Objective To evaluate the clinical and follow-up results of the surgical treatment for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy associated with aortic stenosis. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of the patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy plus aortic stenosis in our hospital from February 2008 to October 2015. There were 4 males and 3 females aged 55.6 ± 7.5 years. All the patients were received concomitant aortic valvulopasty at the time of modified extended Morrow procedure. Echocardiographic data and major complications were recorded through the outpatient clinic and telephone. Results The postoperative ventricular septal thickness, left ventricular outflow tract gradient and aortic gradient were significantly lower than those in preoperation with statistical differences (P<0.05). During the mean follow-up 25.6 ± 28.2 months period, 1 patient died of cerebral hemorrhage, 1 patient was implanted a permanent pacemaker, and 1 patient had a postoperative new-onset atrial fibrillation. All patients had a satisfied prosthetic valve function and the left ventricular outflow tract gradient. The patient's symptoms and heart function significantly improved postoperatively. Conclusion For patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy associated with moderate to severe aortic stenosis, concomitant aortic valvulopasty at the time of modified extended Morrow procedure is an appropriate and effective treatment, which can significantly alleviate the clinical symptoms, and improve quality of life with a satisfied prognosis.
ObjectiveTo summarize the surgical strategy on treating mitral desease patient associated with hypertrophic obstructive cadiomyopathy (HOCM).
MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 17 patients with HOCM underwent surgical treatment from November 2003 to May 2015 year. There were 10 males and 7 females with a mean age of 42.2±15.5 years ranging from 7-62 years. There were 16 patients underwent modified Morrow procedure and 1 patient underwent modified Konno procedure to relieve the obstruction of left ventricular outflow tract. And different surgical treatment of mitral valve disease was implemented depending on the severity of regurgitation and under monitoring of transesophageal echocardiography. About 2 weeks after the surgery, we performed transthoracic echocardiography to evaluate the effect of operation.
ResultsNo hospital death occurred and the surgery obviously improved the symptom and cardiac function in all cases. After surgery, echocardiography revealed that the mean thickness of the ventricular septum statistically decreased (P < 0.0001), the systolic anterior motion disappeared, the outflow track pressure of left ventricle statistically decreased (P < 0.0001), and the peak flow rate of left ventricle statistically decreased. However, there was no statistical difference in the change of the left ventricular ejection fraction(P=0.083). Nine patients with no mitral regurgitation (MR) or mild MR only underwent the unblock of the left ventricular outflow track, the MR decreased to mild or disappeared. Four patients with moderate or severe MR underwent mitral valve repair, and the MR decrease to mild or disappear. There were no complications occurred regarding to prosthesis implantation over the 4 patients underwent mitral valve replacement for infective endocarditis or other causes.
ConclusionFor the HOCM patients with mild MR, the unblock of the left ventricular outflow track alone can effectively improve the MR. For those combined with moderate or severe MR, we should choose mitral valve repair or replacement based on individual situation of patient.
Objective To introduce a method of preoperative three-dimensional measurement by echocardiography to guide the surgical resection of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) and its long-term follow-up effect. MethodsBefore operation, each patient underwent transthoracic echocardiography to measure the length, width and thickness of diastolic ventricular septum hypertrophy on the long axis, short axis and four chamber sections, in order to establish three-dimensional measurement data of myocardial hypertrophy, and quantitatively estimate the location, depth and range of myocardium to be removed between 2014 and 2022 in our hospital. According to the quantitative data during operation, the hypertrophic myocardium of ventricular septum was resected to dredge the left ventricular outflow tract. ResultsForty-three patients were recruited, including 22 males and 21 females, aged 18-78 (49.2±5.1) years. Eighteen patietns underwent mitral valve surgery at the same time. All patients were satisfied with the relief of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Postoperative transesophageal echocardiography showed that the left ventricular outflow tract pressure gradient decreased significantly (94.2±28.1 mm Hg vs. 6.7±4.7 mm Hg, P<0.05). There was no ventricular septal perforation or complete atrioventricular block during the operation, and no one needed a secondary aorta-clamp for re-operation to remove hypertrophic myocardium again. Postoperative echocardiography showed that the mitral valve closed well or only had mild regurgitation, and the mitral systolic anterior motion sign basically disappeared. After 1.0-8.5 years of follow-up, the average pressure difference of left ventricular outflow tract remained below 10 mm Hg, and the clinical symptoms disappeared or improved significantly. Conclusion The quantitative prediction of the resection range of hypertrophic myocardium by three-dimensional measurement of preoperative echocardiography can accurately guide the surgical range of HOCM, avoid multiple blocking of aorta during operation, relieve left ventricular outflow tract obstruction to the greatest extent, and obtain better long-term results.
