Research progress of pedicled flaps for defect repair and reconstruction after head and neck tumor resection_Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery

Authors：

CHEN Jian ,  LI Wei

Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan Hubei, 430079, P.R.China;

Corresponding?author：

LI Wei, Email: liwei8211@163.com

Keywords：

Pedicled flap; head and neck defects; wound repair

DOI：

10.7507/1002-1892.201710098

Video：

Export PDF Favorites Scan Get Citation

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Objective To summarize the current status of pedicled flaps for defect repair and reconstruction after head and neck tumor resection, and to present its application prospects. Methods Related literature was reviewed, and the role evolution of pedicled flaps in the reconstruction of head and neck defects were discussed. The advance, anatomical basis, indications, advantages, disadvantages, and modification of several frequently used pedicled flaps were summarized. Results The evolution of pedicled flaps application showed a resurgence trend in recent years. Some new pedicled flaps, e.g., submental artery island flap, supraclavicular artery island flap, submandibular gland flap, and facial artery musculomucosal flap, can acquire equivalent or even superior outcome to free flaps in certain cases. Technological modification of some traditional pedicled flaps, e.g., nasolabial flap, pectoralis major myocutaneous flap, latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap, temporalis myofascial flap, and temporoparietal fascial flap, can further broaden their indications. These traditional flaps still occupy an irreplaceable role, especially in patients with poor condition and institution with immature microsurgical techniques. Conclusion The pedicled flaps still plays an important role in head and neck reconstruction after tumor resection. In certain cases, they demonstrate some advantages over free flaps, e.g., more convenient harvest, more rapid recovery, less expenditure, and better functional and aesthetic effect.

Citation： CHEN Jian, LI Wei. Research progress of pedicled flaps for defect repair and reconstruction after head and neck tumor resection. Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery, 2018, 32(3): 369-376. doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.201710098 Copy

