Currently, approximately one-third of epilepsy patients exhibit resistance to anti-seizure medications (Anti-seizure medications, ASMs), which can only alleviate symptoms, but cannot completely cure the condition. Consequently, the development of new ASMs from an understanding of epilepsy pathogenesis has emerged as an urgent social issue. The role of neuroinflammation in various neurological diseases has garnered significant attention as a popular research topic both domestically and internationally. Numerous studies have corroborated the involvement of neuroinflammation in the onset and progression of epilepsy. The biological target, Translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO), is considered as a marker of neuroinflammation and is intricately involved in the entire neuroinflammatory response. Investigating the function of TSPO in epilepsy neuroinflammation can potentially uncover new treatment targets. At present, the exact mechanism of TSPO in epilepsy neuroinflammation remains unclear, thus necessitating a comprehensive summary and overview. This article reviewed the advancements made in TSPO research within the realm of neuroinflammation and its role in epileptic neuroinflammation, aiming to contribute novel insights for the identification of related targets and pathways for epilepsy treatment.
Acute cerebral infarction is characterized by high incidence rate, high recurrence rate, high disability rate and multiple complications. Early evaluation and treatment of acute cerebral infarction is particularly important to improve the survival rate and prognosis of patients. As an easily available clinical laboratory indicator, blood routine test can reflect the pathological changes in the body to a certain extent. In recent years, many studies have shown that the indicators such as red cell volume distribution width, mean platelet volume, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and platelet to lymphocyte ratio in blood routine examination have important values in the onset, severity and prognosis of acute cerebral infarction. This article reviews the correlations of the above parameters and ratio parameters with acute cerebral infarction, in order to provide some reference and basis for clinical diagnosis, treatment and prognosis evaluation of acute cerebral infarction.
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is an age-dependent disease affecting older subjects. CAA is characterized by lobar intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), lobar cerebral microbleeds (CMBs), nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage, and cortical superficial siderosis (cSS), which is the main causes of spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage in the elderly. If a patient had experienced dementia, psychiatric symptoms, recurrent or multiple lobar hemorrhage, the possibility of CAA should be considered. Epilepsy can be associated with CAA. Literature studies had found that CAA-related inflammation are predisposing factors for the development of epilepsy. It is a unique subtype of CAA, which is a form of inflammation and a rare clinical manifestation of sporadic CAA. CAA-ri is a special type of central nervous system vasculitis. Once CAA patients had exhibited atypical clinical manifestations, such as headache, epilepsy, behavioral changes, focal neurological signs, consciousness impairment combined with asymmetric T2 weighted magnetic resonance imaging high signal lesions, clinicians had to consider it maybe CAA-ri. Although CAA- ri is rare, timely diagnosis is important because once seizure had occured, which may indicated the inflammation in CAA patients may had reached a very serious level. Therefore, timely identification and treatment are particularly important. Literature shows that most patients responded well to immunosuppressants. Because of its uncommon, researches on epilepsy in CAA mainly focused on case reports currently, and there were many controversies about its pathological mechanism, treatment and prognosis. This article mainly reviews the incidence rate , pathological mechanism, treatment and prognosis of epilepsy in CAA.
Objective To explore the association between the preoperative systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) and prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Methods A comprehensive literature survey was performed on PubMed, Web of Science, EMbase, The Cochrane Library, Wanfang, and CNKI databases to search the related studies from inception to December 2021. The hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were combined to evaluate the correlation of the preoperative SII with overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), and recurrence-free survival (RFS) in NSCLC patients. Results A total of 11 studies involving 9 180 patients were eventually included. The combined analysis showed that high SII levels were significantly associated with worse OS (HR=1.61, 95%CI 1.36-1.90, P<0.001), DFS (HR=1.50, 95%CI 1.34-1.68, P<0.001), and RFS (HR=1.17, 95%CI 1.04-1.33, P<0.001). Subgroup analyses also further verified the above results. Conclusion Preoperative SII is a powerful prognostic biomarker for predicting outcome in patients with operable NSCLC and contribute to prognosis evaluation and treatment strategy formulation. However, more well-designed and prospective studies are warranted to verify our findings.
Adenosine triphophate (ATP), substantially liberated from the injured cells, activates the inflammatory cells to secrete various inflammatory factors, thus triggering uncontrolled systemic inflammatory response and thrombosis with aggravating the degree of damage. Metabolic pathway of adenosine consists of adenosine (Ado) synthase CD39-CD73, nucleoside transporters (NTs) and termination system of adenosine deaminase (ADA) and adenosine kinase (ADK). As a " switch” of the inflammatory response, the metabolic pathway converts ATP (the pro-inflammatory cytokines) to Ado (the anti-inflammatory mediators), maintaining the homeostasis between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory as well as affecting the outcome of the injury. This review focused on the recent progress of adenosine metabolic pathway in cell injury.
