We comprehensively outlined the application of imaging, immunology, and molecular biology techniques in the detection of hepatic echinococcosis (HE). Imaging techniques, represented by ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography, not only provided some critical information about the morphology, location, and characteristics of HE lesions, but also could be combined with artificial intelligence technologies to enhance the diagnostic capabilities and expand the application scenarios. These techniques were essential tools for the diagnosis, screening, and prevention of HE. Immunological techniques, such as the indirect hemagglutination assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunoblotting, and chemiluminescence immunoassay, aided in diagnosis and differential diagnosis by detecting the specific antibodies. Molecular biology techniques, such as polymerase chain reaction and high-throughput sequencing, provided a strong support for the diagnosis and pathogen identification of HE due to their high sensitivity and specificity. Based on these three major technologies, more sensitive, specific, convenient, and cost-effective detection techniques had emerged, offering more options for the detection and control of HE. Additionally, constructing comprehensive diagnostic models by combining the advantages of different detection technologies will aid to improve the diagnostic efficiency of HE.
ObjectiveTo summarize clinical treatments of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis in recent years and provide a new basis for guiding clinical practice.
MethodsThe relevant literatures about treating hepatic alveolar echinococcosis at home and abroad were reviewed. The clinical curative effect and advantages or disadvantages among various treatments were analyzed.
ResultsThe radical surgery was still the primary treatment of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis, liver transplantation was more used in the treatment of the late hepatic alveolar echinococcosis. surgery combined with chemical therapy had an obvously clinical curative effect.
ConclusionsWith a high incidence and poor prognosis of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis, it is difficult to cure. Radical surgery, liver transplantation, chemotherapy and radiation therapy have been used in clinical treatment of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis. It is essential to fully acknowledge indications of various treatments. At the same time, if occurrence and development of this disease could be further researched, it might bring us a new hope of curing hepatic alveolar echinococcosis.
Objective
To detect and analize the expressions and it’s clinical significance of apoptosis factors in hepatic alveolar echinococcosis tissues by using antibody chip technology.
Methods
The liver tissue specimens (including the edge of lesions and normal liver tissues) of surgical resection of 6 patients with hepatic alveolar echinococcosis in Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University were collected. The tissue protein was extracted and the level of apoptosis was detected by antibody chip technology. The data were analyzed by AAH-APO-G1 software.
Results
The expression levels of 5 kinds of apoptosis factors (Bad, Fas, IGFBP-3, P21 and XIAP) in the liver tissues of the marginal zone of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis were compared with that of the normal liver tissues, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The expression levels of Bad, Fas, IGFBP-3 and P21 were up-regulated, and the expression level of XIAP was down regulated.
Conclusions
Apoptosis-related factors play a role in the progression of the hepatic alveolar echinococcosis, there may be contact with the immune escape mechanisms, while promote apoptosis factor and inhibitory apoptosis factor that may exist the function imbalance, so more in-depth exploration the mechanism of apoptosis factors on hepatic alveolar echinococcosis in diagnosis and treatment have important significance.
ObjectiveTo understand the relationship between obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and lipid metabolism disorder in metabolic syndrome and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and to provide reference for screening, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of HCC in clinic.MethodThe related literatures about the relationship between metabolic syndrome related factors (obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and lipid metabolism disorder) and HCC were searched and summarized.ResultsObesity, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and abnormal lipid metabolism in metabolic syndrome were closely related to HCC, which were the high risk factors for leading to HCC, indicating that metabolic syndrome was closely related to the risk of HCC.ConclusionsMetabolic syndrome is closely related to the risk of HCC. It is of great significance for screening, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of HCC to deeply understand the mechanism and determinants of HCC caused by metabolic syndrome.
ObjectiveTo observe effect of echinococcus cyst fluid on proliferation and cell cycle progression of rat hepatic stellate cells (HSC-T6), and to preliminarily reveal a new mechanisms of pro-fibrogenic effect of alveolar echinococcosis.
MethodsHSC-T6 cells were treated with different concentrations (0.00-0.90 mg/mL) of echinococcus cyst fluid. Then, the morphological changes were observed under the inverted microscope, the impacts on proliferation and cell cycle were tested by the CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry respectively.
ResultsAfter treated by echinococcus cyst fluids with different concentrations (0.00-0.90 mg/mL) for 24 h, the most cells shrinked fusiform shape with more slender synapses, and the proliferation activities were increased with the concentration of echinococcus cyst fluid increasing when it was higher than 0.05 mg/mL (P<0.05), the proportion of G0/G1 was decreased (P<0.05) and those of S and G2/M were increased (P<0.05) with the concentration of echinococcus cyst fluid increasing.
