ObjectiveTo investigate the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and related risk factors in two districts and five counties in Jiaxing city of Zhejiang province.
MethodsWe randomly selected people over the age of 40 in 10 communities of two districts and five counties in Jiaxing city by cluster sampling and random sampling to investigate the prevalence of COPD from January 2013 to December 2013. All included patients received pulmonary function test at the same time.
ResultsA total of 1 256 cases of adults over the age of 40 were included, among which, 1 056 cases with complete data and qualified for pulmonary function test. There were 410 males with mean age of 58.74±11.62, and 646 females with mean age of 59.45±11.72. The overall prevalence of COPD was 13.60%. Male and female prevalence rates were 13.90% and 13.41%, respectively. Divided by age, the prevalence of the age of 40 to 50 was 3.38%, the age of 51 to 60 was 9.57%, the age of 61 to 70 was 19.15%, and the age of above 70 was 29.35%. The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the main risk factors of COPD were smoking, passive smoking, history of dust exposure, chronic respiratory disease history and age.
ConclusionThe total prevalence of COPD in Jiaxing area is high, and the female prevalence rate is especially higher than the national average level, which is the epidemiological characteristic of this area. Because the risk factors of COPD are complex, an integrated control strategy should be adopted.
ObjectiveTo analyze the clinical data of pregnant females and children infected with H1N1 during the global pandemic in 2009, and summarize the epidemiological characteristics.MethodsPubMed, EMbase, The Cochrane Library, CNKI, VIP and WanFang Data databases were searched to collect studies on H1N1 infection in pregnant females and children during the 2009 pandemic from January 1st, 2009 to February 17th, 2020. Two reviewers independently screened literature, extracted data and assessed risk of bias of included studies, then, epidemiological characteristics were descriptively analyzed.ResultsA total of 33 studies involving 939 children, 5 newborns and 2 416 maternal infections were included. The results showed that the age span of children was 0 to 18, the male-to-female ratio was 1.2:1, and the history of close contact accounts was 18.8% (80/425). The primary symptoms were fever, cough, headache, vomiting and other symptoms in some children. More than half of the children received oseltamivir antiviral treatment (545/807, 67.5%), and 6 died (6/861, 0.7%). The primary symptoms of pregnant females were fever, cough, sore throat, muscle pain, fatigue, headache, diarrhea, and so on. The majority of patients received antiviral therapy (1 571 to 1 783, 88.1%). A total of 178 mortalities (178/2 335, 7.6%), 48 stillbirths (48/966, 5.0%), and 9 live birth mortalities (9/494, 1.8%) were reported. All 5 newborns were positive for RT-PCR detection, including 4 premature infants. The mode of transmission was close contact in 3 cases (including 1 case in contact with sick medical staff), 1 case of vertical transmission from mother to child, and 1 case of unknown. The primary clinical manifestation of newborns was dyspnea. After treatment with oseltamivir, 4 cases were cured and 1 case deceased.ConclusionsPregnant females and children are at high risk of serious complications of H1N1 influenza. H1N1 infection in pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. The symptoms of H1N1 infection in children and pregnant females are similar to those in adults, primarily respiratory and systemic symptoms. Oseltamivir and zanamivir are effective antiviral drugs.
Objective To explore the incidence, age distribution and change tendency of female breast cancer in urban Shenyang from 2000 to 2009. Methods The incidence data of female breast cancer recorded in Shenyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention from 2000 to 2009 were collected, and the incidence and standardized incidence of breast cancer were analyzed by using SPSS 16.0 software. The incidence trend was analyzed by means of χ2 trend test and linear regression. Results The annual average crude incidence rate of female breast cancer in urban Shenyang from 2000 to 2009 was 46.03/100 000, while the annual average standardized incidence rate was 35.63/100 000, increased by 160.41% and 109.39% respectively during past 10 years, and the annual average increase was 11.22% and 8.56%, respectively. Both crude incidence rate and standardized incidence rate were in increasing trends with statistical significance (Plt;0.001). The crude incidence rate of the female at age of 50-64 showed a perpendicular rise trend, increased by 271.97%, and the annual average increase was 15.72%. The χ2 trend test and linear regression showed a significant difference (χ2=276.743, P=0.000; y= –22 355.560+11.205x, P=0.000). Conclusion The incidence of female breast cancer in urban Shenyang tends to rise with a younger-aged trend, and the female at age of 50-64 are commonly affected.
