ObjectivesTo analyze epidemiological characteristics of leprosy in Sichuan province from 2000 to 2017.MethodsCase data of all new leprosy patients in Sichuan province from 2000 to 2017 were collected. A retrospective analysis of its epidemiological characteristics was performed by using SPSS 19.0 software.ResultsA total of 3 208 cases of leprosy were detected during 2000 to 2017, of whom 2 197 (71.28%) were male, 885 (28.72%) were female. The younger cases whose ages were less than 14 were 82 (2.66%), and the cases with grade 2 disabilities were 614 (19.92%). The mean age of male was older than female (41.64±14.26 vs. 38.89±15.12 years, P<0.05). The grade 2 disability rate of male was significantly higher than that of female (20.94% vs. 17.40%, P<0.05). Self-report was the most common method of discovery. But the ratio of male who were detected through contact examination was significantly lower than that detected through dermatological clinic, self-report, clues check and report (the ratio of male to female was 1.57, 2.38, 2.88, 2.48, 2.37, respectively, P<0.05).ConclusionsThe case detection of leprosy declines annually in Sichuan province from 2000 to 2017, especially in high-endemic area and male patients. Female patients are younger than male patients when they are detected. The grade 2 disability situation of male patients is significantly more serious than that of female patients. Self-report is the most common way of discovery, while women are more passive.
Objective To analyze the measles epidemic characteristic, so as to provide scientific evidence for the strategy of controlling and eliminating measles. Methods The data of measles cases was collected from the national epidemiological investigation and surveillance report system, and the measles epidemiological characteristic as well as the efficacy of measles control strategy were analyzed through descriptive studies. Results The total number of the reported measles cases reached 309 in 2009, the incidence rate was 5.1 per 100 000 population and declined by 71.26% compared with the year of 2008. Seasonal peak in 2009 appeared from January to April. The infants less than eight months old as well as the patients more than 15 years old were the main suffering population, which accounted for 33.98% (105/309) and 49.51% (153/309) of the total, respectively. The patients having no or having unclear measles vaccination history accounted for 93.2% (288/309). The cases of floating population accounted for 9.71% (30/309). Conclusion It has been demonstrated that vaccine immunization activities are important measures to eliminate measles. To achieve the goal of measles elimination, not only does the children routine immunization have to be performed, but also the strengthened immunization has to be carried out for the key crowd in key areas.
Objective To study the composition, distribution, and influencing factors of acute hand injuries in daily l ife in the Beijing area by analyzing the cl inical data from patients with acute hand injuries. Methods Between April 1st 2005 to September 30th 2005, 2 575 patients with acute hand injuries in daily l ife from Beijing area were investigated by questionnaire.The epidemiological factors were analyzed, including gender, age, injury time, injury cause, accident place, injury mechanism, and location. Results The 2 575 patients injuried in daily l ife accounted for 49.2% of all. Most of them were young males, and the male to female ratio was 3.3 ∶ 1. Most of the patients were 21-30 years old. The most common accident place was resting place (43.3%), and next was outdoors (28.8%) and leisure place (20.0%). Accidental injury was the major injury cause, accounted for 51.0%, followed by injury after drinking (16.1%) and violence (15.5%). The major injury mechanism was cutting (52.23%), followed by coll ision (16.04%) and fall ing (15.18%). A total of 2 405 patients were right hander, and handedness affected the distribution of injured hands significantly. Open injuries accouonted for 70.7% of the patients, and the tissues in deep layer were involved in the injury in 54.4% of all. Conclusion Hand injury in daily l ife is a common problem, which has its own epidemiological features. More appropriate measures should be taken to decrease the incidence.
ObjectiveTo analyze the epidemiological characteristics and factors and detection ways of leprosy in Zhushan county in Hubei province, so as to provide scientific basis for developing measures to treat and prevent leprosy after basic elimination.
