【Abstract】ObjectiveTo study the mechanism of spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MethodsArticles have been reviewed to find out the theory of spontaneous rupture of HCC. ResultsResearchful results suggested that the injury of small arteries was usually followed in patients of spontaneous rupture of HCC. In this review, the immune complex, which composed of hepatitis B virus e antigen, complement C1q and immunoglobulins, was found deposited in the elastic membrane of arteries. Likely as a result of immune complex deposition, vascular injury occurs mainly in the small arteries where the deposition of immune complex was present. The small arteries in which immune complex deposited are readily injuried and cause hemorrhage and rupture of HCC during vascular load increase. ConclusionWe would conclude that immune complex deposition in vessel wall led to the small arteries injury may be the factor involved in the pathogenesis of spontaneous ruptured HCC.
Objective To evaluate which is better method zymogen or low temperature frozen in removing vascular endothelial cell so as to lay a foundation for creating a kind of brace which is not to be rejected and the same as own blood vessel. Methods Fresh and not damaged umbilical blood vessel was collected from natural labour women, human umbilical blood vessel was remove carefully from normal foetus, then was put into disinfectant at 37℃ for 24 hours. They were divided into 3 groups:normal group(NG),zymogen group(ZG) and low temperature frozen group(LG). ZG: 0.1% collagenⅡ enzyme was addedin umbilical blood vessel and closed the both sides and the vascular endothelialcell was removed in 37℃ water. LG:Umbilical blood vessel was put into liquidnitrogen for 24 hours after frozened step by step, and then it was put into 37℃ water for 30-60 s and the vascular endothelial cells were washed away by normal saline. NG:Umbilical blood vessel was kept into 4℃ Kerb’s liquid. The bacteria were culturedin each group. The samples were stained by HE,elastic fiber and collagen fiberwere observed by light and scanning electron microscope. The difference of compliance was compared. Human leukocyte antigen ABC(HLA-ABC) and HLA-DR were observed by immunohistochemical method and the expression of antigen of umbilical blood vessel was analysed. Results In LG, umbilical vascular endothelial cells were removed completely; artery showed vertical smooth muscle and vein showed elastic membrane. InZG, umbilical vascular endothelial cells were removed completely after 20 minutes;artery showed vertical smooth muscle cells and vein showed lower endothelial layer. The vascular compliance in LG was higher than that in NG, and the latter was also higher than that in ZG,but showing no significant differences (Pgt;0.05). The compliance of umbilical vein was 2-3 times as much asthat of umbilical artery.The expression of HLA-ABC and HLA-DR in LG andZG were lower than that in NG, showing significant differences (Plt;0.01). Conclusion Low temperature frozen methodand zymogen method(0.1% collagen Ⅱ enzyme for 20 min) can remove vascular endothelial cells of human umbilical blood vessel completely.Low temperature frozenmethod was better than zymogen method.
Objective To study degradation of the antigen-extracted meniscus in PBS solution with no enzyme or with different enzymes. Methods Four types of enzymes (collagenase, hyaluronidase, trypsin, papain) were used to enzymolyze the antigen-extracted meniscus and the fresh meniscus for 3, 7, 15 and 30 days (37℃). The antigenextracted meniscus and the fresh meniscus were immersed in PBS solution (37℃) for 30 days. Weight loss measurement, UV spectrophotometry, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the degraded materials. Results The two types of the materials were remarkably digested under the enzymes, especially under trypsin. The degradation curves showed that the antigen-extracted meniscus was enzymolyzed less than the fresh meniscus. The degradation products were grouped as amino, peptide, and polyose by the analysis. Both of the materials could hardly behydrolyzed in PBS solution without the enzymes. The four different enzymes had different surface morphologies under the examination of SEM. Conclusion The antigen-extracted meniscus is enzymolyzed more slowly than the fresh meniscus in vitro, and the result can be used as a guideline to the further research.