Abstract：?Objective?To analyze surgical procedures and clinical outcomes for patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy （HOCM） complicated by infective endocarditis.?Methods?We retrospectively analyzed clinical data of 7 patients with HOCM complicated by infective endocarditis who underwent modified Morrow procedure，removal of intracardiac vegetation，and valve replacement in Fu Wai Hospital from Sep. 2006 to Feb. 2012. There were 5 male patients and 2 female patients with their mean age of 39.80±13.60 years（ranging 21-55）. Postoperative clinical outcomes were observed. Preoperative and postoperative left ventricular outflow tract （LVOT） gradients， left atrium （LA） diameter，left ventricular ejection fraction （LVEF） and heart function were compared.?Results?There was no in-hospital death and perioperative survival rate was 100% in this group. Bacteria vegetations were multiply detected on the mitral valve leaflet （7 cases）， aortic valve leaflet （4 cases） and ventricular septum （1 case） with their diameter of 2-19 mm. Blood culture showed Staphylococcus aureus （3 cases），Squirrel aureus （1 case） . Postoperatively， first-degree atrioventricular block occurred in 2 patients， complete left bundle branch block in 1 patient， left anterior division block in 2 patients， and all these complications were not treated. Postoperative LVOT gradient and LA diameter were significantly lower than preoperative values （P＜0.05）， and cardiac function was significantly improved in these patients. All the patients underwent transthoracic echocardiography at a mean follow-up of 13.00±17.19 （1-49） months in outpatient service. The clinical symptoms of all these patients were diminished or significantly ameliorated and their quality of life was considerably improved. All the patients had NYHA classⅠorⅡ without any reintervention or death during follow-up.?Conclusion?Modified Morrow procedure and valve replacement is a good surgical strategy for patients with HOCM complicated by infective endocarditis with satisfactory early and mid-term clinical outcomes.
ObjectiveTo explore the effect and safety of surgical treatment for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) with mitral regurgitation (MR) through right mini-thoracotomy.MethodsFrom January 2008 to June 2018, 54 patients with HOCM and moderate-to-severe MR underwent modified Morrow procedure and edge-to-edge mitral valvuloplasty through right mini-thoracotomy, including 31 males and 23 females, with an average age of 47.1±12.6 years. All patients had systolic anterior motion (SAM) phenomenon. Preoperative left ventricular outflow tract pressure gradient (LVOTPG) was 93.6±32.8 mm Hg, interventricular septum thickness (IVST) was 24.8±2.8 mm.ResultsSurgeries in all patients were completed successfully. No early death or interventricular septal perforation occurred. One (1.9%) patient received permanent pacemaker implantation due to the complete atrial-ventricular block. At discharge, postoperative LVOTPG (18.1±6.2 mm Hg) and IVST (14.5±2.1 mm) were significantly decreased compared with the preoperative values (P<0.05). No MR or SAM was observed in all patients. The follow-up time was 6-132 months, and during this period, no death, MR or SAM occurred. The average LVOTPG was 19.4±5.7 mm Hg, and the average IVST was 14.2±1.5 mm.ConclusionMorrow procedure and edge-to-edge mitral valvuloplasty through right mini-thoracotomy is a safe and effective method for treatment of HOCM with moderate-to-severe MR.
ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of modified maze Ⅳ (Cox-maze Ⅳ) in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) patients.MethodsFrom June 2016 to June 2019, 30 HOCM and persistent atrial fibrillation (pAF) patients received Cox-maze Ⅳ operation with modified extended Morrow operation, including 21 males and 9 females. The average age was 51.36±10.27 years and the average weight was 72.48±11.29 kg. All patients underwent left atrial appendectomy. Recurrence of AF, improvement of symptoms, cardiac function (NYHA) were assessed during follow-up.ResultsThere was no death during the perioperative period. Postoperative left ventricular outflow tract gradient was significantly decreased compared with that before operation (P<0.01), and all systolic anterior motion (SAM) signs disappeared after operation. Thirty patients were all effectively followed up for 3-40 (16.24±8.26) months. During the follow-up period, there was no death, and the cardiac function (NYHA) of all patients recovered to gradeⅠ-Ⅱ. At the end of follow-up, twenty-four patients (80.00%) maintained sinus rhythm, and twenty-seven patients (90.00%) maintained sinus rhythm after amiodarone conversion. Univariate analysis showed that the smoking history (P=0.04), left atrial diameter≥55 mm before operation (P=0.03), left atrial diameter≥50 mm after operation (P=0.02), postoperative tricuspid regurgitation (P=0.02) were closely related to postoperative AF recurrence. The increase of left atrial diameter after operation was an independent risk factor for AF recurrence (P=0.02).ConclusionMorrow/Cox-maze Ⅳ procedure is safe and effective in treatment of patients with HOCM complicated with pAF, which helps to maintain postoperative sinus rhythm, and to improve the cardiac function. The increase of left atrial diameter after operation is an independent risk factor for AF recurrence.
ObjectiveTo investigate the effectiveness and safety of totally endoscopic transmitral myectomy (TETM) for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM), comparing with traditional sternotomy modified Morrow procedure (SMMP).MethodsThirty-eight patients with HOCM who needed surgical intervention were selected from our hospital in 2019, including 14 males and 24 females, with an average age of 56 (44-68) years. According to the operation method, they were divided into a TETM group (n=18) and a SMMP group (n=20). Appropriate patients were screened by propensity matching scores. Finally, the clinical data of two matched groups were compared and analyzed.ResultsThere was no death, septal perforation, residual left ventricular outflow tract obstruction or third degree atrioventricular block in either group. After propensity score matching, there was no statistical difference between the two groups in the ICU length of stay (41.5±5.0 h vs. 53.0±24.0 h, P=0.620), ventilation time (19.5±9.2 h vs. 38.0±24.0 h, P=0.463), cardiopulmonary bypass time (190.7±45.6 min vs. 156.0±70.7 min, P=0.627), aortic cross-clamp time (100.1±25.3 min vs. 94.5±57.3 min, P =0.915), left ventricular outflow tract gradient (17.0±1.4 mm Hg vs. 5.0±0.5 mm Hg, P=0.053), left atrial anterior and posterior diameter (37.0±1.3 mm vs. 40.0±0.7 mm, P=0.090), interventricular septum thickness (12.5±0.7 mm vs. 13.0±1.4 mm, P=0.712), left ventricular posterior wall thickness (10.0±1.4 mm vs. 10.5±2.1 mm, P=0.811), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (43.5±3.5 mm vs. 46.0±4.2 mm, P=0.589), and mitral regurgitation (1.0±0.2 vs. 0.7±0.5, P=0.500). The follow-up time was 6±3 months, and no death occurred. In the TETM group, one patient underwent mitral valvuloplasty again three months after surgery because of a tear in the A3 region of mitral valve..ConclusionTETM is a safe and effective procedure that can well expose the interventricular septum at the basal & middle obstruction site and effectively eliminate the mitral regurgitation associated with systolic anterior motion syndrome caused by left ventricular outflow tract obstruction.
ObjectiveTo analyze the surgical procedures and clinical effects of surgical treatment for patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM).
MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of sixty-five consecutive patients with HOCM who underwent modified Morrow procedure in Wuhan Asia Heart Hospital between June 2010 and December 2013. There were 40 males and 25 females with mean age of 48.4±11.5 years (ranged 18-70 years).
