Objective To establish a scaffold model from heterogeneoussmall blood vessels. Methods Caudal arteries from 34 Wistar rats( average length 12.08±1.69 cm) were made into acellular blood vessel scaffolds. Some scaffoldswere observed by electron microscope, and others were transplanted to the cut ends of ear central arteries of male Japanese big ear white rabbits. Results Average external diameter was 0.74±0.08 mm in proximal, and 0.55±0.08 mm in distal end of rat caudal arteries. The small blood vessel scaffolds had shin wall whichwas white and soft, composed of fibrous tissues without cells. On the intima surface the fibrous tissues were arrayed densely in a grid-like pattern. After transplantation, the blood flow was reserved, and kept flowing freely in 24 hours. The pulsation of the transplanted artery was accessible and no blood leakage wasfound.Conclusion The natural scaffolds are composed of fibrous tissues, and can sustain the artery pulse pressure for 24 hours. It is better to suture the blood vessels by sleeve anastomosis.
Objective To evaluate which is better method zymogen or low temperature frozen in removing vascular endothelial cell so as to lay a foundation for creating a kind of brace which is not to be rejected and the same as own blood vessel. Methods Fresh and not damaged umbilical blood vessel was collected from natural labour women, human umbilical blood vessel was remove carefully from normal foetus, then was put into disinfectant at 37℃ for 24 hours. They were divided into 3 groups:normal group(NG),zymogen group(ZG) and low temperature frozen group(LG). ZG: 0.1% collagenⅡ enzyme was addedin umbilical blood vessel and closed the both sides and the vascular endothelialcell was removed in 37℃ water. LG:Umbilical blood vessel was put into liquidnitrogen for 24 hours after frozened step by step, and then it was put into 37℃ water for 30-60 s and the vascular endothelial cells were washed away by normal saline. NG:Umbilical blood vessel was kept into 4℃ Kerb’s liquid. The bacteria were culturedin each group. The samples were stained by HE,elastic fiber and collagen fiberwere observed by light and scanning electron microscope. The difference of compliance was compared. Human leukocyte antigen ABC(HLA-ABC) and HLA-DR were observed by immunohistochemical method and the expression of antigen of umbilical blood vessel was analysed. Results In LG, umbilical vascular endothelial cells were removed completely; artery showed vertical smooth muscle and vein showed elastic membrane. InZG, umbilical vascular endothelial cells were removed completely after 20 minutes;artery showed vertical smooth muscle cells and vein showed lower endothelial layer. The vascular compliance in LG was higher than that in NG, and the latter was also higher than that in ZG,but showing no significant differences (Pgt;0.05). The compliance of umbilical vein was 2-3 times as much asthat of umbilical artery.The expression of HLA-ABC and HLA-DR in LG andZG were lower than that in NG, showing significant differences (Plt;0.01). Conclusion Low temperature frozen methodand zymogen method(0.1% collagen Ⅱ enzyme for 20 min) can remove vascular endothelial cells of human umbilical blood vessel completely.Low temperature frozenmethod was better than zymogen method.
Standard venographies were pcrformed to evaluate the endothelial damage by the contrast medium. After different time intervals, the local veins were prepared for transmission and scanning electron microscopy (TEM and SEM) investigation. The veins were in a dilated state after the angiographies, which lasted for about two days. The endothelial damage was most severe 1 day after the venography. Besides the lesions of extensive endothelial tissurs, dcsquamations, and the exposure of subendothelial tissues, microthrombi somethimes were found. Healing occurred within 3 days. The results this study has also verifieed that it was more valuable to study venogqaphic effects on veins with TEM and SEM.