Objective To investigate the current prevalence of cerebral stroke and hypertension in Ganzi Tibetan state, so as to control stroke and hypertension in future. Methods A representative people sample of Kangding, Dege, Ganzi, Litang and Batang county was selected through randomized cluster sampling. Data of demographic characteristics, hypertension and stroke status were collected by face-to-face interview. Results 5 049 people were included, of which 48.6% were male, and 51.4% were female. The prevalence rate of hypertension and stroke were 23.4% and 1 894/100 000 respectively. The population with hypertension had high prevalence of stroke. The prevalence increased along with the age. Conclusions The prevalence of hypertension and stroke is high in Ganzi Tibetan state. The causes may be ascribed to special geography surroundings and life style. It is very important to pay more attention to prevent and control of hypertension and stroke in this area.
Objective To analyze the measles epidemic characteristic, so as to provide scientific evidence for the strategy of controlling and eliminating measles. Methods The data of measles cases was collected from the national epidemiological investigation and surveillance report system, and the measles epidemiological characteristic as well as the efficacy of measles control strategy were analyzed through descriptive studies. Results The total number of the reported measles cases reached 309 in 2009, the incidence rate was 5.1 per 100 000 population and declined by 71.26% compared with the year of 2008. Seasonal peak in 2009 appeared from January to April. The infants less than eight months old as well as the patients more than 15 years old were the main suffering population, which accounted for 33.98% (105/309) and 49.51% (153/309) of the total, respectively. The patients having no or having unclear measles vaccination history accounted for 93.2% (288/309). The cases of floating population accounted for 9.71% (30/309). Conclusion It has been demonstrated that vaccine immunization activities are important measures to eliminate measles. To achieve the goal of measles elimination, not only does the children routine immunization have to be performed, but also the strengthened immunization has to be carried out for the key crowd in key areas.
Objective To evaluate the effects of mass immunization campaign on the epidemiological characteristics of measles. Methods Comparison was made between the incidences of measles before and after the mass immunization campaign in 2007 in Shunqing prefecture of Nanchong city. Results The total number of the reported measles cases reached 460 during 2004 to 2007 in Shunqing prefecture of Nanchong city, and the respective annual rates of incidence were 4.04, 23.53, 11.84, and 33.57, respectively per 100 000 heads. Cases reported from April to July accounted to 73.91% of the total (340/460). Children under 15 were reported to have the highest incidence rate and accounted to 83.70% of the total (385/460), of which incidences of children under 1 accounted to 0%, 10.81%, 13.51% and 25.82%, respectively. Only 20.00% of the subjects (92/460) in this study had a definite history of measles vaccination. After the mass immunization campaign in September, 2007, only 10 cases were reported in 2008 and the incidence rate was 1.58 per 100 000 heads, a 95.29% decrease in incidence rate in comparison with that of the last year. Conclusion The mass immunization campaign has achieved substantial results.
Objective To survey and analyze the epidemiological and distribution situation of echinococcosis for human and livestock in Aba Prefecture of Sichuan Province. Methods According to the Standard WS257-2006 of Diagnose Hydatidosis which was published by the WHO, the residents from 141 countrysides of 13 counties where echinococcosis prevailed were examined by B-ultrasound. Sera anti-echinococcosis IgG of children under 12 years old and dejecta-antigen of dogs were examined by ELISA. Visceral of yaks and sheep were examined in slaughter places to make sure their infection. Results Human surveillance: 48 288 people were examined by B-ultrasound, 470 of which were patients. The positive rate was 0.97%; 19 people was Alveolar Echinococcus, and 451 people was Cystic Echinococcus. Sera of 5 372 children was examined, 358 of which were positive. The positive rate was 6.67%. Livestock surveillance: 5814 dejecta-antigens of dogs were examined, 989 of which were positive. The positive rate was 17.01%. 3 336 yaks and sheep were examined, 113 of which were positive. The rate was 3.39% (113/3 336). Conclusion Alveolar and Cystic Echinococcus exist and prevail among humans and cattles in Aba Prefecture of Sichuan Province, with a larger proportion of Cystic Echinococcus.