1.	Lo Nigro C, Denaro N, Merlotti A, et al. Head and neck cancer: improving outcomes with a multidisciplinary approach. Cancer Manag Res, 2017, 9: 363-371.
2.	Marur S, Forastiere AA. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: update on epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Mayo Clin Proc, 2016, 91(3): 386-396.
3.	毛馳, 彭歆, 張雷, 等. 簡化的頭頸顯微重建外科技術及其臨床應用. 中國耳鼻咽喉頭頸外科, 2016, 23(3): 127-130.
4.	Ragbir M, Brown JS, Mehanna H. Reconstructive considerations in head and neck surgical oncology: United Kingdom National Multidisciplinary Guidelines. J Laryngol Otol, 2016, 130(S2): S191-S197.
5.	Patel SA, Chang EI. Principles and practice of reconstructive surgery for head and neck cancer. Surg Oncol Clin N Am, 2015, 24(3): 473-489.
6.	Hanasono MM. Reconstructive surgery for head and neck cancer patients. Adv Med, 2014, 2014: 795483.
7.	李曉明, 宋琦. 頭頸腫瘤切除術后重要缺損的特點及修復與重建的原則和策略. 臨床耳鼻咽喉頭頸外科雜志, 2015, 29(17): 1504-1507.
8.	Rigby MH, Hayden RE. Regional flaps: a move to simpler reconstructive options in the head and neck. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2014, 22(5): 401-406.
9.	Patel UA, Hartig GK, Hanasono MM, et al. Locoregional flaps for oral cavity reconstruction: A review of modern options. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2017, 157(2): 201-209.
10.	Martin D, Pascal JF, Baudet J, et al. The submental island flap: a new donor site. Anatomy and clinical applications as a free or pedicled flap. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1993, 92(5): 867-873.
11.	吳躍煌, 唐平章, 祁永發, 等. 頦下島狀皮瓣應用結果回訪. 中華口腔醫學雜志, 2002, 37(6): 418-420.
12.	王伯鈞, 秦小云, 陸明琛. 帶血管蒂頦下皮瓣的應用解剖學. 中華顯微外科雜志, 1996, 19(2): 125-127.
13.	Schonauer F, Di Martino A, Nele G, et al. Submental flap as an alternative to microsurgical flap in intraoral post-oncological reconstruction in the elderly. Int J Surg, 2016,33 Suppl 1: S51-S56.
14.	Howard BE, Nagel TH, Barrs DM, et al. Reconstruction of lateral skull base defects: A comparison of the submental flap to free and regional flaps. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2016, 154(6): 1014-1018.
15.	Lin HC, Huang YS, Chu YH, et al. Vascular anatomy is a determining factor of successful submental flap raising: a retrospective study of 70 clinical cases. PeerJ, 2017, 5: e3606.
16.	Aslam-Pervez N, Caldroney SJ, Isaiah A, et al. A retrospective volume matched analysis of the submental artery island pedicled flap as compared to the forearm free flap: Is it a good alternative choice for the reconstruction of defects of the oral cavity and oropharynx? J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2017.[Epub ahead of print].
17.	肇楊, 項敬周, 劉法昱. 前臂皮瓣、股前外側穿支皮瓣及頦下島狀皮瓣修復舌癌患者術后生活質量評估. 上海口腔醫學, 2017, 26(1): 111-114.
18.	Husso A, Suominen S, Acarturk TO, et al. Submental artery flap with sentinel lymph node biopsy in the reconstruction of oral cancer. J Reconstr Microsurg, 2016, 32(2): 153-159.
19.	Sittitrai P, Srivanitchapoom C, Reunmakkaew D, et al. Submental island flap reconstruction in oral cavity cancer patients with levelⅠlymph node metastasis. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2017, 55(3): 251-255.
20.	Kramer FJ, B?hrnsen F, Moser N, et al. The submental island flap for the treatment of intraoral tumor-related defects: No effect on recurrence rates. Oral Oncol, 2015, 51(7): 668-673.
21.	Rahpeyma A, Khajehahmadi S. A protocol for management of the hairs problem in oral cavity reconstruction by submental flap. J Maxillofac Oral Surg, 2017, 16(1): 108-112.
22.	Ferrari S, Copelli C, Bianchi B, et al. The submental island flap: pedicle elongation and indications in head and neck reconstruction. J Craniomaxillofac Surg, 2014, 42(6): 1005-1009.
23.	Ishihara T, Igata T, Masuguchi S, et al. Submental perforator flap: location and number of submental perforating vessels. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg, 2008, 42(3): 127-131.
24.	Mutlu ??, Yasak T, Egemen O, et al. The use of submental artery perforator island flap without including digastric muscle in the reconstruction of lower face and intraoral defects. J Craniofac Surg, 2016, 27(4): e406-e409.
25.	Ma N, Li YQ, Tang Y, et al. Pre-expanded submental island flap for resurfacing middle and lower facial defect. J Craniofac Surg, 2016, 27(8): e739-e741.
26.	Chow TL, Choi CY, Ho LI, et al. The use of bipaddled submental flap for reconstructing composite buccal defect. J Maxillofac Oral Surg, 2014, 13(1): 75-77.
27.	Oseni OG, Fadare AE, Majaro MO, et al. Total reconstruction of the upper lip using bilateral nasolabial flaps, submental flap, and mucosa graft following complete resection for squamous cell carcinoma. Case Rep Surg, 2015, 2015: 782151.
28.	Wiedermann JP, Joshi AS, Jamshidi A, et al. Utilization of a submental island flap and 3D printed model for skull base reconstruction: Infantile giant cranio-cervicofacial teratoma. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol, 2017, 92: 143-145.
29.	Pallua N, Machens HG, Rennekampff O, et al. The fasciocutaneous supraclavicular artery island flap for releasing postburn mentosternal contractures. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1997, 99(7): 1878-1884.
30.	Pallua N, Demir E. Postburn head and neck reconstruction in children with the fasciocutaneous supraclavicular artery island flap. Ann Plast Surg, 2008, 60(3): 276-282.
31.	Chiu ES, Liu PH, Friedlander PL. Supraclavicular artery island flap for head and neck oncologic reconstruction: indications, complications, and outcomes. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2009, 124(1): 115-123.
32.	張森林, 白沙草, 曹罡, 等. 鎖骨上動脈島狀瓣的解剖研究及其修復舌缺損的初步報告. 中華口腔醫學雜志, 2012, 47(5): 301-304.
33.	張大明, 陳偉良, 柴強, 等. 延長鎖骨上島狀皮瓣在修復舌鱗狀細胞癌術后缺損中的應用. 中華口腔醫學雜志, 2011, 46(1): 24-26.
34.	Giordano L, Di Santo D, Occhini A, et al. Supraclavicular artery island flap (SCAIF): a rising opportunity for head and neck reconstruction. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol, 2016, 273(12): 4403-4412.