MethodsWe summarized the detection rate, incidence and prevalence of leprosy in Zhushan county in Hubei province during 1955-2012; compared the stage when detecting leprosy, deformity/disability rates and costs according to different detection ways; and conducted descriptive epidemiological analysis.
ResultsLeprosy outbreak distribution in Zhushan county in Hubei province covered 17 villages/towns, of which patients were the most in 4 southeast villages/towns. Among 123 cases of patients with leprosy, the youngest aged 4, the oldest aged 74, and the patients aged 20-39 were the most (42.28%); the sex ratio were 1.73 to 1 (male to female); most patients were peasants (83.74%); the main infection sources were family members and neighbours (45.53%, respectively); economic level, health and living condition were the main factors relevant to the prevalence of leprosy; and applying tests in people with foci contact history detected the most patients with leprosy on early stage, which caused the lowest deformity/disability rates.
ConclusionWe should consistently strengthen the training of medical personnel; improve medical personnel ability of detecting leprosy; take tests for people with foci contact history and tracking as active detection ways; monitoring patients' family members as well as close contacts during 10-year latent period; and conduct timely tracking, so as to in time detect, isolate, and treat patients with leprosy, reduce the incidence of deformity/disability, and control the transition of leprosy.
ObjectiveTo evaluate the reasonableness of anticoagulation management strategy in patients after mechanical heart valve replacement.
MethodsAll patients were followed and registered continually at outpatient clinic from July 2011 to February 2013, with a minimum of 6 months after surgery. Targeted international normalized rate (INR) 1.60 to 2.20 and warfarin weekly dosage adjustment were used as the strategy of anticoagulation management. Except bleeding, thrombogenesis and thromboembolism, time in therapeutic range (TTR) and fraction of TTR (FTTR) were adopted to evaluate the quality of anticoagulation management.
ResultsA total 1 442 patients and 6 461 INR values were included for data analysis. The patients had a mean age of 48.2±10.6 years (14-80 years) and the following up time were 6 to 180 months (39.2±37.4 months) after surgery. Of these patients, 1 043 (72.3%) was female and 399 (27.7%) was male. INR values varied from 0.90-8.39 (1.85±0.49) and required weekly doses of warfarin were 2.50-61.25 (20.89±6.93 mg). TTR of target INR and acceptable INR were 51.1% (156 640.5 days/306 415.0 days), 64.9% (198 856.0 days/306 415.0 days), respectively. FTTR of target INR and acceptable INR were 49.4% (3 193 times/6 461 times), 62.6% (4 047 times/6 461 times). There were 8 major bleeding events, 7 mild bleeding events, 2 thromboembolism events, and 2 thrombogenesis in the left atrium.
ConclusionIt is reasonable to use target INR 1.60-2.20 and warfarin weekly dosage adjustment for patients after mechanical heart valve replacement.
ObjectiveTo investigate the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and related risk factors in two districts and five counties in Jiaxing city of Zhejiang province.
MethodsWe randomly selected people over the age of 40 in 10 communities of two districts and five counties in Jiaxing city by cluster sampling and random sampling to investigate the prevalence of COPD from January 2013 to December 2013. All included patients received pulmonary function test at the same time.
ResultsA total of 1 256 cases of adults over the age of 40 were included, among which, 1 056 cases with complete data and qualified for pulmonary function test. There were 410 males with mean age of 58.74±11.62, and 646 females with mean age of 59.45±11.72. The overall prevalence of COPD was 13.60%. Male and female prevalence rates were 13.90% and 13.41%, respectively. Divided by age, the prevalence of the age of 40 to 50 was 3.38%, the age of 51 to 60 was 9.57%, the age of 61 to 70 was 19.15%, and the age of above 70 was 29.35%. The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the main risk factors of COPD were smoking, passive smoking, history of dust exposure, chronic respiratory disease history and age.
ConclusionThe total prevalence of COPD in Jiaxing area is high, and the female prevalence rate is especially higher than the national average level, which is the epidemiological characteristic of this area. Because the risk factors of COPD are complex, an integrated control strategy should be adopted.