ObjectivesTo systematically review the risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with hepatic B surface antigen (HBsAg).MethodsScopus, EMbase, PubMed, and The Cochrane Library databases were systematically searched for relevant studies on HCC after HBsAg seroclearance from inception to October 31st, 2017. Two reviewers independently screened literature, extracted the data, and evaluated the risk of bias in the included studies. Meta-analysis was then conducted using R 3.5.3 software.ResultsA total of 28 studies involving 105 411 patients were included. Among 105 411 patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), 7 656 patients occurred spontaneously HBsAg seroclearance, while 1 248 patients had HBsAg seroclearance after interferon or nucleoside analogue therapy. The rate of HBsAg seroclearance was 6.77%. Meta-analysis showed that risk factors for HCC after serum HBsAg conversion included cirrhosis (OR=6.43, 95%CI 3.56 to 11.60, P<0.001), male (OR=2.72, 95%CI 1.66 to 4.46,P<0.001), and age ≥50 years at HBsAg seroclearance (OR=3.71, 95%CI 2.17 to 6.35,P<0.001).ConclusionsPatients with CHB after HBsAg seroclearance are still at risk of developing HCC. Therefore, periodic surveillance is recommended, especially for male patients, patients with cirrhosis, and patients who experience HBsAg seroclearance when over 50.
The expression of T antigen in rectal cancer and mucosa remote from carcinoma by immunohistochemistry was investigated. Mucin protein was also examined by HID-AB staining. The results showed that the expression of T antigen in rectal cancer was much ber than those in 10cm mucosa remote from carcinoma and no significant difference as compared with 5cm mucosa. The sialomucin reactions in 5cm and 10cm mucosa remote from carcinoma were 45% and 20% respectively. The coincident sialomucin positive reaction and expression of T antigen were found in 40% 5cm remote mucosa .There is significant correlation between them (Ｐ＜0.05). The authors conclude that the expression of tumorrelated antigen and change of mucin protein in remote mucosa without malignant invasion may suggest the malignant potential of the mucosa. Further investigations should be performed into the effect of these changes on the local recurrence after redical resection of rectal cancer.
ObjectiveTo summarize the results of testing and analysis of antigen and antibody for diseases under the frame of children's immunization program, in order to know the effects of prevention and control of such diseases in this area.
MethodsA total of 150 children from each of the 5 communities or administrative villages in Yongning District of Nanning City were selected for our survey between January and December 2012. The 150 children were composed of 30 children (residents, 1-6 years old, 5 children from each different age group) randomly selected from each of the four directions (east, south, west and north) and the mid-area of each community or village. The serum samples were collected to analyze the existence of poliomyelitis antibody, measles antibody, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb), and diphtheria antibody.
ResultsAmong the 150 school-age children, antibody immune qualified rate was high for hepatitis B (HBV) antigen, in which the HBsAg immune qualified rate was 99.3%, and HBsAb immune qualified rate was 88.0%, showing no significant difference between boys and girls (P>0.05). All poliomyelitis Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ antibody positive rates reached 100.0%. Measles antibody test results were also satisfying for each age group, among whom the 2 and 3 year-olds reached a positive rate of the highest, 100%, and the 1, 4, 5, and 6 year-old children had a measles antibody positive rate of 96.0%, 84.0%, 88.0%, and 96.0%, respectively. The positive rate for diphtheria antibody was 100%.
ConclusionThe antibody and antigen detection and analysis results for the children's immune program targeted diseases are generally satisfying in this area. Especially, the prevention of poliomyelitis and diphtheria is the best. However, prevention of HBV and measles is not as good. Therefore, tracking immunization coverage, promoting public awareness on immune planning, actively participating in the vaccination of children should be enhanced for further disease prevention.
Insufficient supply of organ for allotransplantation made the study on finding new organ resources from animal progress. Pig is regarded as one of the optimal donor animals for human. The major obstacle in this field is hyperacute reaction (HAR), which is triggered after the xenogenic natural antibodies preexisting in recipient blood combine to the antigens on the surface of the endothelium and activate the complement system. alpha-Galactose residues (alpha-Gal) on the endothelial cell have been identified as the major xenoantigens. NJZ Pig has been closely breed since 1938, whose family history is clear. Tissue samples from heart, liver, kidney, pancreas, lung, small intestine, skin, spleen, thymus and lymph node were obtained and embedded in paraffin. The sections were performed the immunohistochemical staining with the sera from health volunteers (including all the blood types) as the primary antibodies as well as the biotin labeled bandeirae simplicifolia I isolectin B4 (BS I-B4), which has specific affinity to alpha-galactose. All the staining sections were compared with the tissues digested with alpha-galactosidase. There was no difference between the antigens recognized by sera of different blood types. alpha-Gal was still the major xenoantigen on the endothelial cells. There might exist non-alpha-Gal antigens on the distal convoluted tubules and collecting tubules of the kidney. There was no alpha-Gal distributing on the secreting part of pancreas, either the islet cells or the matrix cells, but surely on pancreatic duct and vessels. All the antigenity was destroyed after the enzyme digestion except that the small intestine gland still positive with the BS I-B4. alpha-Gal is the major xenogenic antigen in NJZ Pigs. There exist some unknown antigens on the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts of the kidney. The blood type of recipient is not the first affair to be considered in pig-to-human xenotransplantation. The specificity of BS I-B4 for the alpha-galactose needs more detail research.
