A bibliometric analysis of the effects of high-frequency hand hygiene on hand skin symptoms and hand microflora flora in health care workers_West China Medical Journal

Authors：

HE Wenbin ¹ , LIN Xiaofeng ^2,3 , FENG Bilong ^4,5 , LI Yan ² , CHENG Fan ² , TAN Yibin ² ,  WANG Ying ^2,5

1. Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P. R. China;
2. Department of Infection Prevention and Control Management, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P. R. China;
3. School of Public Health, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P. R. China;
4. Department of Nursing, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P. R. China;
5. Hubei Engineering Center for Infectious Disease Prevention, Control and Treatment, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P. R. China;

Corresponding?author：

WANG Ying, Email: wangying621@whu.edu.cn

Keywords：

Hand hygiene; frequency; adverse reaction; hand microflora; bibliometric analysis

DOI：

10.7507/1002-0179.202502017

Video：

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Objective To analyze and discuss the research progress, hot spot, frontier and trend of the influence of high frequency hand hygiene on hand skin symptoms and hand microflora of health care workers by bibliometric analysis. Methods PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, CNKI, Wanfang database, Chinese Biomedical Literature Service System and Cochrane Library were searched for related literatures on the effects of high-frequency hand hygiene on hand skin symptoms and hand microflora of health care workers from January 1st, 2014 to December 31th, 2024. NoteExpress 3.7.0.9296 and CiteSpace 6.1.R3 software were used to analyze the popular topics and generate a visual map to further refine research trends. Results A total of 1 607 articles were retrieved, and 126 were included after screening. The number of publications was relatively low before 2019, followed by a fluctuating upward trend from 2019 onward, reaching its peak in 2020. After 2020, the number of publications gradually declined and subsequently stabilized at a consistent level. Keyword co-occurrence analysis and keyword cluster analysis showed that the research focuses on the influence of high-frequency hand hygiene on hand skin symptoms and hand microflora of health care workers were hand eczema, hand sanitizer and protective equipment. The keyword burst analysis showed that the keyword with the strongest outbreak intensity was 2-propanol while the keyword with the longest outbreak duration was staphylococcus aureus. Conclusions In recent years, the influence of high frequency hand hygiene on hand skin symptoms and hand microflora of health care workers has gradually attracted attention. Current research highlights indicate that studies on different types of hand skin symptoms caused by high-frequency hand hygiene, the variation patterns of hand microbiota, the rationality of hand hygiene frequency in various medical work scenarios, and the development and application of protective hand sanitizer formulations or devices will become future research trends.

Citation： HE Wenbin, LIN Xiaofeng, FENG Bilong, LI Yan, CHENG Fan, TAN Yibin, WANG Ying. A bibliometric analysis of the effects of high-frequency hand hygiene on hand skin symptoms and hand microflora flora in health care workers. West China Medical Journal, 2026, 41(1): 79-83. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.202502017 Copy