To study the feasibil ity of human adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) in monolayer culture induced into smooth muscle cells in vitro as seeding cells in vascular tissue engineering. Methods The mononuclear cells in human adipose were separated by collagenase treatment and seeded on culture dishes with the density of 5 × 105/cm2. Cellswere cultured in M-199 plus 10% FBS. When reaching confluence, the cells were subcultured by 0.1% trypsin and 0.02%EDTA treatment, PDGF-BB (50 ng/mL) and TGF-β1 (5 ng/mL) were added at the passage 1 to enhance the smooth muscle cells’ phenotype. Cells were cultured under the inducing medium for 14 days. The morphology of induced cells was observed under the microscope. Cellular immunofluorescence and RT-PCR were used to determine the expression of smooth muscle cell markers of the post-induced cells. Flow cytometry (FACs) was used to examine the positive rate of induced team. Results Cocultured in M-199 media including TGF-β1 and PDGF-BB, the prol iferating capabil ity of the induced cells was significantly downregulated compared with the uninduced cells(P lt; 0.01). The induced cells exhibited “Hill and Valley” morphology, while the uninduced cells were similar to ADSCs of P0 which had the fibroblast-l ike morphology. The results of immunofluorescence indicated that the induced cells expressed smooth muscle (SM) cell- specific markers including α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), SM-myosin heavy chain (SM-MHC) and Calponin. The results of RT-PCR revealed that the induced cells also expressed α-SMA, SM-MHC, Calponin and SM-22α.The positive rates of α-SMA, SM-MHC and Calponin in FACs were 3.26% ± 1.31%, 3.55% ± 1.6% and 4.02% ± 1.81%, respectively, before the cells were induced. However, 14 days after the cell induction, the positive rates were 48.13% ± 8.31%, 45.33% ± 10.68% and 39.13% ± 9.42%, respectively. The positive rates in induced cells were remarkably higher than those in uninduced cells(P lt; 0.01). Conclusion The human ADSCs can be induced to express vascular smooth muscle markers, and they are a new potential source of vascular tissue engineering.
Objective To study the surgical method to reduce bleeding in treating hemangioma at non-limb sites. Methods From November 1998 to November 2003,49 cases of non-limb hemangioma were treated, aged 3 months to 63 years, including 21 males and 28 females. There were 14 cases of capillary hemangioma, 25 cases of cavernous hemangioma, 7 cases of arterial racemose angioma and 3 cases of mixture hemangioma. According to the position and type of hemangioma, the various methods of blocking blood vessels were adopted to assist resect tumors. Afterthe pulsatile artery was felt in arterial racemose angioma of neck and face by palpation, we sutured and knotted it with 7-0 silk string to block the bleeding.We found out the common iliac artery or external iliac artery or femoral arteryand blocked them temporarily to resect arterial racemose angioma in inguen and thigh. We sutured and knotted vessel with 7-0 silk string to block the bleedingin capillary hemangioma and cavernous hemangioma of neck and face and truncus. Results Intraoperative bleeding obviously decreased and the tumor size reducedto various extent. Of the 49 cases, 47 cases achieved complete success, 2 casesbled within two days after operation. A postoperative follow-up of 6 months to4 years showed that the appearance and function were satisfactory. Conclusion The preoperative method of blocking blood vessels obviously can reduce intraoperative bleeding and decrease operative difficulty, which makes it possible to eradicate hemangioma and lower recurrence rate.
Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) has long been used as a biomarker for the liver, kidney, and bone. Currently, increasing evidence suggests a correlation between serum ALP and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Research has shown that serum ALP affects endothelial cell function and induces changes in pyrophosphate through various mechanisms to accelerate vascular calcification and promote cardiac fibrosis. Therefore, this article reviews the potential value of serum ALP in CVD through relevant research, revealing the specific relationship between serum ALP and CVD, in order to provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of CVD.
Since Oct. 1990, the 2nd metatarso-phalangeal joint and big-toe nail composite graft with the neuro-vascular bundle was transplanted to reconstruct the thumb in 4 cases. The transplants were all survived. The follow-up through 5 months, a comparatively good function and appearance were achieved.The applied anatomy, the surgical technique and the matters needing attention were detailed.