ObjectivesTo analyze epidemiological characteristics of leprosy in Sichuan province from 2000 to 2017.MethodsCase data of all new leprosy patients in Sichuan province from 2000 to 2017 were collected. A retrospective analysis of its epidemiological characteristics was performed by using SPSS 19.0 software.ResultsA total of 3 208 cases of leprosy were detected during 2000 to 2017, of whom 2 197 (71.28%) were male, 885 (28.72%) were female. The younger cases whose ages were less than 14 were 82 (2.66%), and the cases with grade 2 disabilities were 614 (19.92%). The mean age of male was older than female (41.64±14.26 vs. 38.89±15.12 years, P<0.05). The grade 2 disability rate of male was significantly higher than that of female (20.94% vs. 17.40%, P<0.05). Self-report was the most common method of discovery. But the ratio of male who were detected through contact examination was significantly lower than that detected through dermatological clinic, self-report, clues check and report (the ratio of male to female was 1.57, 2.38, 2.88, 2.48, 2.37, respectively, P<0.05).ConclusionsThe case detection of leprosy declines annually in Sichuan province from 2000 to 2017, especially in high-endemic area and male patients. Female patients are younger than male patients when they are detected. The grade 2 disability situation of male patients is significantly more serious than that of female patients. Self-report is the most common way of discovery, while women are more passive.
ObjectiveTo analyze the epidemiological burden and change trend of five sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in China from 1990 to 2019. MethodsThe estimated numbers and standardized rates of STIs incidence, prevalence, and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) in China and other regions were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The epidemic burden and change trend of STIs in China were compared and evaluated. ResultsIn 2019, STIs affected about 242 million people in China, resulting in 173 million new cases and 350 000 person years of DALY losses. Compared with 1990, the prevalence and incidence of STIs increased by 59.75% and 30.02%, respectively, and the number of DALY decreased by 35.19%. From 1990 to 2019, the incidence rate of chlamydia infection and gonococcal infection in the young and middle-aged group (aged 15-49 years) showed an upward trend; in addition, the DALY rate of genital herpes and trichomoniasis also increased. Among the 5 STIs, the disease burden caused by trichomoniasis infection in women was much higher than that in men. With the increase in the socio-demographic index (SDI), the burden of STIs in China gradually decreased. After the SDI exceeded 0.65, the decline rate of standardized DALY rate sharply increased. ConclusionThe disease burden of STIs in China shows a downward trend from 1990 to 2019, and the disease burden of the young and middle-aged group (aged 15-49 years) is the most significant, especially in trichomoniasis and chlamydia infection.
Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of lung cancer death in adults of Zhuhai in order to provide decision-making evidence for lung cancer control and prevention. Methods The data of Mortality Registration System from 2004 to 2005 in Zhuhai were applied to analyze the epidemiological features of lung cancer death in adults. Results From 2004 to 2005, the average mortality from lung cancer and the standardized rate in adults of Zhuhai were 25.3/lakh and 30.3/lakh, respectively. Lung cancer ranked the first on the list of death causes in all cases of cancer death. The standardized rate of the male and female population was 40.1/lakh and 19.2/lakh, respectively. The standardized rate of males was higher than that of females (u=7.23, Plt;0.01). The average mortality from lung cancer increased with age, especially in males over 60 years old. The standardized mortality from lung caner in Xiangzhou, Doumen and Jinwan was 30.5/lakh, 31.1/lakh and 27.3/lakh, respectively. No statistical significance was found in these areas. Conclusion Lung cancer is one of the major malignant tumors among Zhuhai people. Lung cancer mortality is increasing with population aging. Based on the main risk factors of lung cancer, effective preventive measures including tobacco control and environment improvement should be taken.