This article aims to interpret the consensus report of the 30th Acute Disease Quality Initiative (ADQI) workgroup on hemoadsorption (HA) technology, providing reference for clinical practice and research. HA has shown therapeutic advantages in various diseases. The ADQI workgroup assessed the research progress of HA technology, confirming its clinically acceptable short-term biocompatibility, safety, and technical feasibility, as well as experimental demonstration of specified target molecule removal. Preliminary studies have shown a potential benefit of endotoxin-based HA in sepsis. However, due to insufficient clinical evidence, HA is still considered an experimental intervention. The ADQI consensus report focuses on filling existing knowledge gaps, pointing out future research directions, and providing important guidance for the clinical application and further research of HA technology.
【摘要】 目的 觀察運用涎腺鏡對慢性下頜下腺炎診斷和治療的臨床效果。 方法 應用涎腺鏡觀察32例慢性下頜下腺炎患者導管,根據不同病因給予相應治療。分別于手術前當天,手術后2、7 d,4周,6、12個月觀察治療效果。 結果 32例慢性下頜下腺炎患者中,28例存在導管結石。手術后2 d大部分患者脹痛癥狀明顯緩解,之后1個月內呈逐漸緩慢緩解趨勢,手術后6~12個月脹痛感略有回升表現。結論 運用涎腺鏡治療慢性下頜下腺炎是微創、有效的。【Abstract】 Objective To observe the clinical effect of chronic inflammation of submandibular gland treated by sialoendoscopy. Methods The conduit of 32 patients with chronic inflammtion of submandibular gland under sialoendoscopy, and to observe the curative effect after two, seven days, four weeks, six and 12 months. Results Of the all of 32 patients, 28 had stones in duck. Two days after surgery, the most patients has bursting pain palliation, and then relieved gradually; from six to 12 months after surgery, bursting pain rebounded slightly. Conclusions Use of sialoendoscopy on chronic inflammtion of submandibular gland is minimally invasive and effective treatment.
ObjectiveTo explore the correlation of pretreatment systemic immune inflammation index (SII) with prognosis in esophageal cancer patients.MethodsWe searched the PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, VIP, Chinese Biology Medicine, and Wanfang databases to identify eligible studies evaluating the relation between pretreatment SII and prognosis in patients with esophageal cancer from establishment of databases to December 2018. SII was defined as the absolute neutrophil count multiplied by the absolute platelet count divided by the absolute lymphocyte count. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS), and the secondary endpoints were cancer-specific survival and disease-free survival. The Stata 12.0 software was applied for the meta-analysis, and the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were assessed.ResultsA total of six retrospective studies involving 2 376 esophageal cancer patients were included and all patients were from China or Japan. The results revealed that elevated pretreatment SII was significantly associated with poor OS in esophageal cancer [HR=1.50, 95%CI (1.15, 1.95), P=0.002]. Subgroup analyses of OS indicated that SII had a high prognostic value in patients who received surgery [HR=1.54, 95%CI (1.14, 2.08), P=0.005] and were diagnosed as esophageal squamous cell carcinoma [HR=1.50, 95%CI (1.11, 2.02), P=0.007]; however, no significant relation was observed between SII and prognosis in esophageal cancer patients who were treated with radiotherapy [HR=1.318, 95%CI (0.611, 2.841), P=0.482]. Furthermore, compared with neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and platelet to lymphocyte ratio, SII showed a higher predictive value for the prognosis of esophageal cancer.ConclusionsPretreatment SII may serve as an independent risk factor for prognosis of Chinese and Japanese esophageal cancer patients, especially patients who were treated with surgery and with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. However, more prospective studies with big samples from other countries or regions are still needed to verify our findings.