Diseases such as diabetes and hypertension can lead to change the shape of the retinal blood vessels. Segmentation of fundus images is a key step in the process of quantitative analysis of the disease, which is instructive in the analysis and diagnosis of clinical diseases. In this paper, a method for the segmentation of retinal image vessels based on fully convolutional network (FCN) with depthwise separable convolution and channel weighting is presented. Firstly, CLAHE and Gamma correction of the green channel of the fundus image are used to enhance the contrast. Then, in order to adapt to network training, the enhanced image is divided into patches to expand the data. Finally, the depthwise separable convolution instead of the standard convolution method is used to increase the network width. Meanwhile, the channel weighting module is introduced to explicitly model the relationship between the characteristic channels in order to improve the distinguishability of the features. The combination of them is applied to the FCN and the results of expert manual identification are used to supervise the experiment on the DRIVE database. The results show that the segmentation accuracy of the proposed method in DRIVE database reached 0.963 0 and AUC reached 0.983 1. The segmentation accuracy in STARE database reached 0.962 0 and AUC achieved 0.983 0. To some extent, the proposed method has better feature resolution and better segmentation performance.
Objective To repair defects at both ends of theblood vessels with a considerable disparity in the diameter of the both sides or with a large diameter in extremities by phleboplasty of branched and double autogenous veins. Methods Three kinds of phleboplasties——funnel-shaped, raincape-shaped and transposed Y-shaped were designed. Experiments in fresh blood vessels in vitro were completed successfully. These methods were used clinically to repair injured external iliac veins, femoral arteries and veins, and popliteal arteries and veins, to replant severed fingers and to transplant toenail flaps on thumbs by harvesting autogenous great saphenous veins,small saphenous veins and forearm veins in 36 cases, including 35 cases in emergency operation and 1 case in selective operation.The length of grafted blood vessels ranged from 1.0 cm to 15.0 cm. Results The phleboplasties of funnel-shaped could enlarge the diameter by 1.0-1.25 times inanastomotic stomas. The phleboplasty of raincape-shaped could enlarge the diameter large enough to meet the demands for various blood vessels in extremities. The phleboplasty of transposed Y-shaped could provide large vein transplants. In36 grafted veins, 35 were in patency. The blood supply in extremities was normal.ConclusionThe funnel-shaped and raincape-shaped phleboplasties of branched veins can enlarge the anastomotic stomas of grafted veins. The transposed Y-shaped phleboplasty of double femoral veins is an ideal way to repair injured primaryblood vessels with a considerable disparity in the diameter of the both sides or with a large diameter in extremities.
Objective To explore the value of three-dimensional contrast-enhanced ultrasound angiography in the differential diagnosis of breast masses. Methods A total of 120 patients with breast masses who were treated in our hospital from July 2013 to February 2016 were selected as the research objects retrospectively, including 70 patients of benign tumor (benign group) and 50 patients of malignant tumor (malignant group) that confirmed by surgery and pathology. All patients were given conventional two-dimensional ultrasound and three-dimensional contrast-enhanced ultrasound angiography during the diagnosis. Compared the imaging features of benign group and malignant group, and compared the diagnostic value of two-dimensional ultrasound and three-dimensional contrast-enhanced ultrasound angiography for breast masses. Results Compared with benign group, the rates of irregular masses, unclear boundary, inhomogeneous echo, lateral shadowing, echo attenuation, and micro calcification in the malignant group were all higher (P<0.05). The three-dimensional contrast-enhanced ultrasound angiography scores in malignant group and benign group were significantly different with each other (P<0.05), the score of the malignant group was higher than that of benign group. The 2- and 3-score was common in benign group, but 4- and 5-score was common in malignant group. The diagnostic sensitivity of two-dimensional ultrasound and three-dimensional contrast-enhanced ultrasound angiography for breast masses were 97.1% (68/70) and 98.6% (69/70) respectively, and the specificity were 80.0% (40/50) and 96.0% (48/50) respectively, the specificity of three-dimensional contrast-enhanced ultrasound angiography was significantly higher than that of two-dimensional ultrasound (P<0.05). Conclusion Two-dimensional ultrasound and three-dimensional contrast-enhanced ultrasound angiography both have a certain diagnostic value in the differential diagnosis of breast masses, but the three dimensional contrast-enhanced ultrasound angiography can get more information through assessment of richness of the microvascular in tumor tissue, so as to improve the diagnostic specificity and is worthy of popularization and application.
