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Application of Remifentanil Combined with Propofol and Remifentanil Combined with Etomidate for General Anesthesia During Gynecologic Laparoscopy

目的:比較瑞芬太尼聯合異丙酚或依托咪酯全麻在腹腔鏡婦科手術中的臨床效果。方法:擇期腹腔鏡婦科手術80例,隨機分成瑞芬太尼異丙酚組(RP組)和瑞芬太尼依托咪酯組(RE組),各40例。兩組全麻誘導用藥相同,維持麻醉RP組采用瑞芬太尼聯合異丙酚、RE組采用瑞芬太尼聯合依托咪酯。記錄基礎值、誘導后、插管后1 min、3 min、氣腹時、氣腹后10、20、30、40 min的動脈收縮壓(SBP)、舒張壓(DBP)、心率(HR);記錄停藥至自主呼吸恢復、睜眼、拔除氣管導管、恢復定向能力的時間;記錄清醒即刻及清醒后1、2、4、8、12、16、20、24 h患者疼痛程度,采用VAS評分;記錄24 h內不良反應發生情況。 結果: 兩組SBP、DBP均在誘導后明顯低于基礎值(Plt;001), 插管后恢復,氣腹開始后趨于平穩;兩組HR均在誘導后減慢(Plt;001),插管后及氣腹開始時恢復。RP組自主呼吸恢復、呼之能睜眼、拔除氣管導管及恢復定向能力的時間均明顯短于RE組(Plt;001)。麻醉清醒即刻、清醒后1、2、4、8 h VAS評分RE組明顯低于RP組(Plt;005),12、16、20、24 h VAS評分兩組比較無顯著性差異(Pgt;005)。術后發生惡心嘔吐患者數RP組明顯減少(Plt;005)。 結論:全麻行腹腔鏡婦科手術時,瑞芬太尼聯合異丙酚或依托咪酯都能緩解氣腹及手術引起的血流動力學變化,瑞芬太尼聯合異丙酚術后蘇醒快且能明顯降低術后惡心嘔吐的發生率,但術后疼痛較為嚴重。

Protective effect of etomidate on cultured retinal ganglion cells with mechanical injury in vitro

ObjectiveTo observe the protective effect of etomidate (ET) on cultured retinal ganglion cells (RGC) with mechanical injury in vitro. MethodsNew Sprague-Dawley rat RGC was cultured in vitro and identified by double immunofluorescent labeling of Thy1.1 and microtubule associated protein 2. The cultured primary cells were randomly divided into control group, RGC scratch group, ET low dose group (1 μmol/L), ET medium dose group (5 μmol/L) and ET high dose group (10 μmol/L). The RGC mechanical injury model was established by using iris knife to culture cells in RGC scratch group and ET group with different concentration. Seven days after modeling, the RGC survival rate of each group was detected by cell count Kit 8 proliferation assay. The apoptosis rate of RGC was detected by Annexin Ⅴ/propyl iodide double staining. Single factor analysis of variance was used to compare the groups. The pairwise comparison between groups was tested by the least significant difference method. ResultsThe survival rates of RGC in RGC scratch group, ET low dose group, ET medium dose group and ET high dose group were (72.60±2.97)%, (73.73±1.14)%, (79.19±1.79)% and (83.88±0.94)%, respectively. The RGC apoptosis rates of control group, RGC scratch group, ET low dose group, ET medium dose group and ET high dose group were (5.08±0.17)%, (18.67±1.24)%, (17.96±0.74)%, (15.11± 0.56)% and (11.67±1.32)%, respectively. Comparison of RGC survival rate between groups: compared with RGC scratch group, the cell survival rate of ET low-dose group, ET medium-dose group and ET high-dose group was increased, and the difference between RGC scratch group and ET low-dose group was not statistically significant (P=0.728); the differences between RGC scratch group, ET medium dose group and ET high dose group were statistically significant (P＜0.001); the difference between ET medium dose group and ET high dose group was statistically significant (P=0.002). Comparison of apoptosis rate of RGC among groups: the apoptosis rate of RGC scratch group was significantly higher than that of control group, the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.001). Compared with RGC scratch group, the apoptosis rate of ET low-dose group, ET medium-dose group and ET high-dose group was decreased, and there was no statistical significance between RGC scratch group and ET low-dose group (P=0.869). The differences of apoptosis rate between RGC scratch group, ET medium dose group and ET high dose group were statistically significant (P＜0.05). The difference of apoptosis rate between ET medium dose group and ET high dose group was statistically significant (P=0.007). ConclusionET has neuroprotective effect on RGC cultured in vitro with mechanical injury, and the protective effect increases with the increase of ET dose in a certain range.

