An intervention with clinical application must be effective and safe, therefore, when evaluating interventions, the benefit-harm ratio should be considered, and only those interventions with more benefits than harms have application value. To evaluate the benefits and harms of an intervention evidence of both benefits and harms should be reported in clinical trials. To promote better reporting of harms in randomized controlled trials, the CONSORT group had added an entry on harms in the 2001 version of the CONSORT statement, and then in 2004, the CONSORT group developed the CONSORT Harms extension; however, it has not been consistently applied and needs to be updated, the reporting of harms is still inadequate. The CONSORT group has updated《Better reporting of harms in randomized trial: an extension of the CCONSORT statement.》, published《CONSORT Harms 2022 statement, explanation, and elaboration: updated guideline for the reporting of harms in randomized trials》. This article presents and explains the Harms 2022, with the aim of helping researchers better understand and use the statement, with a view to improving the reporting quality of harms in clinical trials.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hypertension are very common chronic diseases. Active and standardized treatment of hypertension in patients with CKD can not only delay the progress of renal disease, but also reduce the risk of cardiovascular events. In recent years, although the guidelines for hypertension have put forward detailed suggestions for the management of hypertension in CKD patients, there are differences in the recommendation of blood pressure target value for CKD patients. Combined with the latest guidelines, this review interprets the blood pressure measurement methods, diagnostic criteria, antihypertensive targets and drug therapy in patients with CKD.
Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is one of the most important retinal vascular diseases in China that leads to severe loss of vision. In recent years, the emergence of various emerging imaging technologies and new drugs has not only deepened our understanding of the natural course of this disease, but also significantly changed the traditional treatment mode of retinal laser photocoagulation as the gold standard, thereby significantly improved the visual prognosis. However, currently in various regions and levels of hospitals in China, the diagnosis and treatment of RVO still rely mainly on their own experience. The awareness and knowledge of RVO among ophthalmologists in various regions still need to be improved. A standardized clinical diagnosis and treatment pathway is needed in order to meet the needs of most RVO patients. Led by the Fundus Disease Group of the Ophthalmology Branch of the Chinese Medical Association and the Fundus Disease Professional Committee of the Ophthalmology Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, based on the existing evidence-based evidence at home and abroad, and following the principles of consensus formulation, Expert consensus on clinical diagnosis and treatment path of retinal vein occlusion in China has been compiled. The consensus systematically and comprehensively elaborated a standardized diagnosis and treatment pathway for RVO. Interpreting the key points in this consensus is helpful to highlight the core ideas, and improve the utilization of this consensus by ophthalmologists from all levels of hospitals.
Diabetes retinopathy (DR) is listed as one of the chronic diseases that should be focused on in the “14th Five-Year” National Eye Health Plan (2021-2025). Early screening is one of the effective measures to reduce blindness caused by DR. Establishing an efficient and practical community screening model is a powerful guarantee for completing early screening. The Ocular Fundus Diseases Group of the Ophthalmology Branch of the Chinese Medical Association has led the development of Expert consensus on community screening of diabetic retinopathy among DR community screening experts that is suitable for the current national situation, in order to guide and promote the further improvement of DR community screening work in China. This Expert Consensus provides detailed specifications on the current domestic trend of DR, the necessity of screening, the role of artificial intelligence grading, screening process, and quality control. This interpretation further emphasizes the importance of DR community screening, while emphasizing the responsibilities of different departments in the screening process. Finally, recommendations are provided for the sustainability of DR community screening. It is hoped that the screening rate of DR in China can be improved and blindness can be reduced by DR through Expert consensus on community screening of diabetic retinopathy and interpretation of the content.
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most common human skin tumor. In recent years, the incidence of cSCC is increasing annually. Although most cSCC is curable after basic treatment, the advanced cSCC progresses rapidly and poses a significant risk for the impact on quality of life and death. In 2017, the latest version of cSCC management guideline was developed by the American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) based on extensive evidence-based medical evidence, including cSCC biopsy techniques, histopathological assessment, clinical staging and grading, surgical and nonsurgical treatment, follow-up, recurrence prevention, and management of the advanced cSCC. The purpose of this article is to briefly introduce and interpretate this guideline.
