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The development status of interdisciplinary combination between medicine and engineering in urology: deep integration between medicine and engineering in urology

Urology is an ancient academic discipline, and its rapid development is due to the combination between medicine and engineering. The development of urology in China is an example of the combination of industry-academia-research based on the progress of science and technology. This paper mainly summarizes the recent advances of interdisciplinary combination between medicine and engineering in urology.

Research progress of antigen-specific regulatory T cells for clinical application

Regulatory T cells (Treg) are critical for regulation of tolerance, control immune responses to self-antigens thereby preventing autoimmunity, and limiting responses to foreign antigens thereby minimizing T cell-mediated immunopathology. Recent data indicate that suppression of organ-specific autoimmunity is dependent on the antigen specificity of Treg. An emerging model of Treg action is that organ-specific Treg acquire suppressive activity through activation by dendritic cells expressing specific antigens. Thus, the efficacy of Treg-based therapy should be increased by using antigen-specific Treg rather than polyclonal Treg. It is necessary to identify relevant antigens and to expand antigen-specific Treg from polyclonal populations. Here, we discuss recent techniques for expansion of antigen-specific Treg, function and antigen specificity of Treg and the therapeutic potential of Treg in controlling autoimmune disease and inducing transplant tolerance.

DOXORUBICIN PRECONDITIONING INSTEAD OF ISCHEMIC PRECONDITIONING IN PROVIDING ISCHEMIC TOLERANCE FOR RATS ABDOMEN ISLAND FLAPS

Objective To investigate the effects and mechanism of doxorubicin preconditioning in providing ischemic tolerance for rats abdomen island flaps. Methods Twenty-four healthy adult Sprague Dawley rats, 12 males and 12 females, were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=8): control group (group A), ischemic preconditioning group (group B), and doxorubicin preconditioning group (group C). After the abdomen island flap (6 cm × 3 cm in size) based on the superficial inferior epigastric neurovascular bundle was prepared, group A had no further treatment; group B was given a 10-minute ischemia followed by a 10-minute reperfusion for 4 times; and group C was given pretreatment with doxorubicin (1 mg/kg) by injection of the inferior epigastric vein. After 24 hours, the inferior epigastric vessels were blocked by vascular clamp for 4 hours, followed by reperfusion 2 hours to prepare ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury model. The rat survival was observed after operation; at 0, 8, 12, 24, and 30 hours after I/R injury, the malonyldiadehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were measured. At 7 days after I/R injury, the survival rate of flap were calculated and the flaps were harvested for histological observation. Results During experiment, 5 rats died (1 rat in groups A and B respectively, 3 rats in group C) and were added. The survival rates of the flap in group A (10.10% ± 0.43%) was lower than those in group B (91.63% ± 1.76%) and in group C (92.75% ± 1.48%) at 7 days after I/R injury, showing significant differences (P lt; 0.05), and there was no significant difference between groups B and C (t=0.29, P=0.77). Significant difference was found in MDA level and SOD level between group A and groups B, C after 8 hours (P lt; 0.05), and there was no significant difference between groups B and C (P gt; 0.05). Histological observation showed that inflammatory cells infiltration was more obvious and hyperplasia of fibers was weaker in group A than in groups B and C. Conclusion Doxorubicin preconditioning can provide ischemic tolerance for rats abdomen island flaps and protect flaps from the I/R injury. The possible mechanism may be related to that doxorubicin can induce endogenous protections.

靜脈輸液治療小組推行分組工作模式的探討

【摘要】 目的 探索靜脈輸液治療小組工作方法及模式。 方法 2009年1月以來，對靜脈輸液治療小組推行分組工作模式，將靜脈輸液治療小組分成督導組、教育組、操作培訓組、科研組、信息組，并相應界定各自職責，協力開展工作。 結果 通過開展分組工作后，小組成員工作目的明確，職責分明，各項工作落到實處，提高了靜脈輸液治療小組的知名度和影響力，促進小組成員自身專業提升，同時也推進了小組專業化發展的進程。 結論 靜脈輸液治療小組根據成員自身的優勢及特點，采用分組工作模式，為靜脈輸液治療小組的實踐提供了科學合理的策略。

Analysis of Patients with Thyroiditis Being Misdiagnosed with Thyroid Tumor

ObjectiveTo summarize and analyze the clinical characteristics of patients with thyroiditis who would be misdiagnosed with thyroid tumor easily. MethodThe clinical data of 19 patients with thyroiditis who were misdiag-nosed with thyroid tumor in our department from 2009 to 2012 were analyzed retrospectively. ResultsAll of 19 patients underwent surgery, among which 8 cases were diagnosed with chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis after operation, 10 cases diagnosed with subacute thyroiditis, and 1 case diagnosed with suppurative thyroiditis.Different surgery program such as the biopsy or wedge resection was adopted to the subacute thyroiditis and the chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis respec-tively. ConclusionSometimes, it is very difficult to distinguish atypical thyroiditis from thyroid tumor so that we must pay attention to the patients who had nontumorous characteristics in order to decrease the misdiagnosis.

