[Abstract]The treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has long been a major challenge in the field of oncology. As a novel immunotherapeutic approach, therapeutic vaccines exhibit potential application value in the treatment of advanced NSCLC by eliciting the body’s specific anti-tumor immune response. Existing research evidence indicates that some therapeutic vaccines can prolong the survival of patients in specific advanced NSCLC populations; however, the overall efficacy is limited by issues such as small sample sizes in clinical trials and low quality of evidence. Combination therapy strategies, particularly the combined application with immune checkpoint inhibitors, may serve as a key direction to break through the existing bottlenecks in advanced NSCLC treatment. Based on current research findings, this article systematically elaborates on the main types, mechanisms of action, clinical efficacy, and safety of therapeutic vaccines for advanced NSCLC, conducts an in-depth analysis of the limitations in current research, and provides an outlook on future research directions.