Choroideremia (CHM) is a rare inherited eye disease that leads to blindness. It is caused by pathogenic variants in the CHM gene and exhibits X-linked recessive inheritance. Affected males present with progressively worsening night blindness, visual field loss, and decreased central vision, which can cause blindness in middle age. Although female carriers typically exhibit mild symptoms, it is essential to understand their clinical features for early diagnosis of patients as well as genetic counseling of family members. Currently, the recognition and diagnosis rates of CHM among ophthalmologists in various regions and levels of hospitals in China still need to be improved. A standardized clinical pathway is needed to meet the diagnostic and treatment needs of patients. Led by the the Chinese Hereditary Ocular Disease Diagnosis and the Treatment Group and the Chinese Hereditary Ocular Disease Alliance, based on existing evidence both domestically and internationally, the Expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of choroideremia (2024) has been compiled, systematically and comprehensively elaborating on the standardized clinical pathways for CHM. Interpreting the key points of this consensus will help highlight its core points and ideas, enhancing the standardization and effectiveness of the diagnosis and treatment of CHM by ophthalmologists from all levels of hospitals.
Unprocessed red meat and processed meat consumption: dietary guideline recommendations from the NutriRECS consortium is based on five high quality systematic reviews that were developed using the nutritional recommendations guideline development process. The guideline develop recommendations primarily focus on participant important health outcomes (such as the incidence of cancer, cardiovascular disease and mortality) related to the consumption of red and processed meats. Based on the estimated average weekly intake of these meats (3 to 4 servings/week) in North America and Western Europe, the panel suggests that adults continue their current unprocessed red meat and processed meat consumption. The present paper interprets the guideline.
With the recent domestic adoption of novel formulations such as high-dose anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents and gene therapy drugs, sterile intraocular inflammation (SIOI) following intravitreal injection has gradually come into public awareness and garnered widespread attention. Concurrently, multiple ophthalmic medications with established clinical histories, including prophylactic antibiotics (e.g., vancomycin) and corticosteroids (e.g., triamcinolone acetonide), have also been reported to induce SIOI. To enhance Chinese ophthalmologists’ understanding of SIOI and standardize its diagnostic and therapeutic protocols, the Fundus Disease Group of Ophthalmological Society of Chinese Medical Association, Fundus Disease Group of Ophthalmologist Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association, adhering to evidence-based medicine principles and integrating international guidelines and consensus documents with China’s socio-economic context, have spearheaded the development of the Expert consensus for the diagnosis and treatment of sterile intraocular inflammation after intraocular drug delivery (2025) through rigorous consensus-building processes. This consensus systematically presents diagnosis and treatment recommendations with Chinese characteristics, addressing seven key clinical issues such as the epidemiological features, clinical manifestations, identification of high-risk factors, perioperative management, and prognosis evaluation of SIOI. It focuses on constructing a hierarchical intervention system based on the severity of the disease. An in-depth understanding of the core content of this consensus can, on the one hand, help avoid diagnostic and therapeutic deviations caused by insufficient understanding, and on the other hand, assist in establishing a standardized SIOI management process, thereby effectively reducing the risk of visual impairment and optimizing the visual prognosis of patients. The introduction of this consensus marks the further improvement of the quality management system for intraocular injection therapy in our country and holds significant guiding importance for enhancing the diagnostic and therapeutic level of retinal diseases.
In 2005, interpretative strategies for pulmonary function tests were issued jointly by the American Thoracic Society (ATS) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS), and they have since been updated in 2021. In this article, we introduced the updated key points, including reference equations and normal limits, natural changes in lung function over time, bronchodilator responsiveness testing, the classification of physiological impairments, and the severity of lung function impairment. We also put forward some suggestions from the viewpoint of our national conditions. We expected it to provide useful references for those concerned with the application of pulmonary function tests in China.