35.	Granzow JW, Suliman A, Roostaeian J, et al. The supraclavicular artery island flap (SCAIF) for head and neck reconstruction: surgical technique and refinements. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2013, 148(6): 933-940.
36.	Kokot N, Mazhar K, Reder LS, et al. The supraclavicular artery island flap in head and neck reconstruction: applications and limitations. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2013, 139(11): 1247-1255.
37.	Ross RJ, Baillieu CE, Shayan R, et al. The anatomical basis for improving the reliability of the supraclavicular flap. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg, 2014, 67(2): 198-204.
38.	Lamberty BG. The supra-clavicular axial patterned flap. Br J Plast Surg, 1979, 32(3): 207-212.
39.	Herr MW, Bonanno A, Montalbano LA, et al. Shoulder function following reconstruction with the supraclavicular artery island flap. Laryngoscope, 2014, 124(11): 2478-2483.
40.	Welz C, Canis M, Schwenk-Zieger S, et al. Oral cancer reconstruction using the supraclavicular artery island flap: Comparison to free radial forearm flap. J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2017, 75(10): 2261-2269.
41.	Kozin ED, Sethi RK, Herr M, et al. Comparison of perioperative outcomes between the supraclavicular artery island flap and fasciocutaneous free flap. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2016, 154(1): 66-72.
42.	Zhang S, Chen W, Cao G, et al. Pedicled supraclavicular artery island flap versus free radial forearm flap for tongue reconstruction following hemiglossectomy. J Craniofac Surg, 2015, 26(6): e527-e530.
43.	Granzow JW, Suliman A, Roostaeian J, et al. Supraclavicular artery island flap (SCAIF) vs free fasciocutaneous flaps for head and neck reconstruction. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2013, 148(6): 941-948.
44.	Razdan SN, Albornoz CR, Ro T, et al. Safety of the supraclavicular artery island flap in the setting of neck dissection and radiation therapy. J Reconstr Microsurg, 2015, 31(5): 378-383.
45.	Pallua N, Kim BS. Pre-expanded supraclavicular artery perforator flap. Clin Plast Surg, 2017, 44(1): 49-63.
46.	Lam D, Carlson ER. The temporalis muscle flap and temporoparietal fascial flap. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am, 2014, 26(3): 359-369.
47.	陳曉紅, 李志來, 王明善,等. 頜面腫瘤顳肌筋膜瓣修復腭部缺損一期重建. 中華耳鼻咽喉科雜志, 2003, 38(1): 62.
48.	Zuo KJ, Wilkes GH. Clinical outcomes of osseointegrated prosthetic auricular reconstruction in patients with a compromised ipsilateral temporoparietal fascial flap. J Craniofac Surg, 2016, 27(1): 44-50.
49.	Cinpolat A, Bektas G, Coskunfirat OK. Complex partial nasal reconstruction using free prelaminated temporoparietal fascial flap. Microsurgery, 2013, 33(2): 156-159.
50.	孔祥安, 韓卉, 張林. 逆行顳頂筋膜瓣的解剖與臨床應用. 中國臨床解剖學雜志, 2001, 19(4): 323-325.
51.	Patel PA, Chen W, Wilkening MW, et al. Extended composite temporoparietal fascial flap: clinical implications for tissue engineering in mandibular reconstruction. J Craniofac Surg, 2013, 24(1): 273-277.
52.	Helling ER, Okoro S, Kim G 2nd, et al. Endoscope-assisted temporoparietal fascia harvest for auricular reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2008, 121(5): 1598-1605.
53.	Bonawitz SC, Duvvuri U. Robotic-assisted FAMM flap for soft palate reconstruction. Laryngoscope, 2013, 123(4): 870-874.
54.	Ayad T, Xie L. Facial artery musculomucosal flap in head and neck reconstruction: A systematic review. Head Neck, 2015, 37(9): 1375-1386.
55.	Dupoirieux L, Plane L, Gard C, et al. Anatomical basis and results of the facial artery musculomucosal flap for oral reconstruction. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 1999, 37(1): 25-28.
56.	Duranceau M, Ayad T. The facial artery musculomucosal flap: modification of the harvesting technique for a single-stage procedure. Laryngoscope, 2011, 121(12): 2586-2589.
57.	Baek CH, Kim BY, Park WR, et al. Modification of facial artery myomucosal flap: a novel perforator flap for upper aerodigestive tract reconstruction after head and neck cancer ablation. Clin Otolaryngol, 2017, 42(4): 880-885.
58.	Frisch T. Versatility of the facial artery myomucosal island flap in neopharyngeal reconstruction. Head Neck, 2017, 39(2): E29-E33.
59.	Xie L, Lavigne P, Lavigne F, et al. Modified facial artery musculomucosal flap for reconstruction of posterior skull base defects. J Neurol Surg Rep, 2016, 77(2): e98-e101.
60.	van Weert S, Leemans CR. The facial artery musculomucosal flap revisited: surgical technique and critical functional appraisal: our experience in nine patients. Clin Otolaryngol, 2015, 40(1): 48-52.
61.	Mozolewski E, Maj P, Kordowski J, et al. Vascular pedicle flap of the thyroid or submandibular gland in the reconstruction following partial laryngectomy. Otolaryngol Pol, 1999, 53(4): 387-396.
62.	Zhang X, Liu F, Lan X, et al. Combined submandibular gland flap and sternocleidomastoid musculocutaneous flap for postoperative reconstruction in older aged patients with oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers. World J Surg Oncol, 2014, 12: 259.
63.	Yang B, Su M, Li H, et al. Use of submandibular gland flap for repairing defects after tumor resection in the infratemporal region. J Craniomaxillofac Surg, 2015, 43(1): 87-91.
64.	Mashrah MA, Zhou SH, Abdelrehem A, et al. Oropharyngeal reconstruction with a pedicled submandibular gland flap. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2016, 54(4): 388-393.
65.	Millard DR Jr, Seider HA. The versatile palatal island flap: its use in soft palate reconstruction and nasopharyngeal and choanal atresia. Br J Plast Surg, 1977, 30(4): 300-305.
66.	Gullane PJ, Arena S. Palatal island flap for reconstruction of oral defects. Arch Otolaryngol, 1977, 103(10): 598-599.
67.	梁青, 楊建榮, 朱道瑛, 等. 腭粘骨膜島狀瓣的應用解剖研究. 口腔醫學, 1991, 11(1): 1-3.
68.	Genden EM, Lee BB, Urken ML. The palatal island flap for reconstruction of palatal and retromolar trigone defects revisited. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2001, 127(7): 837-841.
