Progress in microsurgical repair and reconstruction techniques and development of microsurgery in China_Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery

Authors：

 GU Liqiang

Department of Microsurgery, Orthopedic Trauma and Hand Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Guangdong, 510080, P. R. China;

Corresponding?author：

GU Liqiang, Email: guliqiang1963@aliyun.com

Keywords：

Microsurgical technique; microsurgical repair; microsurgical reconstruction; reconstructive microsurgery; Chinese microsurgery

DOI：

10.7507/1002-1892.202511072

Video：

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The successful replantation of a severed limb by CHEN Zhongwei in 1963 marked the beginning of microsurgery in China. The complete survival of a completely severed finger replantation and the successful free transplantation of the second toe to reconstruct the thumb in 1966, as well as the successful transplantation of a free inguinal skin flap in 1973, were all landmark achievements. The Guangzhou Experience Exchange Conference on Limb Replantation in 1972 and the American Replantation Mission to China in 1973 promoted academic exchanges and technology dissemination both domestically and internationally in China’s microsurgery field. China’s limb (finger) replantation techniques and principles were recognized and promoted worldwide, and Chinese microsurgery developed in step with the world and created many world firsts. Since then, Chinese microsurgery has long been among the advanced academic ranks internationally.

Citation： GU Liqiang. Progress in microsurgical repair and reconstruction techniques and development of microsurgery in China. Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery, 2026, 40(1): 14-20. doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.202511072 Copy

