Objective To summarize research progress of infrapatellar fat pad derived mesenchymal stem cells (IFP-MSCs) in treatment of osteoarthritis (OA). Methods The recent domestic and international literature on IFP-MSCs was reviewed. The mechanisms and latest research progress of IFP-MSCs in the treatment of OA were summarized and analyzed from aspects such as basic biological characteristics, core therapeutic mechanisms, preclinical research evidence, bioengineering strategies for optimizing therapeutic effects, and the current status of clinical studies and application. ResultsThe main mechanism of IFP-MSCs for OA treatment lies in the significant paracrine effect. By releasing cytokines, exosomes, etc., IFP-MSCs work synergistically to exert anti-inflammatory effects, protect cartilage, and promote repair. Preclinical studies have verified its efficacy and mechanism in vitro and in animal models. To promote clinical translation, researchers have developed a series of bioengineering strategies, including standardized cell preparation and functional preprocessing (such as three-dimensional culture, inflammatory factor stimulation), genetic engineering modification, exosome engineering, and the design of intelligent delivery carriers, aiming to optimize cell functions and achieve precise treatment. Preliminary clinical studies have confirmed its safety and short-term benefits in improving symptoms. ConclusionAlthough there are still challenges such as cell heterogeneity and long-term efficacy verification, by integrating cutting-edge technologies such as three-dimensional organ chips and single-cell omics, IFP-MSCs are expected to promote the development of OA treatment to a new stage of personalization and high efficiency, providing a new direction for future stem cell-based precise repair strategies.
