氟醚、瑞芬太尼和維庫溴銨維持麻醉；P組：丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼和維庫溴銨維持麻醉。采用BIS監測麻醉深度，將BIS控制在50 ± 5，記錄麻醉誘導前到手術探查期間不同時點的血流動力學參數及蘇醒、拔管時間。 結果　手術過程中P組血壓及心率明顯低于麻醉前水平（P＜0.05）。S組蘇醒迅速、完全，蘇醒時間與P組比較差異有統計學意義（P＜0.05）。S組的血流動力學穩定性優于P組，蘇醒時間、拔管時間相對較短。麻醉誘導前兩組的BIS值均為97 ± 1，意識消失時的BIS值為71 ± 2。BIS值為50 ± 5時，結果顯示手術過程中（T4、T5、T6、T7）兩組的心率、血壓都很平穩。 結論　BIS作為小兒麻醉鎮靜深度的監測指標有臨床意義。