Open reduction and internal fixation with plate and screw is one of the most widely used surgical methods in the treatment of proximal humeral fractures in the elderly. In recent years, more and more studies have shown that it is very important to strengthen the medial column support of the proximal humerus during the surgery. At present, orthopedists often use bone graft, bone cement, medial support screw and medial support plate to strengthen the support of the medial column of the proximal humerus when applying open reduction and internal fixation with plate and screw to treat proximal humeral fractures. Therefore, the methods of strengthening medial column support for proximal humerus fractures and their effects on maintaining fracture reduction, reducing postoperative complications and improving functional activities of shoulder joints after operation are reviewed in this paper. It aims to provide a certain reference for the individualized selection of medial support methods according to the fracture situation in the treatment of proximal humeral fractures.
Objective To investigate the diagnosis and effectiveness of improved percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP) for patients with thoracolumbar metastatic tumors, who could not tolerate anesthesia and open operation. Methods Between September 2009 and September 2010, 16 patients with thoracolumbar metastatic tumors underwent improved PKP. Of 16 patients, 7 were male and 9 were female with an average age of 64.5 years (range, 60-73 years). All patients had vertebralmetastasis tumor. The disease duration was 3-6 months with an average of 4 months. The visual analogue scale (VAS) score was 8.9 ± 0.8. No spinal cord compression and nerve root compression was observed. The involved vertebrae included T7 in 1 case, T8 in 1, T12 in 1, L2 in 2, L3 in 2, L4 in 3, T1, 2 in 1, T3, 4 in 1, T7, 8 in 1, T11, 12 in 1, T7-L1 in 1, and T12-L4 in 1. Nine patients had vertebral compression fracture with a vertebral compression rate below 75%. Results All patients were successfully performed PKP. There was no serious adverse reactions in cardiopulmonary and brain vascular systems and no perioperative death. The biopsy results showed that all were metastatic adenocarcinoma. All patients were followed up 9-18 months mean, 14 months). Complete pain rel ief was achieved in 14 cases and partial rel ief in 2 cases 6 months after operation according to World Health Organization criterion, with a pain-rel ief rate of 87.5%. The VAS score was 1.8 ± 0.6 at 6 months postoperatively, showing significant difference when compared with the preoperative score (P lt; 0.05). Two patients had cement leakages in 3 vertebrae with no symptoms at 6 months postoperatively. During follow-up, 12 patients died and the others survived with tumor. Conclusion For patients with thoracolumbar metastatic tumors who can not tolerate anesthesia and open operation, improved PKP has the advantages such as minimal invasion, high diagnostic rate, and early improvement of pain in the biopsy and treatment. It can improve patient’s qual ity of l ife in the combination of radiotherapy or chemotherapy.
Objective To study the methods of promoting the injectability of calcium phosphate cement.Methods Evaluation methods of bone cements, injectability and methods of promoting injectability were reviewed by extensive investigating of latest literatures.Results It was very important to improve the injectability of calcium phosphate cement. Commonly used methods to evaluate the injectability included testing injectability coefficient, pushing force and injection pressure.Injectability of calcium phosphatecement were promoted by increasing liquid/solid ratio, modulating the componentof solid or liquid phase, and adding various additives.Conclusion Promoting the injectability of calcium phosphate cement is the clinical requirement.
To investigate the effects of augmentation with bone cement on the biomechanics of the dynamic hip screw (DHS) fixation in the intertrochanteric fracture specimen that has a normal bone density.MethodsTwentyfour matched pairs of the embalmed male upper femora (48sides) were used to make the specimens of the intertrochanteric fracture of Type A2. All the specimens were fixed with DHS. The right femur specimen from each pair was fixed by augmentation with DHS (the augmentation group) and the left femur specimen was fixed with the conventional fixation (the control group). Thebiomechanical tests on the bending stiffness and the torsional stiffness were performed with the servohydraulic testing machine in the two groups.ResultsThe maximum load and the maximum torque were 3 852.160 2±143.603 1 N and 15.5±2.6 Nm in the augmentation group and 3 702.966 7±133.860 1 N and 14.7±3.4 Nm in the control group. There was no significant difference in the biomechanical effects between the two groups (P＞0.05). Conclusion The augmenting fixation with bone cement in the intertrochanteric fracture specimen with a normal bone density has no significant effect on the strength of the DHS augmentation or on the overall stability of the fractured bone.
