Currently, approximately one-third of epilepsy patients exhibit resistance to anti-seizure medications (Anti-seizure medications, ASMs), which can only alleviate symptoms, but cannot completely cure the condition. Consequently, the development of new ASMs from an understanding of epilepsy pathogenesis has emerged as an urgent social issue. The role of neuroinflammation in various neurological diseases has garnered significant attention as a popular research topic both domestically and internationally. Numerous studies have corroborated the involvement of neuroinflammation in the onset and progression of epilepsy. The biological target, Translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO), is considered as a marker of neuroinflammation and is intricately involved in the entire neuroinflammatory response. Investigating the function of TSPO in epilepsy neuroinflammation can potentially uncover new treatment targets. At present, the exact mechanism of TSPO in epilepsy neuroinflammation remains unclear, thus necessitating a comprehensive summary and overview. This article reviewed the advancements made in TSPO research within the realm of neuroinflammation and its role in epileptic neuroinflammation, aiming to contribute novel insights for the identification of related targets and pathways for epilepsy treatment.
Objective
To investigate and analyze the relationships among glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) level, chronic inflammation, and atherosclerosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
Methods
From October 2016 to February 2017, using cross-sectional investigation, the GLP-1 level, chronic inflammation, and atherosclerosis were investigated in 80 subjects (40 NAFLD patients in NAFLD group, and 40 non-fatty liver disease participants in control group) who underwent physical examination at Xi’an Road Community Hospital.
Results
Compared with those in the control group, GLP-1 fasting level in patients with NAFLD [(9.09±1.03) vs. (9.15±1.06) pmol/L, P=0.807] and postprandial plasma GLP-1 [(15.96±3.37) vs. (17.46±4.76) pmol/L, P=0.108] had no changes. The correlations of GLP-1 level with chronic inflammation and insulin resistance (IR) were not significant either. The increased risk of carotid intima-media thickness related cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the NAFLD group was greater than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant [22 (55.0%)vs.13 (32.5%), P=0.043]. When the plasma lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 level increased, the risk of NAFLD increased [odd ratio (OR)=1.16, 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.02, 1.32), P=0.023]. Plasma ceramide kinase (CERK) in the NAFLD group was lower than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant [(12.36±2.45) vs. (18.33±3.71) ng/mL, P<0.001]. When the plasma CERK level of the fasting plasma was elevated, the risk of NAFLD decreased [OR=0.30, 95%CI (0.12, 0.78), P=0.014]. The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in the NAFLD group was higher than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (2.46±2.53 vs. 1.11±0.66, P=0.002). The Matsuda index in the NAFLD group was less than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (5.88±4.09 vs. 10.46±7.90, P=0.002). When HOMA-IR increased, the risk of NAFLD increased [OR=2.75, 95%CI (2.49, 3.12), P=0.036].
Conclusions
Plasma GLP-1 level is not a sensitive indicator of chronic inflammation and IR in patients with NAFLD. Patients with NAFLD are in an increased risk of atherosclerosis and CVD. It suggests that NAFLD might be involved in chronic inflammation and IR. Chronic inflammation can cause IR, and then chronic inflammation and IR can cause NAFLD and subclinical atherosclerosis. In return for this, NAFLD increases chronic inflammation and IR.
The aim of the study is to identify the effects and underlying mechanisms of visfatin on inflammation and necroptosis in vascular endothelial cells. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were stimulated with visfatin or pretreated with Polyinosinic acid (LOX-1 inhibitor). By using the Western blot, RT-PCR, immunocytochemistry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), MTT and flow cytometry technique, the occurrence of inflammation and necroptosis in HUVECs were evaluated. Our results showed that 100 ng/mL visfatin significantly increased the mRNA and protein expression of monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) and LOX-1 after 24 hours’ treatment in HUVECs. However, pretreatment with Polyinosinic acid could significantly reduce the expression of MCP-1 compared with visfatin group. Additionally, 100 ng/mL visfatin could induce the production of necrotic features and increase the mRNA expression of BMF (one of the markers of necroptosis), while pretreating with Polyinosinic acid markedly downregulated the mRNA expression of BMF gene and promoted the cell proliferation. These results indicate that visfatin might induce inflammation and necroptosis via LOX-1 in HUVECs, suggesting that visfatin plays a central role in the development of atherosclerosis.