Objective
To investigate the correlation of expression of Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) and apoptosis in retinoblastoma (RB)．
Methods
The expression and distribution of Fas/FasL were detected by using immunohistochemical staining in 32 cases of RB． Light microsc opy (32 cases), electron microscopy (4 cases) and TdT mediated biotin-d UTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) (12 cases) were used to study apoptosis in RB．
Results
Apoptotic RB cells mostly located at RB regress area． Chromatin margination and apoptotic bodies were found in RB． TUNEL posi tive labeling cells especially located in tumor regress area． Positive immunola beling for Fas and FasL was found in all RB specimens． There was a highly signi ficant and positive correlation between the expression of Fas/FasL and apoptotic indices (AI) (Plt;0.01 or 0.001)．
Conclusion
The results suggest that apoptotic cell death is prevalent in RB and it may be one type of the most dominant cell death． Fas system may play an important role in oncogenesis and progression of RB, and the up-regulation of Fas system expression might induce RB cell apoptosis．
(Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 2001,17:21-23)
Objective To observe the expression of sperm protein (SP) 32/OY-TES-1 in retinoblastoma (RB).Methods Thirty paraffin specimens of pathologically confirmed RB eyeballs were investigated in this study. The SP32/OY-TES-1 mRNA expression of 15 RB tissues, 12 non-tumor retinal tissues and 22 normal eye tissues were detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The SP32/OY-TES-1 protein expression of 30 RB tissues and 24 normal retinal tissues were examined by immunohistochemistry. The relationship between SP32/OY-TES-1 mRNA, protein expression and age, gender, tumor size, tumor differentiation, clinical stage of RB children were analyzed. Results The expression rate of SP32/OY-TES-1 mRNA in RB tissues, non-tumor retinal tissues and normal eye tissues were 86.7%, 16.7% and 36.4% respectively. Compared the expression rate of SP32/OY-TES-1 mRNA in different gender (chi;2=0.744)，age（chi;2=1.178），clinical stage(chi;2=1.188)，tumor size (chi;2=0.216)，tumor differentiation(chi;2=1.885)，the differences were not statistically significant (P＞0.05). The expression rate of SP32/OY-TES-1 protein in RB tissues was 73.3% and no expression in normal retinal tissues. Compared the expression rate of SP32/OY-TE-1 protein in different gender (chi;2=1.000)，agewith le;two years and ＞two years（chi;2=0.403），tumor size (chi;2=2.274)，tumor differentiation(chi;2=0.138), the differences were not statistically significant (P＞0.05); but in clinical stage (chi;2=6.193)，with or without optic nerve infiltration (chi;2=4.535), the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.05). Conclusions SP32/OY-TES-1 is highly expressed in RB. The expression rate of SP32/OY-TES-1 is related to optic nerve infiltration and clinical stage of RB.
Objective
To determine whether the vitreous cavity and the subretinal space of different species animals support the induction of immune deviation to soluble antigen and to observe its maintenance time.
Methods
Bovine serum albumin(BSA)was used as a soluble antigen and inoculated into the anterior chamber(AC),the vitreous cavity(VC)and subretinal space of different animals(rat,rabbit and monkey)respectively.Recipient animals were immunized with BSA and complete Freundrsquo;sadjuvant. Delayed-type hypersensitivity(DTH)was assessed by skin challenge.The maintenance time of deviant immune response was evaluated in the fixed time interval.
Results
All the animals receiving intraocular antigen inoculation did not display DTH reaction.The maintenance time of immune deviation after inoculation of antigen in different sites is (1)anterior chamber:70 days in rat,90 days in rabbit,320 days in monkey;(2)vitreous cavity:100 days in rat,１50 days in rabbit,360 days in monkey;(3)subretinal space:50 days in rat,70 days in rabbit,300 days in monkey.
Conclusions
The maintenance time of immune deviation varied with different species of animals and different intraocular compartment.The evolution of organisms is synchronous with that of immune system.
(Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 1999, 15: 170-173)
