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侵襲性肺曲霉菌感染診治進展

隨著社會老齡化, 抗腫瘤藥物、免疫抑制劑和器官移植等治療的廣泛開展, 在危重患者中廣譜抗生素藥物的長期應用, 與之伴隨的是真菌感染發生的逐年增多, 其中侵襲性曲霉菌感染因其感染隱匿, 難以診治和高死亡率等特點被臨床醫生所重視。按我國醫院感染監控網分析, 醫院真菌感染率從1993 ～1996 年的13. 9% 上升至1998 ～1999 年的17. 1% 、1999 ～2000 年的24. 4% 。侵襲曲霉菌病特別是肺部曲霉菌感染多發生在有嚴重基礎疾病的患者,預后差, 病死率達50% ～100% [ 1 ] 。本文回顧相關研究文獻中關于侵襲性肺曲霉菌診治進展, 高危人群, 目前診斷檢測技術的臨床價值, 抗曲霉菌藥物特點和治療現狀。

侵襲性肺遲緩曲霉病一例報道

目的 通過本病例及綜述以提升對侵襲性肺遲緩曲霉病早期病原學診斷的重視，并為治療方案提供參考依據。方法 回顧我科診治的1例COVID-19感染后繼發的侵襲性肺遲緩曲霉病患者的臨床資料，復習既往文獻總結分析肺遲緩曲霉病的臨床表現、診斷及治療用藥方案。結果 患者79歲，老年男性，咳嗽、咳痰伴呼吸困難4月余。胸部CT提示：雙肺數個結節灶，部分結節內空洞形成；散在實變影。G實驗、GM結果陰性。氣管鏡肺泡灌洗液送檢mNGS查見遲緩曲霉菌。給予伏立康唑治療后效不佳，且繼發肝功能異常，調整為艾沙康唑治療后臨床癥狀及肺部影像學征象好轉。復習文獻，共有12例個案報道，其中8例存在免疫抑制狀態，4例合并慢性阻塞性肺病，6例為器官移植術后。臨床選藥以伏立康唑和兩性霉素B居多，雖經治療仍有66.7%（8例）患者在確診后7周內死亡。結論 本例為國內外首次使用艾沙康唑成功治療侵襲性肺遲緩曲霉病的報告。侵襲性肺遲緩曲霉病屬于罕見病，免疫抑制狀態是其高危因素。該病進展迅速，具有高度耐藥性，預后差，病死率高，早期病原學診斷尤為關鍵。

Clinical characteristics of patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019-associated pulmonary mucormycosis

ObjectiveTo analyze the clinical characteristics, prognosis and predisposing factors of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) associated pulmonary mucormycosis (CAPM), so as to improve people's understanding of the disease.MethodsFrom from September 1, 2021 to July 31, 2024, 11 patients with CAPM who were hospitalized in Beijing Chaoyang Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University were retrospectively collected, and 22 patients with non-CAPM were included after matching according to the ratio of 1:2. The clinical manifestations, laboratory examinations, imaging features, tracheoscopy, treatment and prognosis of the two groups were analyzed. ResultsThe average age of patients in CAPM group was 59.5 ± 10.6 years, with 81.8% of males; diabetes mellitus (90.9%) was the most common complication. In CAPM group, the median time after the occurrence of mucor after COVID-19 was 13.0 (10.0, 24.0) days. The utilization rate of glucocorticoids in the CAPM group was 63.6% (7/11), which was significantly higher than that in non-CAPM group [13.6% (3/22)], and the difference between the groups was statistically significant (P=0.006). The C-reactive protein level in CAPM group was significantly higher at 93.90 (75.00, 129.00) mg/L than that in non-CAPM group at 26.10 (4.83, 114.03) mg/L, with a statistically significant difference (P=0.040). The CD4+T lymphocyte counts and B lymphocyte counts in CAPM group were 223.00 (66.75, 336.75)/μL and 32.00 (21.75, 55.25)/μL, respectively, which were significantly lower than those in the non-CAPM group 394.00 (206.00, 610.00)/μL and 112.50 (56.00, 159.25)/μL, with statistical differences between the groups (P=0.040, P=0.040). In terms of imaging, the main imaging findings were the involvement of multiple lobes in both groups. 63.6% (7/11) of patients with pulmonary aspergillosis in CAPM group were significantly higher than those(4/22, 18.2%) in non-CAPM group (P=0.017). The incidence of dyspnea in CAPM group was significantly higher than that in non-CAPM group (90.9% vs. 50.0%, 0.027%).ConclusionThe proportion of glucocorticoid use and the proportion of pulmonary aspergillosis in CAPM group are significantly higher, and they are in a more serious state of immunosuppression. Once combined with pulmonary aspergillus , the mortality rate is higher.