ObjectiveTo compare the risk factors of angina pectoris and atherosclerotic thrombotic cerebral infarction, and to study the possible risk factors of angina pectoris complicated with atherosclerotic thrombotic cerebral infarction (XNHB abbr. in Chinese) and provide the basis for the prevention of XNHB.
MethodsClinical epidemiological cross-sectional survey methods were used. Information of angina pectoris patients, atherosclerotic thrombotic cerebral infarction patients and XNHB patients were collected. The statistical software SPSS 17.0 was used to analyze the single risk factors, and then logistic regression analysis was used to filter the independent risk factors of XNHB.
Results1 002 cases of angina pectoris, 963 cases of atherosclerotic thormbotic cerebral infaction and 982 cases of XNHB were included. There were significant differences among the three diseases in the following index:age (P=0.000 0), gender (P < 0.000 1), resting lifestyle (P=0.000 0), body mass index (BMI) (P=0.000 0), diabetes (P=0.001 9), hypertension (P < 0.000 1), diabetes complicated with hypertension (P < 0.000 1), smoking (P < 0.000 1), alcohol consumption (P < 0.000 1), and the combination of more than 3 risk factors (P=0.000 0). Age (OR=1.690, 95%CI 1.420 to 2.012), hypertension (OR=1.558, 95%CI 1.312 to 1.850), abnormal BMI (OR=1.356, 95%CI 1.158 to 1.587) and resting lifestyle (OR=1.319, 95%CI 1.107 to 1.572) were shown as the independent risk factors of XNHB filtering by logistic multiple regression analysis.
ConclusionThe elderly with hypertension, abnormal BMI or live a resting way of life are more likely to have XNHB, so positive control of risk factors should be needed.
Objective To survey and analyze the epidemiological and distribution situation of echinococcosis for human and livestock in Aba Prefecture of Sichuan Province. Methods According to the Standard WS257-2006 of Diagnose Hydatidosis which was published by the WHO, the residents from 141 countrysides of 13 counties where echinococcosis prevailed were examined by B-ultrasound. Sera anti-echinococcosis IgG of children under 12 years old and dejecta-antigen of dogs were examined by ELISA. Visceral of yaks and sheep were examined in slaughter places to make sure their infection. Results Human surveillance: 48 288 people were examined by B-ultrasound, 470 of which were patients. The positive rate was 0.97%; 19 people was Alveolar Echinococcus, and 451 people was Cystic Echinococcus. Sera of 5 372 children was examined, 358 of which were positive. The positive rate was 6.67%. Livestock surveillance: 5814 dejecta-antigens of dogs were examined, 989 of which were positive. The positive rate was 17.01%. 3 336 yaks and sheep were examined, 113 of which were positive. The rate was 3.39% (113/3 336). Conclusion Alveolar and Cystic Echinococcus exist and prevail among humans and cattles in Aba Prefecture of Sichuan Province, with a larger proportion of Cystic Echinococcus.