圍手術期肌陣攣發作一例

The Association of BIS and HRV in TargetControlled Infusion of Etomidate Used in Fasttracking Anesthesia of the Elderly

目的:研究老年患者依托咪酯靶控輸注時不同BIS值(腦電雙頻指數)的HRV(心率變異性)的變化情況,探討不同鎮靜深度與HRV之間的關系。方法:選擇65歲以上行門診胃鏡檢查患者30例,隨機分為3組,A組BIS45~55,B組55~65,C組65~75,各組均在麻醉前、麻醉誘導后,術中、術畢監測BIS、HRV及血液動力學指標。結果:A組各監測HRV明顯降低(Plt;0.05),B組僅有輕度下降(Pgt;0.05),C組明顯升高(Plt;0.05)。結論:患者鎮靜深度BIS55~65時,即可明顯抑制內鏡操作刺激所致的HRV變化,是臨床較為合適的鎮靜深度,可顯著降低老年患者交感神經活性、交感/迷走神經均衡性和自主神經總張力,利于機體血液動力學穩定。

Effect of Etomidate and Propofol on Serum Inflammatory Factors of Patients with Lung Adenocarcinoma

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of etomidate and propofol on inflammatory cytokines and cortisol for patients with lung adenocarcinoma. MethodSixty patients scheduled for lung cancer surgery under general anesthesia were studied. All patients were randomly divided into an etomidate total intravenous anesthesia group (group E, 30 patients, 16 males and 14 females at age of 58.0±5.0 years) and a propofol total intravenous anesthesia group (group P, 30 patients, 17 males and 13 females at age of 55.0±5.0 years), with 30 patients in each group. ResultsThe concentration of IL-6 in serum of patients in the two groups at time points T1, T2 and T3 was significantly higher than those at time point T0 (P < 0.01). The concentration of IL-10 and TNF-α in serum of patients at time points T1 and T2 was significantly higher than those at time point T0 (P < 0.01). And the difference of the concentration of TNF-α in serum of patients at time points T0 and T3 was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The level of Cor of patients in the group E at time point T0 was slightly higher than those at time point T1, but lower than that at time points T2 and T3. There was no statistical difference in the concentration of IL-6 and TNF-α in serum of patients between the two groups. The level of IL-10 of patients in the group E at time points T2 and T3 was lower than those in the group P (P < 0.05), but no significant difference was observed at the other time points. The concentration of Cor in the patients in the group E at time point T1 was lower than that in the group P (P < 0.01), but no significant difference was observed either at the other time points. ConclusionThe effect of etomidate used for maintenance of general anesthesia on the inflammatory factors is essentially similar to that of propofol.

Efficacy of Pretreatment of Vecuronium Combined with Dilution of Etomidate on Etomidateinduced Myoclonus

目的:旨在評價預注維庫溴銨聯合稀釋依托咪酯減輕依托咪酯全麻誘導中肌陣攣的效果。方法:本研究為前瞻性、雙盲、隨機對照研究。80名ASA I-II級、年齡18～60歲、擬行膽囊切除術的全麻患者被隨機分為4組:組1,預注維庫溴銨0.01 mg/kg;組2,依托咪酯用生理鹽水由2 mg/mL 稀釋為1 mg/mL;組3,預注維庫溴銨聯合稀釋依托咪酯;組4,生理鹽水對照組+非稀釋依托咪酯組。根據分組給予患者預注維庫溴銨0.01 mg/kg或同等量的生理鹽水,觀察并詢問患者有無呼吸困難,并記錄呼吸頻率和脈搏氧飽和度(SpO2)。3分鐘后推注稀釋或無稀釋依托咪酯0.3 mg/kg,詢問患者有無注射痛并做疼痛評分,觀察有無肌陣攣并評估其程度。2分鐘后給予維庫溴銨0.1 mg/kg、芬太尼3 μg/kg和丙泊酚1 mg/kg行氣管插管。實驗期間同時記錄無創動脈血壓(BP)和心率(HR)。結果:組1和組4分別有2例(10%)和3例(15%)患者述輕度注射疼痛,而組2和組3無患者述注射疼痛。組1、組2和組3肌陣攣的發生率明顯低于組4(30%、40%和15% vs 70%,Plt;0.05)。且組1、組2和組3肌陣攣的程度多為輕中度,而組4多為中重度。四組患者均未述任何呼吸困難,呼吸頻率無明顯降低,SpO2無明顯變化。四組患者BP和HR變化一致,無明顯差別。結論:預注小劑量維庫溴銨或稀釋依托咪酯可明顯降低依托咪酯引起肌陣攣的發生率并減輕其程度。且這兩種方法聯合應用比單獨應用效果更佳,具有一定程度的協同作用。

Effects of Propofol, Etomidate and Ethanol on GPCR mRNA Expression in Daphnia pulex

The mechanisms of general anesthesia, which was introduced about 170 years ago, remain poorly understood. Even less well understood are the effects of general anesthesia on the human body. Recently we identified 18 G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) genes of Daphnia pulex, an invertebrate model organism. Phylogenetic analysis identified these genes to be the homologs of the human γ-aminobutyric acid, type B (GABAB) receptor, metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR), adrenergic receptor, serotonin (5-HT) receptor, dopamine receptor and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR). Using reverse transcription and quantitative PCR techniques, we systematically measured the effects of propofol, etomidate and ethanol on these 18 GPCR mRNA expressions in Daphnia pulex.