ObjectiveTo develop an anti-inflammatory poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffold by loading xanthohumol, and investigate its anti-inflammatory and cartilage regeneration effects in goats. Methods The PLGA porous scaffolds were prepared by pore-causing agent leaching method, and then placed in xanthohumol solution for 24 hours to prepare xanthohumol-PLGA scaffolds (hereinafter referred to as drug-loaded scaffolds). The PLGA scaffolds and drug-loaded scaffolds were taken for general observation, the pore diameter of the scaffolds was measured by scanning electron microscope, the porosity was calculated by the drainage method, and the loading of xanthohumol on the scaffolds was verified by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. Then the two scaffolds were co-cultured with RAW264.7 macrophages induced by lipopolysaccharide for 24 hours, and the expressions of inflammatory factors [interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)] were detected by RT-PCR and Western blot to evaluate the anti-inflammatory properties in vitro of two scaffolds. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) was obtained from bone marrow of a 6-month-old female healthy goat, cultured by adherent method, and passaged in vitro. The second passage cells were seeded on two scaffolds to construct BMSCs-scaffolds, and the cytocompatibility of scaffolds was observed by live/dead cell staining and cell counting kit 8 (CCK-8) assay. The BMSCs-scaffolds were cultured in vitro for 6 weeks, aiming to verify its feasibility of generating cartilage in vitro by gross observation, histological staining, collagen type Ⅱ immunohistochemical staining, and biochemical analysis. Finally, the two kinds of BMSCs-scaffolds cultured in vitro for 6 weeks were implanted into the goat subcutaneously, respectively. After 4 weeks, gross observation, histological staining, collagen type Ⅱ immunohistochemical staining, biochemical analysis, and RT-PCR were performed to comprehensively evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect in vivo and promotion of cartilage regeneration of the drug-loaded scaffolds. Results The prepared drug-loaded scaffold had a white porous structure with abundant, continuous, and uniform pore structures. Compared with the PLGA scaffold, there was no significant difference in pore size and porosity (P>0.05). FTIR spectrometer analysis showed that xanthohumol was successfully loaded to PLGA scaffolds. The in vitro results demonstrated that the gene and protein expressions of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) in drug-loaded scaffold significantly decreased than those in PLGA scaffold (P<0.05). With the prolongation of culture, the number of live cells increased significantly, and there was no significant difference between the two scaffolds (P>0.05). The in vitro cartilage regeneration test indicated that the BMSCs-drug-loaded scaffolds displayed smooth and translucent appearance with yellow color after 6 weeks in vitro culture, and could basically maintained its original shape. The histological and immunohistochemical stainings revealed that the scaffolds displayed typical lacunar structure and cartilage-specific extracellular matrix. In addition, quantitative data revealed that the contents of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen type Ⅱ were not significantly different from BMSCs-PLGA scaffolds (P>0.05). The evaluation of cartilage regeneration in vivo showed that the BMSCs-drug-loaded scaffolds basically maintained their pre-implantation shape and size at 4 weeks after implantation in goat, while the BMSCs-PLGA scaffolds were severely deformed. The BMSCs-drug-loaded scaffolds had typical cartilage lacuna structure and cartilage specific extracellular matrix, and no obvious inflammatory cells infiltration; while the BMSCs-PLGA scaffolds had a messy fibrous structure, showing obvious inflammatory response. The contents of cartilage-specific GAG and collagen type Ⅱ in BMSCs-drug-loaded scaffolds were significantly higher than those in BMSCs-PLGA scaffolds (P<0.05); the relative gene expressions of IL-1β and TNF-α were significantly lower than those in BMSCs-PLGA scaffolds (P<0.05). ConclusionThe drug-loaded scaffolds have suitable pore size, porosity, cytocompatibility, and good anti-inflammatory properties, and can promote cartilage regeneration after implantation with BMSCs in goats.
Objective To investigate the modulating roles of Clara cell secretory 16 kD protein ( CC-16) , transcription factor T-bet, and GATA-3 in airway inflammation of patients with asthma. Methods 25 patients with acute exacerbation of asthma were enrolled as an asthma group and 33 healthy volunteers were enrolled as control. The plasma levels of CC16, IFN-γ, and IL-4 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA) . The mRNA expressions of T-bet and GATA-3 in the peripheral bloodmononuclear cells ( PBMCs) were measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction ( RT-PCR) .Results The levels of CC16 and IFN-γin the asthma group were lower than those in the control group [ ( 21. 96 ±7. 31 ) ng/mL vs. ( 64. 88 ±25. 27) ng/mL, ( 118. 73 ±22. 59) pg/mL vs. ( 145. 53 ±29. 50) pg/mL, both P lt;0. 01] . The IL-4 level in the asthma group was significantly higher than that in the control group [ ( 425. 22 ±4. 37) pg/mL vs. ( 69. 72 ±10. 15 ) pg/mL, P lt; 0. 01] . The T-bet mRNA expression and T-bet /GATA-3 ratio of PBMCs in the asthma group were significantly lower than those in the control group( both P lt; 0. 01) . The expression GATA-3 mRNA was significantly higher than that in the control group( P lt;0. 01) . The level of CC16 was positively correlated with T-bet mRNA expression and the ratio of T-bet /GATA-3 ( r =0. 792, 0. 761, respectively, P lt; 0. 01) . There was no correlation between CC16 and the GATA-3 mRNA expression ( P gt;0. 05) . Conclusions These results suggest that CC16 and T-bet play important protection roles in the pathogenesis of asthma. GATA-3, IFN-γ, and IL-4 also participate in the airway inflammation of asthma.