ObjectiveTo analyze the clinical data of pregnant females and children infected with H1N1 during the global pandemic in 2009, and summarize the epidemiological characteristics.MethodsPubMed, EMbase, The Cochrane Library, CNKI, VIP and WanFang Data databases were searched to collect studies on H1N1 infection in pregnant females and children during the 2009 pandemic from January 1st, 2009 to February 17th, 2020. Two reviewers independently screened literature, extracted data and assessed risk of bias of included studies, then, epidemiological characteristics were descriptively analyzed.ResultsA total of 33 studies involving 939 children, 5 newborns and 2 416 maternal infections were included. The results showed that the age span of children was 0 to 18, the male-to-female ratio was 1.2:1, and the history of close contact accounts was 18.8% (80/425). The primary symptoms were fever, cough, headache, vomiting and other symptoms in some children. More than half of the children received oseltamivir antiviral treatment (545/807, 67.5%), and 6 died (6/861, 0.7%). The primary symptoms of pregnant females were fever, cough, sore throat, muscle pain, fatigue, headache, diarrhea, and so on. The majority of patients received antiviral therapy (1 571 to 1 783, 88.1%). A total of 178 mortalities (178/2 335, 7.6%), 48 stillbirths (48/966, 5.0%), and 9 live birth mortalities (9/494, 1.8%) were reported. All 5 newborns were positive for RT-PCR detection, including 4 premature infants. The mode of transmission was close contact in 3 cases (including 1 case in contact with sick medical staff), 1 case of vertical transmission from mother to child, and 1 case of unknown. The primary clinical manifestation of newborns was dyspnea. After treatment with oseltamivir, 4 cases were cured and 1 case deceased.ConclusionsPregnant females and children are at high risk of serious complications of H1N1 influenza. H1N1 infection in pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. The symptoms of H1N1 infection in children and pregnant females are similar to those in adults, primarily respiratory and systemic symptoms. Oseltamivir and zanamivir are effective antiviral drugs.
ObjectiveTo investigate the epidemiological situation of pre-hospital emergency elderly and non-elderly patients in Chengdu and explore the characteristics of pre-hospital care in the city.MethodAll pre-hospital care records in the Chengdu 120 Emergency System Database in 2017 were retrospectively collected. According to the age of the patients, they were divided into the elderly group (≥60 years old) and the non-elderly group (<60 years old). The disease spectrum, the trends of the number of emergency help calls, the changes in different diseases over time, as well as the disease composition of the patients who died in the two groups were compared.ResultsA total of 179 387 pre-hospital emergency patients were enrolled, including 59 980 elderly patients and 119 407 non-elderly patients. Most of them were male patients in both groups. Patients in the elderly group were mainly between 60 to 89 years old, and the ones in the non-elderly group were mainly between 18 to 59 years old. The pre-hospital emergency patients in the elderly group presented with trauma, nervous system, symptoms and signs, and cardiovascular system diseases mainly, accounting for 29.19%, 14.64%, 13.82%, and 12.86%, respectively. In the non-elderly group, trauma, acute poisoning, and symptoms and signs were predominant, accounting for 50.89%, 10.98%, and 10.08%, respectively. Among the pre-hospital deaths, the number in the elderly group was the larger, accounting for 69.61% (7 043 cases); the mortality rate was 11.74%, with sudden death (28.70%), cardiovascular diseases (25.95%), and respiratory diseases (16.07%) being the major causes. The pre-hospital mortality rate of non-elderly patients was 2.58%, mainly including traumatic diseases (35.41%), sudden death (unknown cause of death) (25.33%), and cardiovascular diseases (17.56%). The number of emergency help calls in the elderly group began to increase gradually from September, reaching a peak in December and hitting the trough in February. While in the non-elderly group, the peak of the emergency help calls appeared in July, and it also fell to the lowest in February. The proportion of the number of emergency help calls in the elderly group was higher in January to February and October to December; while the peak in non-elderly group was in July. The number of emergency help calls in the elderly group were mainly concentrated in the daytime (08:00 to 20:00). In the non-elderly group, the changes in the number of emergency help calls were similar to that of the elderly, however, with another peak (20:00 to 24:00). The proportion of the number of emergency help calls in the elderly group was 06:00 to 09:59, and the peak time of the non-elderly group was in the early morning (00:00 to 04:59) and night (20:00 to 23:59).ConclusionsThe number of pre-hospital care for elderly and non-elderly patients has its own characteristics in terms of the time and the distribution of disease spectrum. Trauma and cardiovascular diseases are the most common causes of pre-hospital care and death in Chengdu. And the pre-hospital mortality in the elderly group is much larger than that in non-elderly group. Relevant departments can allocate emergency resources rationally, and focus on improving the on-site rescue capacity towards related diseases.
