The treatment of breast cancer has fully entered the era of precision therapy. Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) first replaced axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) in breast cancer patients with negative clinical lymph nodes. Subsequent clinical studies have confirmed the feasibility of using SLNB alone in selected patients with limited lymph node metastasis, which has changed clinical practice. For even lower-risk patients, there is growing evidence supporting the complete omission of axillary surgery. Furthermore, with the emerging evidence from studies on axillary preservation after neoadjuvant therapy in patients from cN+ to cN0 status, it has become possible for these patients to avoid ALND. Even for those with persistent node-positive disease after neoadjuvant therapy, the possibility of avoiding ALND is under clinical investigation. However, it is important to acknowledge the remaining uncertainties in clinical practice. These include the challenges to the conventional concept of radical resection, the balance between axillary surgery and radiotherapy, the implications of de-escalated axillary staging on systemic therapy decisions. Careful evaluation and a balanced integration of surgery, radiotherapy, and systemic therapy are crucial to achieving truly precise de-escalation in axillary management.
ObjectiveTo determine the retinal thickness of normal children 3-6 years old and its relationship with the age and gender.
MethodsIn a cross-sectional study, 480 eyes of 240 normal preschool children including 115 male and 125 female, ages 3 to 6 years in the urban of Beijing, China were included. The average age was (4.93±0.77) years old. The visual acuity, slit-lamp microscopy and frequency domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT, Optvue, Inc. USA) were examined. The retinal thickness of the macular fovea and 500, 750, 1500 μm from temporal and nasal side around the fovea were measured. 32 eyes were excluded from the study because they couldn't cooperate. Pearson correlation analysis was used to determine the correlation between age and macular retinal thickness. Independent samples group t-test was used to compare the differences between boys and girls.
ResultsThe mean thickness of macular fovea was (169.10±20.587) μm. The mean macular thickness of boys was significantly higher than girls (t=-4.549, -6.167, -5.492, -5.163, -6.749, -7.494, -6.874; P≤0.001). The mean thickness of 500 μm and 750 μm from nasal side of macular fovea were significantly higher than temporal side (t=5.594, 15.778, 7.678, 18.180; P < 0.001). There was no significant relevance between macular thickness and age.
ConclusionsThe mean macular thickness of boys is significantly higher than girls in normal children in the urban of Beijing. There is no significant relevance between macular thickness and age.