1.	Zhang Y, Chen X, Lao Y, et al. Effects of the implementation of intelligent technology for hand hygiene in hospitals: systematic review and Meta-analysis. J Med Internet Res, 2023, 25: e37249.
2.	丁佳燕, 沈瑞紅, 周文琴, 等. 2014-2022 年手衛生干預對醫院感染例次發病率的影響. 中國感染控制雜志, 2024, 23(2): 208-213.
3.	Huang F, Boudjema S, Brouqui P. Three-year hand hygiene monitoring and impact of real-time reminders on compliance. J Hosp Infect, 2021, 117: 111-116.
4.	Xiao S, Li C, Zhao F, et al. A coupled hand and surface hygiene criterion on heterogeneous surface touch networks. J Hazard Mater, 2024, 479: 135589.
5.	Clancy C, Delungahawatta T, Dunne CP. Hand-hygiene-related clinical trials reported between 2014 and 2020: a comprehensive systematic review. J Hosp Infect, 2021, 111: 6-26.
6.	Loh EW, Yew YW. Hand hygiene and hand eczema: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. Contact Dermatitis, 2022, 87(4): 303-314.
7.	Techasatian L, Thaowandee W, Chaiyarit J, et al. Hand hygiene habits and prevalence of hand eczema during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Prim Care Community Health, 2021, 12: 21501327211018013.
8.	Teo HG, Lim TH, Bujang MA, et al. Prevalence of occupational hand eczema among healthcare workers and its associated risk factors in a tertiary hospital in Sarawak during Covid-19 pandemic. Indian J Dermatol, 2023, 68(1): 121.
9.	Lan J, Song Z, Miao X, et al. Skin damage among health care workers managing coronavirus disease-2019. J Am Acad Dermatol, 2020, 82(5): 1215-1216.
10.	鄧智心. 基于文獻管理軟件 NoteExpress 的文獻計量學研究的探討. 現代情報, 2013, 33(2): 101-104.
11.	戴振威. 基于大數據協同的我國知識圖譜軟件應用概況研究—以 CiteSpace 為例. 科技創新導報, 2020, 17 (12): 136, 138.
12.	Yehouenou CL, Dohou AM, Fiogbe AD, et al. Hand hygiene in surgery in Benin: opportunities and challenges. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control, 2020, 9(1): 85.
13.	Ojanper? H, Kanste OI, Syrjala H. Hand-hygiene compliance by hospital staff and incidence of health-care-associated infections, Finland. Bull World Health Organ, 2020, 98(7): 475-483.
14.	Dwipayanti NMU, Lubis DS, Harjana NPA. Public perception and hand hygiene behavior during COVID-19 pandemic in indonesia. Front Public Health, 2021, 9: 621800.
15.	Huang F, Armando M, Dufau S, et al. COVID-19 outbreak and healthcare worker behavioural change toward hand hygiene practices. J Hosp Infect, 2021, 111: 27-34.
16.	Dick A, Sterr CM, Dapper L, et al. Tailored positioning and number of hand rub dispensers: the fundamentals for optimized hand hygiene compliance. J Hosp Infect, 2023, 141: 71-79.
17.	Reinholz M, Kendziora B, Frey S, et al. Increased prevalence of irritant hand eczema in health care workers in a dermatological clinic due to increased hygiene measures during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Eur J Dermatol, 2021, 31(3): 392-395.
18.	Hamnerius N, Svedman C, Bergendorff O, et al. Wet work exposure and hand eczema among healthcare workers: a cross-sectional study. Br J Dermatol, 2018, 178(2): 452-461.
19.	Erdem Y, Altunay IK, Aksu ?erman A, et al. The risk of hand eczema in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: do we need specific attention or prevention strategies?. Contact Dermatitis, 2020, 83(5): 422-423.
20.	Babeluk R, Jutz S, Mertlitz S, et al. Hand hygiene--evaluation of three disinfectant hand sanitizers in a community setting. PLoS One, 2014, 9(11): e111969.
21.	Halm M, Sandau K. Skin impact of alcohol-based hand rubs vs handwashing. Am J Crit Care, 2018, 27(4): 334-337.
22.	Chopin-Doroteo M, Kr?tzsch E. Soap or alcohol-based products? The effect of hand hygiene on skin characteristics during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Cosmet Dermatol, 2023, 22(2): 347-353.
23.	Gozdzielewska L, Kilpatrick C, Reilly J, et al. The effectiveness of hand hygiene interventions for preventing community transmission or acquisition of novel coronavirus or influenza infections: a systematic review. BMC Public Health, 2022, 22(1): 1283.

