Objective
To compare and quantitatively analyse the different characteristics of multimodal imaging of geographic atrophy (GA) in age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
Methods
The study included multimodel images of 32 eyes of 27 patients with GA secondary to AMD. There were 14 males (17 eyes) and 13 females (15 eyes). The age ranged from 64 to 83 years, with the mean age of (74.4±7.6) years. All eyes were examined by color fundus photography (CFP), fundus autofluorescence (FAF), fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT). Using image J software, two trained ophthalmologists, operating in masked fashion, graded the area of lesions of CFP, FAF and FFA independently and compared the sizes of GA area. OCT was performed to confirm the border of lesion when FAF difficult to be determined. The results consistency of two ophthalmologists was analyzed by Bland-Altman.
Results
The results consistency was high of two ophthalmologists, with the variation range of FFA＜FAF＜CFP. The GA area of CFP, FAF and FFA were (19.81±13.03), (21.50±13.61), (23.10±14.29) mm2. The difference of GA area between three multimodel images was statistically significant (F=0.466, P=0.629).
Conclusion
The mean size of GA measured by CFP, FAF and FFA showed no statistical difference.
Objective To understand the distribution of outdoor time among children in Shanghai and explore the relationship between different time-period patterns of outdoor time and their effectiveness in preventing and controlling myopia. MethodsThis study is a secondary analysis based on the Shanghai Time Outside to Reduce Myopia study of primary school students aged 6-9 years with complete smartwatch-monitored quantitative data. Data included outdoor time, axial length, cycloplegic refraction, demographic characteristics, and factors related to myopia such as near work. The smartwatch was worn from March 1, to December 31, 2018. Outdoor times were compared and categorized into weekday-dominant and weekend-dominant patterns. Additionally, morning and afternoon outdoor times were analyzed and classified into morning-dominant and afternoon-dominant patterns. Generalized linear models were used to analyze the correlation between different time-period outdoor activity patterns and myopia onset and progression. ResultsDuring the study period, the daily outdoor activity time of children was 84.83 (67.66, 105.47) min/day. Specifically, outdoor activity time was [90.93 (71.66, 113.09) min/d] on weekdays and weekends was [68.14 (51.09, 88.60) min/d], with weekday time significantly higher than weekend time (Z=39.64, P＜0.001). Outdoor activity time in the morning was [46.60 (37.51, 57.88) min/d] and afternoon was [48.99 (38.46, 61.28) min/d], with afternoon time significantly longer than morning (Z=?8.36, P＜0.001). After adjusting for age, sex, residential area, parental myopia, near-work time, and other confounding factors, compared with children with a weekday-dominant outdoor activity pattern, those with a weekend-dominant outdoor activity pattern had a 23% lower risk of myopia onset within one year [odds ratio (OR)=0.769, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.596-0.993, P=0.044]. Furthermore, compared with children with a morning-dominant outdoor activity pattern, those with an afternoon-dominant outdoor activity pattern was associated with less axial elongation (β=?0.012, 95%CI ?0.023-?0.002, P=0.019) and less myopic progression in refractive error (β=0.029, 95%CI 0.002-0.057, P=0.036). ConclusionWeekend-dominant and afternoon-dominant outdoor activity time patterns are more beneficial for preventing and controlling the onset and progression of myopia.
