Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have revolutionized the field of oncology by regulating the interaction between immune cells and cancer cells and promoting the disinhibition of the immune system, thus targeting various types of malignant tumors. However, the regulation of the immune system can also trigger related adverse reactions. Currently, there are no specific clinical guidelines for the treatment of these adverse reactions. Treatment decisions largely depend on clinical judgment and experience.The pathogenesis of ICI-related ocular adverse events is not fully understood at present. Further research on the specific mechanisms of action can provide new insights into the early diagnosis and treatment of ICI-related ocular adverse events.
Objective〓〖WTBZ〗To observe the clinical features of autoimmune optic neuropathy (AON). 〖WTHZ〗Methods〓 〖WTBZ〗The clinical data of 58 patients with AON from Jan. 2006 to Dec. 2007 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients had undergone routine ophthalmological, neurological examination, visual field test, all set of autoimmune antibody test, brain MRI. 〖WTHZ〗Results〓〖WTBZ〗In 93 eyes of 58 patients with AON, the lowest best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was lt;01 in 68 eyes (731%), 10 patients (172%) had other symptoms of nervous system, 14 patients (241%) had lesions of nonneurological system. Positive antinuclear antibody was found in 43 patients (796%); other abnormal antibodies were also found, including antiSSA/SSB, antidsDNA, antihistonic, anticardiolipin, and antihuman leukocyte antigen B27 antibodies. Systematic connective tissue disease presented in 20 patients (345%), such as sicca syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, and Behcet disease. 32 patients (552%) had abnormal brain MRI, and the BCVA of 49 eyes (777%) improved significantly after hospitalization. 〖WTHZ〗Conclusion〓〖WTBZ〗Patients with AON always have poor visual function, some of whom associate with other systems, as well as damages to other parts of the nervous system. While some AON patients are secondary to systemic connective tissue disease involving the optic nerve, the majority of these patients are isolated autoimmune optic neuropathy.
ObjectiveTo explore the correlation of pretreatment systemic immune inflammation index (SII) with prognosis in esophageal cancer patients.MethodsWe searched the PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, VIP, Chinese Biology Medicine, and Wanfang databases to identify eligible studies evaluating the relation between pretreatment SII and prognosis in patients with esophageal cancer from establishment of databases to December 2018. SII was defined as the absolute neutrophil count multiplied by the absolute platelet count divided by the absolute lymphocyte count. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS), and the secondary endpoints were cancer-specific survival and disease-free survival. The Stata 12.0 software was applied for the meta-analysis, and the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were assessed.ResultsA total of six retrospective studies involving 2 376 esophageal cancer patients were included and all patients were from China or Japan. The results revealed that elevated pretreatment SII was significantly associated with poor OS in esophageal cancer [HR=1.50, 95%CI (1.15, 1.95), P=0.002]. Subgroup analyses of OS indicated that SII had a high prognostic value in patients who received surgery [HR=1.54, 95%CI (1.14, 2.08), P=0.005] and were diagnosed as esophageal squamous cell carcinoma [HR=1.50, 95%CI (1.11, 2.02), P=0.007]; however, no significant relation was observed between SII and prognosis in esophageal cancer patients who were treated with radiotherapy [HR=1.318, 95%CI (0.611, 2.841), P=0.482]. Furthermore, compared with neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and platelet to lymphocyte ratio, SII showed a higher predictive value for the prognosis of esophageal cancer.ConclusionsPretreatment SII may serve as an independent risk factor for prognosis of Chinese and Japanese esophageal cancer patients, especially patients who were treated with surgery and with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. However, more prospective studies with big samples from other countries or regions are still needed to verify our findings.
Objective To evaluate the biocompatibility of a new bone matrix material (NBM) composed of both organic and inorganic materials for bone tissue engineering. Methods Osteoblasts combined with NBM in vitro were cultured. The morphological characteristics was observed; cell proliferation, protein content and basic alkaline phosphatase(ALP) activity were measured. NBM combined with osteoblasts were implanted into the skeletal muscles of rabbits and the osteogenic potential of NBM was evaluated through contraat microscope, scanning electromicroscope and histological examination. In vitro osteoblasts could attach and proliferate well in the NBM, secreting lots of extracellular matrix; NBM did not cause the inhibition of proliferation and ALP activity of osteoblasts. While in vivo experiment of the NBM with osteoblasts showed that a large number of lymphacytes and phagocytes invading into the inner of the material in the rabbit skeletalmuscle were seen after 4 weeks of implantation and that no new bone formation was observed after 8 weeks. Conclusion This biocompat ibility difference between in vitro and in vivo may be due to the immunogenity of NBM which causes cellular immuno reaction so as to destroy the osteogenic environment. The immunoreaction between the host and the organic-inorganic composite materials in tissue engineering should be paid more attention to.
Objective：To observe the expression of gene and protein l evel of unfolded protein, glucoseregulated protein 78 (GRP78), after retinal d etachment (RD); to find out the relationship between UPR and the cell damage after RD.
Methods：Eightyeight Wistar rats were divided into 2 groups: con trol group (11 rats) and RD group (77 rats). In RD group, subretinal injection with 10 mg/ml hyaluronic acid sodium was performed on the left eyes of the rats t o set up RD model, and the left eyes and retinal tissue were collected 1/2 day, 1 day, 2, 4, 8, 1 6 and 32 days after RD; there were 11 rats in each subgroup. The expression of G RP78 mRNA in retina tissue was detected by semiquantitative reverse transcript i on polymerase chain reaction (RT－PCR), the expression of GRP78 protein level wa s detected by Western blotting, and the distribution of GRP78 in each retinal lay er was observed by immunofluorescence labeling method and confocal microscopy.
Results：The expression of retinal GRP78 mRNA significantly in creased in 1/2 day , 1 day, 2, and 4 days subgroups after RD (Plt;0.05). The expression of GRP7 8 protein significantly increased in each subgroup after RD compared with which in the control group, and reached the peak in 8, 16, and 32 days subgroups. The expres sion of GRP78 protein was detected in all of the retinal layers after RD.
Conclusion：The protection mechanism of UPR starts up after RD, and l eads the correc t pucker of the protein and reduces cellular injury by upregulating the expres s ion of GRP78, which provide the theoretic basis for reducing the cellular injury and improving the visual function in patients with RD.