Efficacy and Safety of Midazolam in the Prevention of Etomidate-induced Myoclonus: A Meta-analysis

ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of midazolam in the prevention of etomidate-induced myoclonus. MethodsDatabases including PubMed, EMbase, The Cochrane Library (Issue 8, 2015), CBM, WanFang Data, VIP, and CNKI were electronically searched to collect randomized controlled trials (RCTs) about midazolam in the prevention of etomidate-induced myoclonus from inception to August, 2015. Two reviewers independently screened literature, extracted data and assessed the risk of bias of included studies. Then, meta-analysis was performed by RevMan 5.2 and Stata 12.0 softwares. ResultsA total of 14 RCTs involving 1 274 patients were included. The results of metaanalysis showed that, compared with placebo, pretreatment with midazolam injection could reduce the incidence of myoclonus (RR=0.28, 95%CI 0.19 to 0.42, P<0.000 01). The sub-group analysis based on different doses of midazolam showed that all three different doses of midazolam (0.015 mg/kg, 0.03 mg/kg and 0.05-0.1 mg/kg) could reduce the incidence of myoclonus effectively (all P values <0.05). ConclusionPretreatment with midazolam injection can reduce the incidence of etomidate-induced myoclonus without increasing the risk of recovery latency and over sedation. Due to the limited quality of included studies, the above conclusion needs to be further verified by more high quality studies.

Etomidate Combined with Sufentanil for Laryngeal Mask Airway Insertion under the General Anaesthesia

【摘要】　目的　觀察依托咪酯乳劑復合舒芬太尼用于全麻下喉罩置入的血流動力學變化。　方法　選擇2009年4月-2010年2月間，46例需全麻手術、適合使用喉罩，美國麻醉醫師協會（ASA）Ⅰ～Ⅱ級，年齡18～60歲的患者，隨機分為兩組:依托咪酯乳劑組（E組）23 例，靜脈推注咪達唑侖0.05 mg/kg，依托咪酯乳劑0.3 mg/kg；依托咪酯乳劑+舒芬太尼組（ES組）23 例，靜脈推注咪達唑侖0.05 mg/kg，依托咪酯乳劑0.15 mg/kg，加舒芬太尼0.5 mg/kg，誘導后置入喉罩，記錄患者誘導前、用藥后1 min、喉罩置入后1 min的心率（HR）、平均動脈壓（MAP）以及評估喉罩置入條件的6項指標（張口困難分級、置入喉罩困難分級、舌咽反射、干咳干嘔反射、肢動反應及喉痙攣分級），同時記錄呼吸暫停時間。　結果　ES組能提供更好的喉罩置入條件，且能減少舌咽反射和肢體反應， 更能保證喉罩置入時血流動力學的穩定。　結論　依托咪酯乳劑復合舒芬太尼能為全麻喉罩置入時提供更好的條件，且能保證更好的血流動力學穩定。【Abstract】　Objective　To investigate the hemodynamics changes when etomidate combined with sufentanil was applied for laryngeal mask airway insertion under the general anaesthesia.　Methods　From April 2009 to February 2010, 46 patients requiring general anesthesia using laryngeal mask airway (LMA) (American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA)Ⅰ-Ⅱ) aged 18-60 were randomly divided into two groups: 23 in etomidate emulsion group (group E) underwent the intravenous injection with midazolm (0.3 mg/kg) and etomidate (0.05 mg/kg); 23 in etomidate emulsion + sufentanil group (group ES) underwent the intravenous injection with etomidate (0.15 mg/kg), midazolm (0.05 mg/kg), and sufentanil 0.5 mg/kg. The patients were evaluated by six indexes of LMA insertion (mouth opening, swallowing reflex, cough reflex,vomiting reflex, body motion, and laryngospasm classification). After the anesthesia induction, LMA was inserted. The blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were recorded before anesthesia induction one minute after the injection and one minute after LMA insertion. Meanwhile, the apnea time was recorded.　Results　Compared with group E, group ES offered better anesthesia for LMA insertion, less swallowing reflex and body motion, and more stable haemodynamics.　Conclusion　Etomidate combined with sufentanil provides good condition for LMA insertion under the general anaesthesia with steady haemodynamics.

依托咪酯對內分泌系統的影響及解決之道：依托咪酯類似物研究進展

依托咪酯是一種血流動力學穩定、有較高治療指數的靜脈全身麻醉藥物，曾廣泛用于手術室、重癥監護病房患者的鎮靜。但隨后發現其持續應用能抑制腎上腺皮質功能甚至引起危重患者病死率的增加，因此其臨床使用受到了一定的限制。近年來關于單次使用依托咪酯是否會引起腎上腺皮質功能抑制甚至增加患者病死率引起了大家的熱烈討論；與此同時，研究者們也在探索能降低腎上腺皮質功能抑制又保留依托咪酯優點的新型化合物。現就近年來關于單次使用依托咪酯討論熱點及新型依托咪酯類似物的研究進展作一綜述，希望能夠引起大家對麻醉新藥研發的關注，并能夠投身到這樣的事業中。