69.	Magdy EA. The palatal island mucoperiosteal flap for primary intraoral reconstruction following tumor ablative surgery. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol, 2011, 268(11): 1633-1638.
70.	Gullane PJ, Arena S. Extended palatal island mucoperiosteal flap. Arch Otolaryngol, 1985, 111(5): 330-332.
71.	Hackman T, Chicoine MR, Uppaluri R. Novel application of the palatal island flap for endoscopic skull base reconstruction. Laryngoscope, 2009, 119(8): 1463-1466.
72.	Rahpeyma A, Khajehahmadi S. The place of nasolabial flap in orofacial reconstruction: A review. Ann Med Surg (Lond), 2016, 12: 79-87.
73.	陳潔, 蔣燦華, 陳立純, 等. 改良鼻唇溝皮瓣修復前頰部黏膜缺損. 中國修復重建外科雜志, 2015, 29(5): 582-585.
74.	Prakash S, Panda R, Kumar V, et al. Nasolabial perforator flap for one-stage reconstruction of nasal defects. J Cutan Aesthet Surg, 2017, 10(1): 22-27.
75.	胡小華, 黃桂林, 張霓霓, 等. 鼻唇溝島狀皮瓣在口底組織缺損修復重建中的應用. 中國修復重建外科雜志, 2014, 28(6): 710-713.
76.	Teo KG, Rozen WM, Acosta R. The pectoralis major myocutaneous flap. J Reconstr Microsurg, 2013, 29(7): 449-456.
77.	Liu M, Liu W, Yang X, et al. Pectoralis major myocutaneous flap for head and neck defects in the era of free flaps: Harvesting technique and indications. Sci Rep, 2017, 7: 46256.
78.	Nguyen S, Thuot F. Functional outcomes of fasciocutaneous free flap and pectoralis major flap for salvage total laryngectomy. Head Neck, 2017, 39(9): 1797-1805.
79.	Li W, Zhang P, Li R, et al. Radial free forearm flap versus pectoralis major pedicled flap for reconstruction in patients with tongue cancer: Assessment of quality of life. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal, 2016, 21(6): e737-e742.
80.	Chen WL, Zhang DM, Huang ZQ, et al. Comparison of outcomes with extensive segmental pectoralis major myocutaneous flap via the anterior axillary line and the conventional technique in oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Head Neck, 2018, 40(2): 349-354.
81.	Poh EH, Xu LQ, Yin XL, et al. Extending the arc of rotation of the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap for orofacial reconstruction via a modified subclavicular route through the clavipectoral fascia. J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2017, 75(1): 222.e1-222.e6.
82.	田皞, 喻建軍, 李贊, 等. 改良帶蒂胸大肌皮瓣修復頭頸部晚期惡性腫瘤術后復雜缺損的臨床應用. 中國癌癥雜志, 2016, 26(2): 151-154.
83.	Mehta S, Agrawal J, Pradhan T, et al. Preservation of aesthetics of breast in pectoralis major myocutaneous flap donor site in females. J Maxillofac Oral Surg, 2016,15(2): 268-271.
84.	Zhang C, Zhu M, Chen M, et al. Free flap combined with pectoralis major flap for reconstruction after total laryngopharyngectomy in patients with advanced hypopharyngeal carcinoma. Acta Otolaryngol, 2016,136(8): 841-846.
85.	Guimar?es AV, Aires FT, Dedivitis RA, et al. Efficacy of pectoralis major muscle flap for pharyngocutaneous fistula prevention in salvage total laryngectomy: A systematic review. Head Neck, 2016, 38 Suppl 1: E2317-E2321.
86.	Gadre KS, Gadre P, Sane VD, et al. Pectoralis major myocutaneous flap-still a workhorse for maxillofacial reconstruction in developing countries. J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2013, 71(11): 2005.e1-2005.e10.
87.	Quillen CG, Shearin JC Jr, Georgiade NG. Use of the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous island flap for reconstruction in the head and neck area: case report. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1978, 62(1): 113-117.
88.	Schuller DE. Latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap for massive facial defects. Arch Otolaryngol, 1982, 108(7): 414-417.
89.	Ali S, Watson JS, Bihari J. Use of the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap for total pharyngeal reconstruction. J Laryngol Otol, 1982, 96(9): 837-846.
90.	Maves MD, Panje WR, Shagets FW. Extended latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap reconstruction of major head and neck defects. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 1984, 92(5): 551-558.
91.	Seckel BR, Upton J, Freidberg SR, et al. Pedicled myocutaneous flap of latissimus dorsi muscle for reconstruction of anterior and middle skull defects: an alternative. Head Neck Surg, 1986, 8(3): 165-168.
92.	Chowdhury CR, McLean NR, Harrop-Griffiths K, et al. The repair of defects in the head and neck region with the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap. J Laryngol Otol, 1988, 102(12): 1127-1132.
93.	Wilkman T, Suominen S, Back L, et al. The pedicled latissimus dorsi flap in head and neck reconstruction: an old method revisited. J Reconstr Microsurg, 2014, 30(3): 163-170.
94.	王立宇, 崔英健, 范元軍, 等. 背闊肌皮瓣的臨床解剖學研究. 解剖學研究, 2014, 36(3): 164-167.
95.	el-Maasarany SH, Sharaf E, Moustafa F, et al. Anatomical basis of latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap: clinical applications. Surg Radiol Anat, 1989, 11(3): 197-203.
96.	Yamamoto Y, Nohira K, Yamashita T, et al. Combined V figure-shaped scapular osteocutaneous and latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap for composite mandibular reconstruction. Head Neck, 1995, 17(3): 219-225.
97.	Schaverien M, Wong C, Bailey S, et al. Thoracodorsal artery perforator flap and Latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap-anatomical study of the constant skin paddle perforator locations. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg, 2010, 63(12): 2123-2127.
98.	Sanniec K, Malafa M, Thornton JF. Simplifying the forehead flap for nasal reconstruction: A review of 420 consecutive cases. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2017, 140(2): 371-380.
99.	Mustafa el MA, Bhatia SK, Hammond DE. Platysma flap using dual skin paddles. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2016, 54(6): e59-e60.
100.	Mir MA, Yaseen M, Khurram MF. A comparative study of lateral extension versus conventional deltopectoral flap in head and neck reconstruction after surgical extirpation of tumor. Ann Plast Surg, 2018, 80(2): 130-136.