ObjectiveTo determine the feasibility of fabricating molds using a three-dimensional (3D) printer for producing customized bone cement for repairing bone defect.
MethodsBetween February 2015 and March 2016, 13 patients with bone defects were treated. There were 9 males and 4 females with an average age of 38.4 years (range, 20-58 years), including 7 cases of chronic osteomyelitis, 3 cases of bone tuberculosis, 2 cases of bone tumor, and 1 case of ischemic necrosis. The defect located at the humerus in 3 cases, at the femur in 4 cases, and at the tibia in 6 cases. The defect ranged from 4.5 to 8.9 cm in length (mean, 6.7 cm). Before operation, Mimics10.01 software was used to design cement prosthesis, 3-matic software to design shaping module which was printed by 3D technology. After removal of the lesion bone during operation, bone cement was filled into the shaping module to prepare bone cement prosthesis for repairing defect.
ResultsThe measurement result from Image J software showed that the match index of interface between the mirror restored digital and bone interface was 95.1%-97.4% (mean, 96.3%); the match index of interface between bone cement prosthesis and bone interface was 91.2%-94.7% (mean, 93.2%). It was one time success during separation between formed bone cement and shaping module without any shatter or fall off. All incisions healed by first intention. The cases were followed up 5-17 months (mean, 9.4 months). X-ray films and CT scans showed good position of bone cement prosthesis without any fracture; no peripheral fracture occurred.
Conclusion3D printing customized bone cement shaping module can shorten the operation time, and customized bone cement prothesis has good match with bone interface, so it can avoid further adjustment and accord with the biomechanical rules of surgical site.
Objective To investigate the clinical therapeutic effects on malignant spinal tumors treated by percutaneous vertebroplasty(PVP) under the guidance of the digital subtraction angiography(DSA). Methods A retrospective analysis was performed in 196 patients (99 males and 97 females, aged 23-85 years, averaged 60.4 years) with malignant spinal tumors, who underwent the PVP treatment combined with standard chemotherapy and other comprehensive treatment from January 2002 to January 2005. The malignant spinal tumors had their origins as follows: lung cancer (66 cases), breast cancer (55 cases), liver cancer (19 cases), colon cancer (15 cases), stomach cancer (9 cases), prostate cancer (12 cases), multiple myeloma (16 cases), and malignant lymphoma of the spine (4 cases).The metastatic tumors involved the cervical vertebra (32 cases), thoracic vertebra (93 cases), lumbar vertebra (71 cases), and spinal column, including 1 vertebral segment (135 cases), 2 segments (50 cases), and more than 3 segments (11 cases). During the follow-up survey, changes in the visual analogue pain scale(VAS) and changes in the X-ray measurements of the average anterior height, midline height, and posterior height of the diseased vertebra were observed. Results The follow-up for 6 months to 3 years revealed that the percutaneous vertebroplasty on279 vertebral segments had a success with an operational success rate of 100%. Bone cement was injected into the lesions 1-9 ml per segment of the spine. The postoperative X-ray and CT evaluations revealed that spinal stabilization was obtained in all the patients. After operation, 193（98.5%）patients had an obvious decrease or disappearance of the pain in the lower back, and only 3 (1.5%) patients had no obvious improvement in the pain. There was a significant statist-ical difference in the VAS scores between before operation and after operation (Plt;0.05). There were also significant statistical differences in the average anterior height of the diseased vertebra between before operation and after operation（15.71±2.80 mm vs 16.61±3.01 mm）, in the midline height（13.65±2.93 mm vs 14.52±2.72 mm）, and in the posterior height（23.67±2.81 mm vs 23.70±3.13 mm,Plt;0.05). The patients with lung or liver cancer had a mean survival time of 9 monthsafter PVP; the patients with breast cancer, stomach cancer, prostate cancer, lymphoma, or other metastatic tumors had a mean survival time of 18 months. The patients with multiple myeloma had a mean survival time of 27 months. The differences were statistically different (Plt;0.01). Conclusion PVP under the guidance of the DSA is an easier operation witha small wound and few complications. It can effectively alleviate the patient’s pain due to metastatic spinal tumor, stabilize the spine, improve the patient’s quality of life, and reduce the incidence of paraplegia.