Acute cerebral infarction is characterized by high incidence rate, high recurrence rate, high disability rate and multiple complications. Early evaluation and treatment of acute cerebral infarction is particularly important to improve the survival rate and prognosis of patients. As an easily available clinical laboratory indicator, blood routine test can reflect the pathological changes in the body to a certain extent. In recent years, many studies have shown that the indicators such as red cell volume distribution width, mean platelet volume, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and platelet to lymphocyte ratio in blood routine examination have important values in the onset, severity and prognosis of acute cerebral infarction. This article reviews the correlations of the above parameters and ratio parameters with acute cerebral infarction, in order to provide some reference and basis for clinical diagnosis, treatment and prognosis evaluation of acute cerebral infarction.
ObjectiveTo evaluate the relationship between four classic inflammatory biomarkers, including C-reactive protein (CRP), white blood cell (WBC), IL (interleukin family), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and valve replacement (VR) surgeries.MethodsWe searched PubMed, EMBase, the Cochrane Library, Ovid, Chinese Journal Full-text Database, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, VIP database and WanFang database from the inception to April 2020. Studies on the relationship between POAF and the above four inflammatory biomarkers were analyzed. Two researchers independently reviewed the literature, extracted data and evaluated the quality of the literature. RevMan 5.3 software was used for meta-analysis.ResultsA total of 47 articles were included, covering 10 711 patients. The levels of preoperative CRP (SMD=0.38, 95%CI 0.14-0.62, Z=3.12, P=0.002) and postoperative CRP (SMD=0.40, 95%CI 0.06-0.74, Z=2.33, P=0.02), IL-6 (SMD=1.34, 95%CI 0.98-1.70, Z=7.26, P<0.001) and TNF-α (SMD=?0.33, 95%CI ?0.65-?0.01, Z=2.02, P=0.040) were related to POAF, while preoperative IL-8 (SMD=?0.05, 95%CI ?0.28-0.18, Z=0.42, P=0.68) and TNF-α (SMD=?0.43, 95%CI ?1.22-0.36, Z=1.07, P=0.28), postoperative WBC (WMD=1.16, 95%CI ?0.09-2.42, Z=1.82, P=0.07) and IL-10 (SMD=0.21, 95%CI ?0.35-0.77, Z=0.73, P=0.46) were not related to POAF. The relationships between preoperative WBC and IL-10, postoperative IL-8 and POAF were inclusive, which needed further verification. Furthermore, the relationship between postoperative CRP and POAF were not consistent, as they were not significantly correlated in sub-group analysis.ConclusionThe inflammatory substrate before the surgery and inflammatory reaction induced by the operation is related to the occurrence and maintenance of POAF. Compared with preoperative inflammatory status, postoperative inflammatory factors may have a greater predictive value for POAF. Preoperative CRP, postoperative IL-6 and TNF-α levels are reliable biomarkers of POAF.