1. Lo Nigro C, Denaro N, Merlotti A, et al. Head and neck cancer: improving outcomes with a multidisciplinary approach. Cancer Manag Res, 2017, 9: 363-371.
2. Marur S, Forastiere AA. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: update on epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Mayo Clin Proc, 2016, 91(3): 386-396.
3. 毛馳, 彭歆, 張雷, 等. 簡化的頭頸顯微重建外科技術及其臨床應用. 中國耳鼻咽喉頭頸外科, 2016, 23(3): 127-130.
4. Ragbir M, Brown JS, Mehanna H. Reconstructive considerations in head and neck surgical oncology: United Kingdom National Multidisciplinary Guidelines. J Laryngol Otol, 2016, 130(S2): S191-S197.
5. Patel SA, Chang EI. Principles and practice of reconstructive surgery for head and neck cancer. Surg Oncol Clin N Am, 2015, 24(3): 473-489.
6. Hanasono MM. Reconstructive surgery for head and neck cancer patients. Adv Med, 2014, 2014: 795483.
7. 李曉明, 宋琦. 頭頸腫瘤切除術后重要缺損的特點及修復與重建的原則和策略. 臨床耳鼻咽喉頭頸外科雜志, 2015, 29(17): 1504-1507.
8. Rigby MH, Hayden RE. Regional flaps: a move to simpler reconstructive options in the head and neck. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2014, 22(5): 401-406.
9. Patel UA, Hartig GK, Hanasono MM, et al. Locoregional flaps for oral cavity reconstruction: A review of modern options. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2017, 157(2): 201-209.
10. Martin D, Pascal JF, Baudet J, et al. The submental island flap: a new donor site. Anatomy and clinical applications as a free or pedicled flap. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1993, 92(5): 867-873.
11. 吳躍煌, 唐平章, 祁永發, 等. 頦下島狀皮瓣應用結果回訪. 中華口腔醫學雜志, 2002, 37(6): 418-420.
12. 王伯鈞, 秦小云, 陸明琛. 帶血管蒂頦下皮瓣的應用解剖學. 中華顯微外科雜志, 1996, 19(2): 125-127.
13. Schonauer F, Di Martino A, Nele G, et al. Submental flap as an alternative to microsurgical flap in intraoral post-oncological reconstruction in the elderly. Int J Surg, 2016,33 Suppl 1: S51-S56.
14. Howard BE, Nagel TH, Barrs DM, et al. Reconstruction of lateral skull base defects: A comparison of the submental flap to free and regional flaps. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2016, 154(6): 1014-1018.
15. Lin HC, Huang YS, Chu YH, et al. Vascular anatomy is a determining factor of successful submental flap raising: a retrospective study of 70 clinical cases. PeerJ, 2017, 5: e3606.
16. Aslam-Pervez N, Caldroney SJ, Isaiah A, et al. A retrospective volume matched analysis of the submental artery island pedicled flap as compared to the forearm free flap: Is it a good alternative choice for the reconstruction of defects of the oral cavity and oropharynx? J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2017.[Epub ahead of print].
17. 肇楊, 項敬周, 劉法昱. 前臂皮瓣、股前外側穿支皮瓣及頦下島狀皮瓣修復舌癌患者術后生活質量評估. 上海口腔醫學, 2017, 26(1): 111-114.
18. Husso A, Suominen S, Acarturk TO, et al. Submental artery flap with sentinel lymph node biopsy in the reconstruction of oral cancer. J Reconstr Microsurg, 2016, 32(2): 153-159.
19. Sittitrai P, Srivanitchapoom C, Reunmakkaew D, et al. Submental island flap reconstruction in oral cavity cancer patients with levelⅠlymph node metastasis. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2017, 55(3): 251-255.
20. Kramer FJ, B?hrnsen F, Moser N, et al. The submental island flap for the treatment of intraoral tumor-related defects: No effect on recurrence rates. Oral Oncol, 2015, 51(7): 668-673.
21. Rahpeyma A, Khajehahmadi S. A protocol for management of the hairs problem in oral cavity reconstruction by submental flap. J Maxillofac Oral Surg, 2017, 16(1): 108-112.
22. Ferrari S, Copelli C, Bianchi B, et al. The submental island flap: pedicle elongation and indications in head and neck reconstruction. J Craniomaxillofac Surg, 2014, 42(6): 1005-1009.
23. Ishihara T, Igata T, Masuguchi S, et al. Submental perforator flap: location and number of submental perforating vessels. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg, 2008, 42(3): 127-131.
24. Mutlu ??, Yasak T, Egemen O, et al. The use of submental artery perforator island flap without including digastric muscle in the reconstruction of lower face and intraoral defects. J Craniofac Surg, 2016, 27(4): e406-e409.
25. Ma N, Li YQ, Tang Y, et al. Pre-expanded submental island flap for resurfacing middle and lower facial defect. J Craniofac Surg, 2016, 27(8): e739-e741.
26. Chow TL, Choi CY, Ho LI, et al. The use of bipaddled submental flap for reconstructing composite buccal defect. J Maxillofac Oral Surg, 2014, 13(1): 75-77.
27. Oseni OG, Fadare AE, Majaro MO, et al. Total reconstruction of the upper lip using bilateral nasolabial flaps, submental flap, and mucosa graft following complete resection for squamous cell carcinoma. Case Rep Surg, 2015, 2015: 782151.