Objective
To summarize the progress of Masquelet technique to repair bone defect.
Methods
The recent literature concerning the application of Masquelet technique to repair bone defect was extensively reviewed and summarized.
Results
Masquelet technique involves a two-step procedure. First, bone cement is used to fill the bone defect after a thorough debridement, and an induced membrane structure surrounding the spacer formed; then the bone cement is removed after 6-8 weeks, and rich cancellous bone is implanted into the induced membrane. Massive cortical bone defect is repaired by new bone forming and consolidation. Experiments show that the induced membrane has vascular system and is also rich in vascular endothelial growth factor, transforming growth factor β1, bone morphogenetic protein 2, and bone progenitor cells, so it has osteoinductive property; satisfactory results have been achieved in clinical application of almost all parts of defects, various types of bone defect and massive defect up to 25 cm long. Compared with other repair methods, Masquelet technique has the advantages of reliable effect, easy to operate, few complications, low requirements for recipient site, and wide application.
Conclusion
Masquelet technique is an effective method to repair bone defect and is suitable for various types of bone defect, especially for bone defects caused by infection and tumor resection.
ObjectiveTo explore the safety and effectiveness of polymethylmethacrylate-augmented screw fixation (PASF) in the treatment of elderly thoracolumbar tuberculosis combined with severe osteoporosis.MethodsThe clinical data of 20 elderly patients with thoracolumbar tuberculosis and severe osteoporosis who underwent PASF after anterior or posterior debridement and bone grafting and met the selection criteria between December 2012 and December 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 8 males and 12 females with an average age of 68.5 years (range, 65-72 years). T value of bone mineral density was ?4.2 to ?3.6, with an average of ?3.9. There were 12 cases of thoracic tuberculosis, 3 cases of thoracolumbar tuberculosis, and 5 cases of lumbar tuberculosis. The diseased segments involved T3-L4, including 11 cases of single-segment disease, 6 cases of double-segment disease, and 3 cases of multi-segment disease. The disease duration was 3-9 months, with an average of 6 months. The preoperative spinal nerve function of the patients was evaluated by the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) grading. There were 2 cases of grade A, 5 cases of grade B, 6 cases of grade C, 4 cases of grade D, and 3 cases of grade E. Postoperative imaging examination was used to evaluate the bone graft fusion and paravertebral abscess absorption, and to measure the Cobb angle of the segment to evaluate the improvement of kyphosis. The levels of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were tested. The visual analogue scale (VAS) score, Oswestry disability index (ODI), and ASIA grading were used to evaluate the effectivreness before operation, at 1 month after operation, and at last follow-up. The clinical cure of tuberculosis was also evaluated.ResultsAll operation successfully completed. The operation time was 154-250 minutes, with an average of 202 minutes; the intraoperative blood loss was 368-656 mL, with an average of 512 mL. All 20 patients were followed up 18-42 months, with an average of 26.8 months. The postoperative pain and symptoms of tuberculosis in all patients relieved, and the paravertebral abscess was absorbed, reaching the cure standard for spinal tuberculosis. All bone grafts fusion achieved within 1 year after operation. Only 1 case had asymptomatic bone cement leakage into the paravertebral veins, and the remaining patients had no serious complications such as bone cement leakage in the spinal canal, pulmonary embolism, and neurovascular injury. At last follow-up, spinal cord nerve function significantly improved when compared with preoperative one. Among them, ASIA grading were 7 cases of grade C, 8 cases of grade D, and 5 cases of grade E, showing significant difference when compared with preoperative one (Z=2.139, P=0.000). VAS score, ODI score, segmental Cobb angle, ESR, and CRP at 1 month after operation and at last follow-up were significantly improved when compared with preoperative ones (P<0.05); there was no significant difference between 1 month after operation and last follow-up (P>0.05). During the follow-up, no complications such as failure of internal fixation, proximal junctional kyphosis, or tuberculosis recurrence occurred.ConclusionFor elderly patients with thoracolumbar tuberculosis and severe osteoporosis, PASF treatment is safe and effective.