ObjectiveTo construct a prediction model for the postoperative recurrence risk of granulomatous lobular mastitis (GM) based on multiple systemic inflammatory indicators and clinicopathologic characteristics, with the aim of guiding clinical treatment. MethodsThe GM patients who underwent lesion resection at Sichuan Provincial Hospital for Women and Children from January 2017 to March 2024 were retrospectively collected. The univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to screen the risk factors for recurrence after GM lesion resection, and a nomogram prediction model was constructed based on the risk factors. The test level was set at α=0.05. ResultsA total of 533 patients with GM were included in this study, of whom 118 cases (22.1%) developed postoperative recurrence. The results of multivariate analysis showed that the not taking oral bromocriptine, having microabscess formation in postoperative pathological examination, systemic immune inflammation index (SII) >789.0×109/L, and immunoglobulin E (IgE) >64.4 U/mL were the independent risk factors for recurrence after GM lesion resection. Based on the risk factors, the nomogram predicting recurrence risk was constructed. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (95%CI) was 0.913 (0.895, 0.932), and its sensitivity and specificity were 90.5% and 88.9%, respectively. The calibration curve showed that the probability of recurrence after GM lesion resection predicted by using the nomogram was highly consistent with the actual recurrence probability. The decision curve analysis showed that the nomogram had a good clinical net benefit. ConclusionsThe findings of this study suggest that close postoperative monitoring for recurrence is warranted in patients who did not receive oral bromocriptine treatment, presented with microabscess formation on pathological examination, and exhibited elevated SII and IgE level. The postoperative GM recurrence prediction nomogram model constructed based on risk factors demonstrates a good predictive performance, providing a valuable reference for early treatment and management strategies of GM.
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent and specialized antigen-presenting cells (APCs) currently known, which play a crucial role in initiating and amplifying both the innate and adaptive immune responses. During the process of immune function, migration ability of DCs and the number of effector T cells which activated by DCs are closely related to the efficiency of immune function. However, because of the complexity of immune system, in the immune response process caused by the skin chronic inflammatory, much is still unknown about the dynamic changes of cell count with time. Therefore, we created a differential equations model to reflect the initial stages of the immune response process caused by the skin chronic inflammatory via setting the function and initial conditions of parameters. The results showed that the model was able to simulate migration and proliferation of cells in vivo within realistic time scales in accordance with the proliferation and migration efficiency in real terms. In addition, the preliminary model can biologically predict the realistic dynamics of DCs and T cells at different time points. All these results may provide a theoretical reference for studying the immune function of DCs as well as guiding the clinical treatment for immune related diseases further.
ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of zinc finger protein A20 on lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration in rabbits.MethodsTwenty-six 3-month-old New Zealand rabbits, 2.0-2.5 kg in weight, were used to establish the model of intervertebral disc degeneration at L3, 4, L4, 5, and L5, 6 by transabdominal needle puncture. At 4 weeks after operation, the 24 rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups after successful modeling, which checked by MRI. The target intervertebral discs of each group were injected with zinc finger protein A20 overexpressed adenovirus (Ov-A20 group), empty carrier adenovirus (NC group), phosphate buffer saline (control group), and shRNA-A20 adenovirus (Sh-A20 group). The biological responses of animals in each group were comprehensive scored before 1 day of injection and after 1, 2, 3, and 6 days of injection. At 2, 4, and 8 weeks after injection, the animals in each group were observed by MRI to obtain the exact T2 relaxation time (T2 signal value). After MRI examination, the animals were killed to take the degenerative intervertebral disc tissue; and the tissue was detected by Alcian blue staining to observed the intervertebral disc degeneration. The expressions of zinc finger protein A20, collagen Ⅱ, and aggrecan were detected by immunohistochemistry staining. The expressions of zinc finger protein A20, nuclear factor κB binding protein [P65, phosphate P65 (P-P65), collagen Ⅱ, aggrecan], inflammatory factors [tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β)], autophagy-related protein [LC3 (LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ) and P62] were detected by Western blot.ResultsThe comprehensive score of biological response in each group after injection was significantly lower than that before injection (P<0.05). At 6 days after injection, the comprehensive score of biological response in the Sh-A20 group was significantly lower than that in other groups (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference among other groups (P>0.05). The detection of MRI showed that the T2 signal value in the Ov-A20 group was the highest at 2, 4, and 8 weeks after injection (P<0.05), and the T2 signal value in the Sh-A20 group was the lowest at 2 and 4 weeks after injection (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between other groups (P>0.05). Alcian blue staining showed that the expression of aggrecan was the highest in Ov-A20 group and the lowest in Sh-A20 group at 4 weeks (P<0.05); the expression of aggrecan in Ov-A20 group was the highest at 8 weeks (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference between other groups (P>0.05). Immunohistochemical staining showed that the expressions of zinc finger protein A20, collagen Ⅱ, and aggrecan were the highest in Ov-A20 group and lowest in Sh-A20 group (P<0.05). Western blot showed that the expressions of zinc finger protein A20, collagen Ⅱ, aggrecan, and LC3 (LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ) proteins were the highest in the Ov-A20 group and the lowest in Sh-A20 group (P<0.05), while the expressions of P-P65, TNF-α, IL-1β, and P62 proteins were the lowest in Ov-A20 group and the highest in Sh-A20 group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the expression of p65 protein between groups (P>0.05).ConclusionZinc finger protein A20 can effectively regulate the process of lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration in rabbits by inhibiting inflammation.