28. Wiedermann JP, Joshi AS, Jamshidi A, et al. Utilization of a submental island flap and 3D printed model for skull base reconstruction: Infantile giant cranio-cervicofacial teratoma. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol, 2017, 92: 143-145.
29. Pallua N, Machens HG, Rennekampff O, et al. The fasciocutaneous supraclavicular artery island flap for releasing postburn mentosternal contractures. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1997, 99(7): 1878-1884.
30. Pallua N, Demir E. Postburn head and neck reconstruction in children with the fasciocutaneous supraclavicular artery island flap. Ann Plast Surg, 2008, 60(3): 276-282.
31. Chiu ES, Liu PH, Friedlander PL. Supraclavicular artery island flap for head and neck oncologic reconstruction: indications, complications, and outcomes. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2009, 124(1): 115-123.
32. 張森林, 白沙草, 曹罡, 等. 鎖骨上動脈島狀瓣的解剖研究及其修復舌缺損的初步報告. 中華口腔醫學雜志, 2012, 47(5): 301-304.
33. 張大明, 陳偉良, 柴強, 等. 延長鎖骨上島狀皮瓣在修復舌鱗狀細胞癌術后缺損中的應用. 中華口腔醫學雜志, 2011, 46(1): 24-26.
34. Giordano L, Di Santo D, Occhini A, et al. Supraclavicular artery island flap (SCAIF): a rising opportunity for head and neck reconstruction. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol, 2016, 273(12): 4403-4412.
35. Granzow JW, Suliman A, Roostaeian J, et al. The supraclavicular artery island flap (SCAIF) for head and neck reconstruction: surgical technique and refinements. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2013, 148(6): 933-940.
36. Kokot N, Mazhar K, Reder LS, et al. The supraclavicular artery island flap in head and neck reconstruction: applications and limitations. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2013, 139(11): 1247-1255.
37. Ross RJ, Baillieu CE, Shayan R, et al. The anatomical basis for improving the reliability of the supraclavicular flap. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg, 2014, 67(2): 198-204.
38. Lamberty BG. The supra-clavicular axial patterned flap. Br J Plast Surg, 1979, 32(3): 207-212.
39. Herr MW, Bonanno A, Montalbano LA, et al. Shoulder function following reconstruction with the supraclavicular artery island flap. Laryngoscope, 2014, 124(11): 2478-2483.
40. Welz C, Canis M, Schwenk-Zieger S, et al. Oral cancer reconstruction using the supraclavicular artery island flap: Comparison to free radial forearm flap. J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2017, 75(10): 2261-2269.
41. Kozin ED, Sethi RK, Herr M, et al. Comparison of perioperative outcomes between the supraclavicular artery island flap and fasciocutaneous free flap. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2016, 154(1): 66-72.
42. Zhang S, Chen W, Cao G, et al. Pedicled supraclavicular artery island flap versus free radial forearm flap for tongue reconstruction following hemiglossectomy. J Craniofac Surg, 2015, 26(6): e527-e530.
43. Granzow JW, Suliman A, Roostaeian J, et al. Supraclavicular artery island flap (SCAIF) vs free fasciocutaneous flaps for head and neck reconstruction. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2013, 148(6): 941-948.
44. Razdan SN, Albornoz CR, Ro T, et al. Safety of the supraclavicular artery island flap in the setting of neck dissection and radiation therapy. J Reconstr Microsurg, 2015, 31(5): 378-383.
45. Pallua N, Kim BS. Pre-expanded supraclavicular artery perforator flap. Clin Plast Surg, 2017, 44(1): 49-63.
46. Lam D, Carlson ER. The temporalis muscle flap and temporoparietal fascial flap. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am, 2014, 26(3): 359-369.
47. 陳曉紅, 李志來, 王明善,等. 頜面腫瘤顳肌筋膜瓣修復腭部缺損一期重建. 中華耳鼻咽喉科雜志, 2003, 38(1): 62.
48. Zuo KJ, Wilkes GH. Clinical outcomes of osseointegrated prosthetic auricular reconstruction in patients with a compromised ipsilateral temporoparietal fascial flap. J Craniofac Surg, 2016, 27(1): 44-50.
49. Cinpolat A, Bektas G, Coskunfirat OK. Complex partial nasal reconstruction using free prelaminated temporoparietal fascial flap. Microsurgery, 2013, 33(2): 156-159.
50. 孔祥安, 韓卉, 張林. 逆行顳頂筋膜瓣的解剖與臨床應用. 中國臨床解剖學雜志, 2001, 19(4): 323-325.
51. Patel PA, Chen W, Wilkening MW, et al. Extended composite temporoparietal fascial flap: clinical implications for tissue engineering in mandibular reconstruction. J Craniofac Surg, 2013, 24(1): 273-277.
52. Helling ER, Okoro S, Kim G 2nd, et al. Endoscope-assisted temporoparietal fascia harvest for auricular reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2008, 121(5): 1598-1605.