ResultsThere was no in-hospital mortality. There was no valve injury or ventricular septal perforation occurred during operation. Postoperative LVOT gradient, interventricular septum (IVS), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and mitral regurgitation (MR) were significantly lower than preoperative values (P<0.05). Complete atrioventricular block occurred in 3 patients, complete left bundle branch block occurred in 7 patients, and left anterior division block occurred in 3 patients. All patients were followed up for 6-35 months. During the following-up time, the clinical symptoms diminished in 55 patients and ameliorated significantly in other 10 patients. All patients had a NewYork Heart Association functional class Ⅰ/Ⅱ during the follow-up.
ConclusionSurgical septal myectomy can eliminate obstruction of left ventricular outflow tract and relief symptoms obviously. The early and mid-term outcomes are satisfactory.
Objective To summary the clinical experiences of ventricular septal myotomymyectomy on hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy(HOCM) and investigate the treatment strategies during perioperative period for better clinical results. Methods From October 1996 to June 2009, 62 patients with HOCM underwent surgical treatment. There were 41 male and 21 female, aged 668 years with mean 34.05 years. The ventricular septal myotomymyectomy operation (Morrow operation or modified Morrow operation) was performed through the aortic incision under general anesthesia and hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The concomitant operations included coronary artery bypass grafting (5 cases), mitral valve replacement (12 cases), mitral valve plasty(9 cases), aortic valve replacement (4 cases), tricuspid valve plasty(2 cases) and ductus arteriosus closure (2 cases). During the perioperative period, the patients were examined by echocardiography or transesophageal echocardiograph(TEE), electrocardiogram or dynamic echocardiogram and chest radiography. Left atrial diameter，left ventricular enddiastolic [CM(159mm]diameter，left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) pressuregradient，interventricular septal thickness, ejection fraction[CM)](EF), the changes of mitral valve construction and function were evaluated. Results The time of CPB and aortic occlusion were 104.23±47.14 min and 66.76±36.32 min, respectively. The endotracheal intubation time was 13.23±11.76 h and the postoperative intensive care unit(ICU) stay was 42.53±37.41 h. Four patients died and the mortality was 6.45％(4/62). The main causes of death included septic shock complicated with acute renal failure(1 case), refractory arrhythmia, ventricular fibrillation, atrial flutter complicated with severe low cardiac output syndrome (1 case), severe acute renal failure(1 case) and Ⅲ°atrioventricular(AV) block complicated with low cardiac output syndrome(1 case). Postoperative left atrial diameter (34.56±6.45 mm vs.43.46±7.21 mm，t=6.948,P=0.000), left ventricular enddiastolic diameter (37.14±6.31 mm vs.42.03±6.23 mm，t=3.145,P=0.020), LVOT pressure gradient (23.54±17.78 mm Hg vs. 103.84±44.04 mm Hg,t=13.618,P=0.000) and interventricular septal thickness (17.12±5.67 mm vs.26.93±5.23 mm, t=10.694,P=0.000) decreased significantly compared with those before operation. There was no mitral valve regurgitation, or only mild mitral valve regurgitation. No systolic anterior motion(SAM) was found. The main postoperative arrhythmias included complete left bundle branch block, intraventricular block, complete atrioventricular block and atrial fibrillation. All the 58 cases were cured and discharged. Fiftythree cases were followed up for 3 months12 years, and 5 cases were lost. No death, complication and reoperation were found. Symptoms relieved significantly. The cardiac function was in New York Heart Association grade Ⅰ-Ⅱ. The quality of life improved significantly. Conclusion Most patients with HOCM can achieve satisfactory relief of LVOT obstruction and SAM via ventricular septal myotomymyectomy. The main arrhythmias after operation are bundle branch block and atrial fibrillation. Satisfactory effects can be achieved by accurate surgical technique and effective drug treatments.
Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) is a relatively common hereditary cardiomyopathy, which is featured by asymmetric myocardial hypertrophy and dynamic left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction. Other than septal hypertrophy, mitral valve abnormalities are also quite common in HOCM patients, and they also contribute to systolic anterior motion of the mitral leaflets and LVOT obstruction. Septal myectomy is believed as the standard surgical treatment for HOCM, but whether to perform mitral valve procedures at the same time of myectomy is still debatable. In this article, we thoroughly explained the mitral valve abnormalities in HOCM patients and their surgical corrections. Besides, we also explained the controversies over mitral valve procedures based on the current clinical studies.