【摘要】 目的 觀察運用涎腺鏡對慢性下頜下腺炎診斷和治療的臨床效果。 方法 應用涎腺鏡觀察32例慢性下頜下腺炎患者導管,根據不同病因給予相應治療。分別于手術前當天,手術后2、7 d,4周,6、12個月觀察治療效果。 結果 32例慢性下頜下腺炎患者中,28例存在導管結石。手術后2 d大部分患者脹痛癥狀明顯緩解,之后1個月內呈逐漸緩慢緩解趨勢,手術后6~12個月脹痛感略有回升表現。結論 運用涎腺鏡治療慢性下頜下腺炎是微創、有效的。【Abstract】 Objective To observe the clinical effect of chronic inflammation of submandibular gland treated by sialoendoscopy. Methods The conduit of 32 patients with chronic inflammtion of submandibular gland under sialoendoscopy, and to observe the curative effect after two, seven days, four weeks, six and 12 months. Results Of the all of 32 patients, 28 had stones in duck. Two days after surgery, the most patients has bursting pain palliation, and then relieved gradually; from six to 12 months after surgery, bursting pain rebounded slightly. Conclusions Use of sialoendoscopy on chronic inflammtion of submandibular gland is minimally invasive and effective treatment.
Objective To investigate the correlation between the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR), systemic immune inflammation index (SII) and clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). Methods The clinicopathological data and blood routine results of 101 patients with GIST who were treated surgically in the General Hospital Western Theater Command PLA from December 2014 to December 2018 were collected retrospectively, samples were obtained to calculate NLR, PLR and SII. The optimal cutoff value of NLR, PLR and SII were evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The Chi-square test and t-test were used to analyze the relationship between NLR, PLR, SII and clinicopathological characteristics of GIST. The Kaplan-Meier plots and the log-rank test were used to analyze the influence factors affecting the recurrence-free survival (RFS) of patients with GIST. Multivariate Cox regression analyses was used to identify the independent influence factors affecting the RFS of patients with GIST. Results The preoperative peripheral blood NLR, PLR and SII of patients with GIST were correlated with the tumor site, tumor diameter and modified NIH risk stratification (P<0.05), but not with the mitotic count of tumor cells (P>0.05). Kaplan-Meier plots and log-rank test showed that NLR, PLR, SII, surgical method, tumor site, tumor diameter, mitosis rate and modified NIH risk stratification were the influential factors of RFS in with GIST. The multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that postoperative whether to accept regular imatinib adjuvant therapy (HR=32.876, P<0.001), modified NIH risk stratification (HR=129.182, P<0.001), and PLR (HR=5.719, P=0.028) were independent influence factors affecting the RFS of patients with GIST. Conclusions Preoperative peripheral blood PLR, NLR, and SII are correlated with clinicopathological characteristics such as the tumor location, tumor diameter and modified NIH risk stratification, and are the influencing factors of postoperative RFS in patients with GIST. PLR is an independent predictor of RFS in patients with GIST.