53. Bonawitz SC, Duvvuri U. Robotic-assisted FAMM flap for soft palate reconstruction. Laryngoscope, 2013, 123(4): 870-874.
54. Ayad T, Xie L. Facial artery musculomucosal flap in head and neck reconstruction: A systematic review. Head Neck, 2015, 37(9): 1375-1386.
55. Dupoirieux L, Plane L, Gard C, et al. Anatomical basis and results of the facial artery musculomucosal flap for oral reconstruction. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 1999, 37(1): 25-28.
56. Duranceau M, Ayad T. The facial artery musculomucosal flap: modification of the harvesting technique for a single-stage procedure. Laryngoscope, 2011, 121(12): 2586-2589.
57. Baek CH, Kim BY, Park WR, et al. Modification of facial artery myomucosal flap: a novel perforator flap for upper aerodigestive tract reconstruction after head and neck cancer ablation. Clin Otolaryngol, 2017, 42(4): 880-885.
58. Frisch T. Versatility of the facial artery myomucosal island flap in neopharyngeal reconstruction. Head Neck, 2017, 39(2): E29-E33.
59. Xie L, Lavigne P, Lavigne F, et al. Modified facial artery musculomucosal flap for reconstruction of posterior skull base defects. J Neurol Surg Rep, 2016, 77(2): e98-e101.
60. van Weert S, Leemans CR. The facial artery musculomucosal flap revisited: surgical technique and critical functional appraisal: our experience in nine patients. Clin Otolaryngol, 2015, 40(1): 48-52.
61. Mozolewski E, Maj P, Kordowski J, et al. Vascular pedicle flap of the thyroid or submandibular gland in the reconstruction following partial laryngectomy. Otolaryngol Pol, 1999, 53(4): 387-396.
62. Zhang X, Liu F, Lan X, et al. Combined submandibular gland flap and sternocleidomastoid musculocutaneous flap for postoperative reconstruction in older aged patients with oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers. World J Surg Oncol, 2014, 12: 259.
63. Yang B, Su M, Li H, et al. Use of submandibular gland flap for repairing defects after tumor resection in the infratemporal region. J Craniomaxillofac Surg, 2015, 43(1): 87-91.
64. Mashrah MA, Zhou SH, Abdelrehem A, et al. Oropharyngeal reconstruction with a pedicled submandibular gland flap. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2016, 54(4): 388-393.
65. Millard DR Jr, Seider HA. The versatile palatal island flap: its use in soft palate reconstruction and nasopharyngeal and choanal atresia. Br J Plast Surg, 1977, 30(4): 300-305.
66. Gullane PJ, Arena S. Palatal island flap for reconstruction of oral defects. Arch Otolaryngol, 1977, 103(10): 598-599.
67. 梁青, 楊建榮, 朱道瑛, 等. 腭粘骨膜島狀瓣的應用解剖研究. 口腔醫學, 1991, 11(1): 1-3.
68. Genden EM, Lee BB, Urken ML. The palatal island flap for reconstruction of palatal and retromolar trigone defects revisited. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2001, 127(7): 837-841.
69. Magdy EA. The palatal island mucoperiosteal flap for primary intraoral reconstruction following tumor ablative surgery. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol, 2011, 268(11): 1633-1638.
70. Gullane PJ, Arena S. Extended palatal island mucoperiosteal flap. Arch Otolaryngol, 1985, 111(5): 330-332.
71. Hackman T, Chicoine MR, Uppaluri R. Novel application of the palatal island flap for endoscopic skull base reconstruction. Laryngoscope, 2009, 119(8): 1463-1466.
72. Rahpeyma A, Khajehahmadi S. The place of nasolabial flap in orofacial reconstruction: A review. Ann Med Surg (Lond), 2016, 12: 79-87.
73. 陳潔, 蔣燦華, 陳立純, 等. 改良鼻唇溝皮瓣修復前頰部黏膜缺損. 中國修復重建外科雜志, 2015, 29(5): 582-585.
74. Prakash S, Panda R, Kumar V, et al. Nasolabial perforator flap for one-stage reconstruction of nasal defects. J Cutan Aesthet Surg, 2017, 10(1): 22-27.
75. 胡小華, 黃桂林, 張霓霓, 等. 鼻唇溝島狀皮瓣在口底組織缺損修復重建中的應用. 中國修復重建外科雜志, 2014, 28(6): 710-713.
76. Teo KG, Rozen WM, Acosta R. The pectoralis major myocutaneous flap. J Reconstr Microsurg, 2013, 29(7): 449-456.
77. Liu M, Liu W, Yang X, et al. Pectoralis major myocutaneous flap for head and neck defects in the era of free flaps: Harvesting technique and indications. Sci Rep, 2017, 7: 46256.
78. Nguyen S, Thuot F. Functional outcomes of fasciocutaneous free flap and pectoralis major flap for salvage total laryngectomy. Head Neck, 2017, 39(9): 1797-1805.
79. Li W, Zhang P, Li R, et al. Radial free forearm flap versus pectoralis major pedicled flap for reconstruction in patients with tongue cancer: Assessment of quality of life. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal, 2016, 21(6): e737-e742.
80. Chen WL, Zhang DM, Huang ZQ, et al. Comparison of outcomes with extensive segmental pectoralis major myocutaneous flap via the anterior axillary line and the conventional technique in oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Head Neck, 2018, 40(2): 349-354.
