The course of chronic pancreatitis is prolonged, and pain is the main symptom, which seriously affects the quality of life and work ability of patients. Its treatment is the most important and complex problem. This article systematically describes the theoretical basis, indications, efficacy, selection and balance of drugs, endoscopy, surgery and other measures related to pain treatment.
Simulation-based medical education is becoming increasingly common. In this paper, the status and goal of SBME development is analyzed after a brief introduction of SBME. Secondly, the essentiality and possibility of bringing SBME to a situated paradigm are clarified, because there are rich implications for situated cognition as the theory foundation of SBME. As a main discussion point, eight practical situated designing principles for SBME in theoretical and practical contexts are then expounded. Finally, a specific attitude toward the relationship between theory and practice for the SBME teachers is also elucidated.
This paper introduced definition of right care, presented the evidences of overuse and underuse in the world and pointed out the importance of dissemination of evidence-based medicine to right care. Not only evidence production but also concepts of evidence-based practical are important. It is important to disseminate evidence-based medicine not only among academic societies but also among the public. These are critical for achieving right care and preventing overuse and underuse of medical care.
Objective To investigate the degenerative changes in the inner rat retina after photic injury.Methods After 24 hour-dark adaptation, sixty Lewis rats were exposed in a ventilated green plexiglass chamber that transmitted continuous green light between 480-520 nm with an intensity of 900～1 000 lx. After 24 hour exposure, the rats stayed in darkness and were sacrificed after 1 day, 3,7 or 14 days. The neurons in the inner retina were marked by immunohisto chemical technique and observed by light and electronic microscope.Results The apoptotic photoreceptor cells were noted after photic injury. The degeneration and decreasing number of rod bipolar cells were found after 3 days; the edema of horizontal cells occurred after 1 day but ameliorated gradually; decreasing number of amacrine cells was found after 1 day; sustained edema of ganglion cells and prolifeeration of the Müller cells were found after photic injury. Pyknotic and edematous neruronal degenerations of inner retina were found in ultrastructural study.Conclusion The neurons in the inner retina as well as Müller cells are involved in the degeneration after photic injury. Different neurons manifest different patterns of degeneration.(Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis，2003，19：201-268)
The single ventricular circulation is notable for coexisting systemic venous hypertension and pulmonary arterial hypotension. The use of mechanical circulatory support (MCS) devices is a viable therapeutic treatment option for patients with congestive heart failure. Ventricular assisted devices, cavopulmonary assisted devices, and total artificial heart pumps continue to gain acceptance as viable treatment strategies for single ventricular physiology patients as bridge-to transplantation, bridge-to-recovery, and longer-term circulatory support alternatives. Patients with single ventricular physiology had the lower survival rates compared with those with biventricular circulation. We present a review of the current and future MCS devices for patients with univentricular circulations.
Primary hepatocellular carcinoma is a common cancer. Many patients are found with intermediate-advanced stage, rapid development, poor treatment and high mortality. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) can discover the early lesions and therefore plays an important role in diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. It especially has obvious advantages in detecting metastasis and monitoring recurrence. However, 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging has poor quality and low diagnosis rate. Understanding the advantages and limitations of 18F-FDG PET/CT can provide better basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma patients. This article briefly introduces the research and application of 18F-FDG PET/CT in the diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.
Abstract： Replacement of the aortic valve and aortic root has been the standard surgical strategy for patients with aortic root aneurysm for many years. Along with the increasing knowledge about the aortic root anatomy and physiology, and complications after aortic valve replacement, the technique of valve-sparing aortic root replacement has developed greatly. We focus on the etiology and classification aortic valve insufficiency, the valve-sparing techniques and clinical outcomes of valve-sparing aortic root replacement in this review.