ObjectiveTo introduce the etiology and prevention of bone cement implantation syndrome (BCIS). Methods The literature about BCIS at home and abroad in recent years was extensively reviewed, and the incidence, clinical manifestations, etiology, and prevention of BCIS were summarized and analyzed. Results The clinical manifestations of BCIS are diverse. The etiology of BCIS is not completely clarified, and it may be related to circulating methyl methacrylate-mediated model, embolus-mediated model, histamine release and hypersensitivity response, complement activation and multimodal model. BCIS prevention begins with the identification of high-risk patients in preoperative evaluation and communication between surgeon and anesthesiologist about the choice of implant type, surgical procedure, and technique to minimize the risk of cardiovascular complications in high-risk patients with multiple or severe risk factors or comorbidities. Preoperative assessment and optimization of a patient’s cardiovascular reserve is also critical to prevent BCIS. ConclusionBCIS is a possible complication after hip joint arthroplasty, and its pathogenesis needs to be further research in order to provide new ideas for prevention and treatment.
ObjectiveTo explore the effectiveness of induced membrane technique of hollow porous antibioticimpregnated bone cement forming in vitro and lavage in vivo for the treatment of osteomyelitis.
MethodsBetween January 2010 and March 2014, 14 cases of osteomyelitis were treated by induced membrane technique of hollow porous antibiotic-impregnated bone cement forming in vitro and lavage in vivo after debridement at the first stage, then the bone cement with bone graft was replaced during the induced membrane after infection was controlled at the second stage. The time from first to second stage operation was 8-12 weeks (average, 10.2 weeks). There were 11 males and 3 females, aged 18 to 69 years (average, 39.2 years). According to Cierny-Mader classification of osteomyelitis, 2 cases were rated as intramedullary type, 5 cases as limited type, and 7 cases as diffusing type. The course of osteomyelitis was 3 months to 20 years, averaged 1.9 years. The healing of bone defect and the functionary recovery of adjacent joint were evaluated according to Paley's method.
ResultsDebridement was performed for two times in 1 case, and for one time in 13 cases for control of bone infection at the first stage. All incisions healed by first intention after second stage. All patients were followed up 15-48 months (average, 13.4 months), with no recurrence of infection. All bone defects healed, and the clinical healing time was 4-5 months (average, 4.4 months). The results of bone healing grade were excellent in all cases at 1 year after operation; the functional recovery of adjacent joint at last follow-up was excellent in 4 cases, good in 8 cases, and fair in 2 cases, and the excellent and good rate was 85.7%.
ConclusionInduced membrane technique of hollow porous antibiotic-impregnated bone cement forming in vitro and lavage in vivo for treatment of osteomyelitis has the advantages of high rate of elution of antibiotics, ease of lavage of medullary cavity, and no damage to induced membrane and bony interface between bone and bone cement when removing cement, it is effective for control of bone infection and repair of bone defect.