單發肺嗜酸性肉芽腫一例

Increasing water intake for the prevention of urinary calculi: Meta-analysis

Objective　To assess the effectiveness of increasing water intake for the prevention of urinary calculi and its recurrence. Methods　We defined the searching area, which included Medline, Embase, Cochrane CCTR and CBMA, and found the relevant materials by computer search and document search. At least two reviewers assessed trials quality and extracted data independently. Results　A total of 4 studies met the inclusion criteria (I RCT, I CCT and 2 prospective cohort studies). Meta-analysis’ results showed that the aggregate OR and 95%CI of the effect of increasing water intake for the prevention of urinary calculi were 0.64 and 0.53-0.77; the aggregate OR and 95%CI of the effect of increasing water intake for the prevention of recurrence were 0.56 and 0.37-0.84; increasing water intake can prolong the recurrence interval (P=0.016). Each result had statistical significance. Conclusion　Increasing water intake can prevent urinary calculi and its recurrence. Increasing water intake can prolong the recurrence interval.

Research on Nursing Intervention for Pre-hypertension in Communities

ObjectiveTo explore the nursing intervention effect on pre-hypertension. MethodsA total of 240 prehypertension patients in our community from July 2012 to January 2013 were randomly divided into observation group and control group with 120 patients in each group. No intervention was carried out for the control group. Blood pressure profile was established for the observation group and health education, exercise intervention, diet and body weight intervention measures were also given to the patients in this group. The improvement of life behavior and blood pressure control, and the awareness of hypertension health knowledge were compared between the two groups. ResultsAwareness of the disease knowledge, risk factors, complications, prevention and treatment in the observation group was significantly better than those in the control group (P<0.05). After intervention, the improvement scores of diet control, exercise increase, smoking quitting and alcohol drinking control in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). The systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and body mass index after intervention in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). ConclusionCommunity nursing intervention can increase the health knowledge in pre-hypertensive patients, help patients establish a good way of life and control blood pressure effectively, and reduce the incidence of hypertension.

Study on the Relationship between Pressure and Cell Injury of Human Bladder Smooth Muscle Cells

ObjectiveTo explore the relationship between the pressure level within the scope of promoting proliferation and cell injury of human bladder smooth muscle cells (HBSMCs). MethodHBSMCs in vitro were divided into the experimental group and control group. The cells in the experimental group were exposed to 40 cm H2O (1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa) pressure and those in the control group were cultured in normal condition for 24 hours. We investigated the cell morphology and cytoskeleton with indirect immunofluorescence staining for α-actin. Propidium iodide (PI) staining was applied to evaluate the level of cell apoptosis. ResultsThere was no significant difference in the cell morphology between the two groups. However, the expression of α-actin in the experimental group[(50.93±1.99)%] was significantly reduced comparing with that in the control group[(24.70±1.61)%] (t=32.404, P<0.001). The results of PI staining showed that compared with the control group[(3.50±2.12)%], the number of PI staining positive cells in the experimental group [(9.00±1.41)%] was significantly higher (t=6.110, P<0.001). ConclusionsPressure condition can promotes cell proliferation, but at the same time, it can also lead to cell injury of HBSMCs.

Temporal Lifting by Embedding Thread Therapy and Lower Eyebag Excision with Upper Facial Lifting

目的　將下眼袋和魚尾紋同時解決，改善顳部和面中部皮膚老化，不增加額外瘢痕，改變采用傳統面部除皺術時所產生的頭皮瘢痕、脫發、創傷較大、恢復時間長的缺點。 方法　對2010年3月－2012年12月收治的23例患者利用眼袋切口將眼輪匝肌瓣固定于眶外側緣的骨膜上，然后再通過顳部除皺切口皮下潛行分離，導針埋線懸吊固定于顳側顱骨骨膜上，將松垂的皮膚及筋膜上移、提緊。 結果　對23例隨訪6個月～2年，瘢痕不明顯，無脫發等并發癥均取得醫患雙方滿意的效果。 結論　此方法簡單易行，可在門診患者局麻下進行；創傷輕，恢復較快。顳部切口減張縫合，瘢痕輕微，可預防脫發。