肺曲霉菌病的外科治療

目的探討肺曲霉菌病的臨床特點與外科治療原則。方法回顧分析32例肺曲霉菌病患者的臨床資料和手術治療結果，手術施行采用標準后外側切口肺葉切除術6例，楔形切除術3例，胸腔鏡或胸腔鏡輔助改良后外側微創小切口楔形切除術15例，肺葉切除術6例，肺段切除術2例。結果21例無肺原發疾病，11例有肺原發疾病。痰菌檢查陽性率為13．3％（2／15），術前診斷符合率為28．1％（9／32）；術后并發癥發生率為15．6％（5／32），其中切口皮下積液、肺膨脹不良各2例，氣胸1例；隨訪32例，隨訪10～160個月，無咯血或血痰、肺曲霉菌病復發或播散。結論肺曲霉菌病多數無肺原發疾病和癥狀，無論有否癥狀均應手術治療，而微創外科手術治療并發癥少且較輕，是首選的治療方法。

Completely Video-assisted Thoracopic Surgery for Pulmonary Aspergilloma: A Case Control Study

ObjectiveTo discuss the possibility and safety of video-assisted thoracoscope surgery for pulmonary aspergilloma. MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 39 patients with pulmonary aspergilloma in Beijing Chaoyang Hospital between June 2009 and May 2014. The patients were divided into two groups according to their operation method including a conventional thoracotomy surgery group (open group, n=11) and a video-assisted thoracoscope pneumonectomy group (VATS group, n=28). There were 8 male patients and 3 female patients with age of 29-64 (50.7±9.7) years in the open group. There were 13 male patients and 15 female patients with age of 20-75 (55.4±15.3) years in the VATS group. We compared clinical effectiveness between the two groups. ResultsThe operations of all patients were performed successfully. There were statistical differences between the two groups in the average length of operative time (P=0.001), the loss of intraoperative blood (P=0.005), and the score of pain (P=0.001). There was no statistical difference in lead flow of postoperative chest (P>0.05) and the time of hospitalization (P>0.05). ConclusionVideo-assisted thoracoscope surgery in the treatment of pulmonary aspergilloma could be feasible, safe, and effective based on our study. It is worth of clinical application and popularization．

無哮喘的變應性支氣管肺曲霉病一例

目的 報道并分析1例變應性支氣管肺曲霉病（allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis，ABPA）的臨床特點、診斷及治療方法。方法 結合文獻資料分析我科2019年診治的1例ABPA的病例。結果 該患者診斷明確，治療稍有曲折。ABPA常發生于肺部有基礎疾病者，尤其是支氣管哮喘或囊性纖維化者。臨床表現主要是咳嗽、咳痰、喘息、胸悶；實驗室檢查血清總IgE水平和曲霉特異性IgE水平上升，以及嗜酸性粒細胞數增加；胸部影像學表現為反復的肺部游走性浸潤影和中心性支氣管擴張等。治療包括糖皮質激素和抗真菌治療，對于不能耐受糖皮質激素的患者，抗IgE抗體治療有益。結論 臨床上ABPA容易誤診、誤治，特別是無哮喘病史時，其診斷更加困難。因此早期診斷和正確治療可以減少ABPA造成的肺損傷，改善患者的預后。

長期服用糖皮質激素及免疫抑制劑致肺曲霉菌感染一例