ConclusionsEchinococcus cyst fluid could promote proliferation of HSC-T6 cells in a dose-dependent manner, which might due to its impact on cell cycle progression. Therefore, alveolar echinococcosis might promote hepatic fibrosis through regulating hepatic stellate cells, but further research on detail needs to be done in future.
Objective
To analyze the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of bone hydatid disease in China by literature review.
Methods
We searched the databases of China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Wanfang for case reports of bone hydatid disease published from 2000 to 2015 in China. Data were extracted by using a standardized form and a retrospective clinical analysis was performed.
Results
A total of 21 relevant literatures published from 2000 to 2015 were included, including 87 cases of bone hydatid disease treated from 1975 to 2015. The regional distribution of bone hydatid disease was mainly concentrated in the animal husbandry areas in China. In terms of diagnosis basis, imaging examination was mentioned in 54 cases (62.1%), laboratory examination was mentioned in 32 cases (36.8%), and pathologic examination was mentioned in 8 cases (9.2%), etc. Surgical treatment was the main treatment, and some treatments were combined with chemotherapy. The outcomes of bone hydatid disease were relatively poor. In the 44 cases whose outcomes were reported, 26 cases (59.1%) had recurrence, 18 cases were cured (40.9%), 10 cases (22.7%) underwent re-operation, and 2 cases (4.5%) died.
Conclusions
Bone hydatid disease is rare. Surgical treatment is still the main method for treating bone hydatid disease. The rate of recurrence of bone hydatidosis is relatively high, so it is very important to explore new methods for diagnosis and treatment of bone hydatid disease.
ObjectiveTo investigate the expressions of type Ⅰ and type Ⅲ collagen protein in hepatic alveolar echinococcosis tissues, and to explore its relationship with the biological behavior in progress of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis (HAE).
MethodsTwenty samples of normal liver tissues and liver tissues at the edge of the lesion with HAE in our hospital from Jan. 2012 to Dec. 2014 were collected, and HE and Masson staining were performed. The pathological changes and the degree of fibrosis of liver tissues around HAE lesion were observed under light microscope. The expressions of type Ⅰ and type Ⅲ collagen protein in liver tissues were detected by immunohistochemical staining.
ResultsThe degree of liver fibrosis of liver tissues at the edge of the lesion with HAE was grade Ⅱ, and the degree of fibrosis of normal liver tissues was grade 0, the difference between the two was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The color index of type Ⅰand type Ⅲ collagen protein in the liver tissues at the edge of the lesion with HAE was 7.45±1.85 and 8.00±1.62, respectively, which were higher than those of normal liver tissues (3.10±1.02 and 3.50±0.89), the difference were statistically significant (t=-9.21, P=0.001;t=-10.88, P=0.001).
ConclusionsThere is liver fibrosis around the lesion in the patients with HAE. HAE may promote the expressions of type Ⅰ and type Ⅲ collagen and then induce the occurrence of liver fibrosis.
Objective To summarize the nutritional assessment methods for liver cancer patients and their development, and to provide reference for rationally nutritional assessment and nutritional support. Method Domestic and foreign literatures were searched to summarize the nutritional assessment methods for liver cancer patients and their development, in order to determine a practical and feasible assessment method. Results The evaluation validity of traditionally nutritional assessment methods which contained many individual indicators was low. But subjective global assessment (SGA), mini nutritional assessment (MNA), and nutritional risk screening 2002 (NRS-2002) had similar evaluation validity, this 3 kinds of nutritional assessment methods were more suitable for liver cancer patients compared with the traditionally nutritional assessment methods. Conclusion The clinician should simultaneously apply SGA, MNA, NRS-2002, and other comprehensively nutritional assessment methods, as well as related anthropometric and laboratory indexes, to get a more accurate assessment of the nutritional status for patients with liver cancer.
ObjectiveTo explore potential value of three-dimensional reconstruction technique for preoperative evaluation of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis.
MethodsTwenty-one cases of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis proved by postoperative pathological examination in Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University from October 2013 to March 2014 were analyzed retrospectively. The three periods of patients’ liver dynamic thin layerCTscan images were collected and imported in three-dimensional reconstruction software by DICOM format. The volume of the virtual resected liver tissue was calculated by software, and then was compared with the actual resected liver tissue volume.
ResultsThe resected liver volume was (761.94±505.77) mL and (756.19±501.78) mL in the virtual surgery and in the veritable surgery, respectively. The proportion of resected liver in the total liver was (39.27±18.75)% and (38.95±16.99)% in the virtual surgery and in the veritable surgery, respectively. The resected liver volume had no significant difference between the virtual surgery and veritable surgery (P>0.05), which a positive relation (r=0.989, P<0.001).
ConclusionThe limited preliminary data in this study show that three-dimensional reconstruction technique and virtual planning system for surgery could accurately guide resection of lesion and provide preoperative guidance of accurate liver resection for hepatic alveolar echinococcosis.