1. Zhang Y, Chen X, Lao Y, et al. Effects of the implementation of intelligent technology for hand hygiene in hospitals: systematic review and Meta-analysis. J Med Internet Res, 2023, 25: e37249.
2. 丁佳燕, 沈瑞紅, 周文琴, 等. 2014-2022 年手衛生干預對醫院感染例次發病率的影響. 中國感染控制雜志, 2024, 23(2): 208-213.
3. Huang F, Boudjema S, Brouqui P. Three-year hand hygiene monitoring and impact of real-time reminders on compliance. J Hosp Infect, 2021, 117: 111-116.
4. Xiao S, Li C, Zhao F, et al. A coupled hand and surface hygiene criterion on heterogeneous surface touch networks. J Hazard Mater, 2024, 479: 135589.
5. Clancy C, Delungahawatta T, Dunne CP. Hand-hygiene-related clinical trials reported between 2014 and 2020: a comprehensive systematic review. J Hosp Infect, 2021, 111: 6-26.
6. Loh EW, Yew YW. Hand hygiene and hand eczema: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. Contact Dermatitis, 2022, 87(4): 303-314.
7. Techasatian L, Thaowandee W, Chaiyarit J, et al. Hand hygiene habits and prevalence of hand eczema during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Prim Care Community Health, 2021, 12: 21501327211018013.
8. Teo HG, Lim TH, Bujang MA, et al. Prevalence of occupational hand eczema among healthcare workers and its associated risk factors in a tertiary hospital in Sarawak during Covid-19 pandemic. Indian J Dermatol, 2023, 68(1): 121.
9. Lan J, Song Z, Miao X, et al. Skin damage among health care workers managing coronavirus disease-2019. J Am Acad Dermatol, 2020, 82(5): 1215-1216.
10. 鄧智心. 基于文獻管理軟件 NoteExpress 的文獻計量學研究的探討. 現代情報, 2013, 33(2): 101-104.
11. 戴振威. 基于大數據協同的我國知識圖譜軟件應用概況研究—以 CiteSpace 為例. 科技創新導報, 2020, 17 (12): 136, 138.
12. Yehouenou CL, Dohou AM, Fiogbe AD, et al. Hand hygiene in surgery in Benin: opportunities and challenges. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control, 2020, 9(1): 85.
13. Ojanper? H, Kanste OI, Syrjala H. Hand-hygiene compliance by hospital staff and incidence of health-care-associated infections, Finland. Bull World Health Organ, 2020, 98(7): 475-483.
14. Dwipayanti NMU, Lubis DS, Harjana NPA. Public perception and hand hygiene behavior during COVID-19 pandemic in indonesia. Front Public Health, 2021, 9: 621800.
15. Huang F, Armando M, Dufau S, et al. COVID-19 outbreak and healthcare worker behavioural change toward hand hygiene practices. J Hosp Infect, 2021, 111: 27-34.
16. Dick A, Sterr CM, Dapper L, et al. Tailored positioning and number of hand rub dispensers: the fundamentals for optimized hand hygiene compliance. J Hosp Infect, 2023, 141: 71-79.
17. Reinholz M, Kendziora B, Frey S, et al. Increased prevalence of irritant hand eczema in health care workers in a dermatological clinic due to increased hygiene measures during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Eur J Dermatol, 2021, 31(3): 392-395.
18. Hamnerius N, Svedman C, Bergendorff O, et al. Wet work exposure and hand eczema among healthcare workers: a cross-sectional study. Br J Dermatol, 2018, 178(2): 452-461.
19. Erdem Y, Altunay IK, Aksu ?erman A, et al. The risk of hand eczema in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: do we need specific attention or prevention strategies?. Contact Dermatitis, 2020, 83(5): 422-423.
20. Babeluk R, Jutz S, Mertlitz S, et al. Hand hygiene--evaluation of three disinfectant hand sanitizers in a community setting. PLoS One, 2014, 9(11): e111969.
21. Halm M, Sandau K. Skin impact of alcohol-based hand rubs vs handwashing. Am J Crit Care, 2018, 27(4): 334-337.
22. Chopin-Doroteo M, Kr?tzsch E. Soap or alcohol-based products? The effect of hand hygiene on skin characteristics during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Cosmet Dermatol, 2023, 22(2): 347-353.
23. Gozdzielewska L, Kilpatrick C, Reilly J, et al. The effectiveness of hand hygiene interventions for preventing community transmission or acquisition of novel coronavirus or influenza infections: a systematic review. BMC Public Health, 2022, 22(1): 1283.

West China Medical Journal

A bibliometric analysis of the effects of high-frequency hand hygiene on hand skin symptoms and hand microflora flora in health care workers

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