81. Poh EH, Xu LQ, Yin XL, et al. Extending the arc of rotation of the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap for orofacial reconstruction via a modified subclavicular route through the clavipectoral fascia. J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2017, 75(1): 222.e1-222.e6.
82. 田皞, 喻建軍, 李贊, 等. 改良帶蒂胸大肌皮瓣修復頭頸部晚期惡性腫瘤術后復雜缺損的臨床應用. 中國癌癥雜志, 2016, 26(2): 151-154.
83. Mehta S, Agrawal J, Pradhan T, et al. Preservation of aesthetics of breast in pectoralis major myocutaneous flap donor site in females. J Maxillofac Oral Surg, 2016,15(2): 268-271.
84. Zhang C, Zhu M, Chen M, et al. Free flap combined with pectoralis major flap for reconstruction after total laryngopharyngectomy in patients with advanced hypopharyngeal carcinoma. Acta Otolaryngol, 2016,136(8): 841-846.
85. Guimar?es AV, Aires FT, Dedivitis RA, et al. Efficacy of pectoralis major muscle flap for pharyngocutaneous fistula prevention in salvage total laryngectomy: A systematic review. Head Neck, 2016, 38 Suppl 1: E2317-E2321.
86. Gadre KS, Gadre P, Sane VD, et al. Pectoralis major myocutaneous flap-still a workhorse for maxillofacial reconstruction in developing countries. J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2013, 71(11): 2005.e1-2005.e10.
87. Quillen CG, Shearin JC Jr, Georgiade NG. Use of the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous island flap for reconstruction in the head and neck area: case report. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1978, 62(1): 113-117.
88. Schuller DE. Latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap for massive facial defects. Arch Otolaryngol, 1982, 108(7): 414-417.
89. Ali S, Watson JS, Bihari J. Use of the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap for total pharyngeal reconstruction. J Laryngol Otol, 1982, 96(9): 837-846.
90. Maves MD, Panje WR, Shagets FW. Extended latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap reconstruction of major head and neck defects. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 1984, 92(5): 551-558.
91. Seckel BR, Upton J, Freidberg SR, et al. Pedicled myocutaneous flap of latissimus dorsi muscle for reconstruction of anterior and middle skull defects: an alternative. Head Neck Surg, 1986, 8(3): 165-168.
92. Chowdhury CR, McLean NR, Harrop-Griffiths K, et al. The repair of defects in the head and neck region with the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap. J Laryngol Otol, 1988, 102(12): 1127-1132.
93. Wilkman T, Suominen S, Back L, et al. The pedicled latissimus dorsi flap in head and neck reconstruction: an old method revisited. J Reconstr Microsurg, 2014, 30(3): 163-170.
94. 王立宇, 崔英健, 范元軍, 等. 背闊肌皮瓣的臨床解剖學研究. 解剖學研究, 2014, 36(3): 164-167.
95. el-Maasarany SH, Sharaf E, Moustafa F, et al. Anatomical basis of latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap: clinical applications. Surg Radiol Anat, 1989, 11(3): 197-203.
96. Yamamoto Y, Nohira K, Yamashita T, et al. Combined V figure-shaped scapular osteocutaneous and latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap for composite mandibular reconstruction. Head Neck, 1995, 17(3): 219-225.
97. Schaverien M, Wong C, Bailey S, et al. Thoracodorsal artery perforator flap and Latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap-anatomical study of the constant skin paddle perforator locations. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg, 2010, 63(12): 2123-2127.
98. Sanniec K, Malafa M, Thornton JF. Simplifying the forehead flap for nasal reconstruction: A review of 420 consecutive cases. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2017, 140(2): 371-380.
99. Mustafa el MA, Bhatia SK, Hammond DE. Platysma flap using dual skin paddles. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2016, 54(6): e59-e60.
100. Mir MA, Yaseen M, Khurram MF. A comparative study of lateral extension versus conventional deltopectoral flap in head and neck reconstruction after surgical extirpation of tumor. Ann Plast Surg, 2018, 80(2): 130-136.

Previous Article
Effect of a new front opening liposuction cannula on survival of transplanted fat tissue
Next Article
Anatomical study of anterior cruciate ligament and its effect on reconstruction technique

Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery

Research progress of pedicled flaps for defect repair and reconstruction after head and neck tumor resection

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Previous Article

Next Article

Format

Content