1.	Chen CW, Chien YC, Pao YS. Salvage of the forearm following complete traumatic amputation: report of a case. Chin Med J, 1963, 82(10): 632-638.
2.	屠開元, 徐印坎, 趙定麟, 等. 離斷肢體再植術的動物實驗. 中華外科雜志, 1962, 10(1): 1-4.
3.	Zhong Wei Chen (1929—2004), Shanghai, CHINA//Terzis JK. History of Microsurgery. 2009: 8-18.
4.	Rice-Wray E. Replacing limbs. Br Med J, 1964, 2(5413): 832-833.
5.	Huang CT, Li PH, Kong GT. Successful restoration of a traumatic amputated leg. Chin Med J, 1965, 84(10): 641-645.
6.	王澍寰, 盧家澤. 兔耳血管吻合的動物實驗. 北京醫學, 1965, 1(1): 20-22.
7.	盧家澤, 王澍寰. 指動脈吻合術的初步經驗. 中華外科雜志, 1965, 13(2): 179-180.
8.	Buncke HJ Jr, Castleton KB, Daniel RK, et al. Replantation surgery in China. Report of the American Replantation Mission to China. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1973, 52(5): 476-489.
9.	上海第一醫學院附屬華山醫院, 中山醫院. 游離足趾移植再造拇指//斷肢再植經驗交流會資料匯編. 北京: 人民衛生出版社, 1973: 164-165.
10.	楊東岳, 顧玉東, 吳敏明, 等. 第二趾游離移植再造拇指40例報告. 中華外科雜志, 1977, 15(1): 13-18.
11.	Department of Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital. Reattachment of traumatic amputations: a summing up of experiences. China’s Medicine, 1967, (5): 392-402.
12.	張滌生, 王德昭, 楊增年, 等. 大塊皮膚組織瓣游離再植的實驗研究. 中華外科雜志, 1965, 13(3): 264-267.
13.	上海第一醫學院華山醫院口腔外科, 上海第一醫學院華山醫院手外科. 帶血管的游離皮瓣移植修復頰部缺損一例報告. 中華醫學雜志, 1974, 54(3): 163-165.
14.	Daniel RK, Taylor GI. Distant transfer of an island flap by microvascular anastomoses. A clinical technique. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1973, 52(2): 111-117.
15.	顧玉東, 吳敏明, 鄭憶柳, 等. 臂叢根性撕脫傷的膈神經移位治療. 中華外科雜志, 1989, 27(7): 433-435.
16.	陳中偉, 楊東岳, 張滌生. 顯微外科. 上海: 上海科學技術出版社, 1978: 74.
17.	1972年廣交會對內經驗交流會斷肢再植經驗交流會簡況//斷肢再植經驗交流會資料匯編. 北京: 人民衛生出版社, 1973: 261-264.
18.	上海市第六人民醫院斷肢再植研究室. 斷肢及斷手指再植的認識和發展. 中華醫學雜志, 1973, 53(1): 3-10.
19.	中山醫學院附屬第一醫院外科. 斷指再植的一些體會. 中華醫學雜志, 1973, 53(6): 335-337.
20.	O’Brien BM. Replantation surgery in China. Med J Aust, 1974, 2(7): 255-259.
21.	北美斷肢再植醫師代表團應邀來訪. 中華醫學雜志, 1973, 53(7): 封3.
22.	Buncke GM. History of Microsurgery: The Legacy of Harry J. Buncke, MD. Semin Plast Surg, 2022, 36(4): 211-220.
23.	Ch'en CW. Replantation of severed fingers. Founders lecture read at American Society for Surgery of the Hand Annual Meeting. Dallas, Texas, Jan 16, 1974.
24.	八十九醫院. 小兒雙斷臂再植成功的報告. 人民軍醫, 1974, (6): 5-9.
25.	Yang KF. Autotransplantation of severed limbs: a case report. J Reconstr Microsurg, 1984, 1(1): 21-24.
26.	裴國獻, 李坤德, 陳楚文, 等. 四肢同時離斷再植成活一例報告. 中華顯微外科雜志, 1991, 14(1): 25-26.
27.	王成琪, 蔡錦方, 范其申. 幼兒斷手指再植. 解放軍醫學雜志, 1982, 7(1): 14-15.
28.	葛競, 褚曉朝, 王臻, 等. 十指再植全部成活(一例報告). 中華骨科雜志, 1986, 6(6): 401-403.
29.	Lu Y, Ge J, Huang Y, et al. Successful replantation in ten-digit complete amputations. J Reconstr Microsurg, 1988, 4(2): 123-129.
30.	Huang CD, Chow SP, Chan CW. Experince with anastomoses of arteries approximately 0.2 mm in external diameter. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1982, 69(2): 299-305.
31.	黃承達, 周肇平, 陳智榮, 等. 從微細血管結構特點探討外徑0.15~0.3 mm動脈縫合技術. 中華醫學雜志, 1982, 62(10): 602-604, 插圖40.
32.	張滌生, 王煒, 吳晉寶. 應用第二足趾、足背皮瓣(包括二者合并)修復手部缺損. 上海醫學, 1979, 2(5): 10-14.
33.	于仲嘉, 王琰. 手缺損再造一例. 中華醫學雜志, 1979, 59(10): 593-595,插圖47.
34.	于仲嘉, 何鶴皋, 湯成華. 再造手. 中華醫學雜志, 1983, 63(11): 673-675.
35.	Yu ZJ, He HG. Thumb reconstruction with free big toe skin-nail flap and bones, joints, and tendons of the second toe-report of the cases. Chin Med J, 1985, 98(12): 863-867.
36.	上海市第六人民醫院斷肢再植研究室. 游離肌肉移位再植一例報告. 中華醫學雜志, 1975, 55(8): 562-563, 插頁46.
37.	Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital. Free muscle transplantation by microsurgical neurovascular anastomoses: report of a case. Chin Med J (Engl), 1976, 2(1): 47-50.
38.	鐘世鎮, 陶永松, 劉牧之, 等. 肌間隔血管源游離皮瓣的解剖學. 解剖學報, 1982, 13(3): 230-236.
39.	鐘世鎮. 顯微外科解剖學. 北京: 人民衛生出版社, 1982.
40.	楊果凡, 陳寶駒, 高玉智, 等. 前臂皮瓣游離移植術(附56例報告). 中華醫學雜志, 1981, 61(3): 139-141.
41.	Song R, Gao Y, Song Y, et al. The forearm flap. Clin Plast Surg, 1982, 9(1): 21-26.
42.	Chang TS, Wang W, Hsu CY. The free forearm flap-a report of 25 cases. Ann Acad Med Singapore, 1982, 11(2): 236-240.
43.	Mühlbauer W, Herndl E, Stock W. The forearm flap. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1982, 70(3): 336-344.
44.	Boorman JG, Green MF. A split Chinese forearm flap for simultaneous oral lining and skin cover. Br J Plast Surg, 1986, 39(2): 179-182.
45.	徐達傳, 鐘世鎮, 劉牧之, 等. 股前外側部皮瓣的解剖學: 一個新的游離皮瓣供區. 臨床應用解剖學雜志, 1984, 2(3): 158-160.
46.	Xu DC, Zhong SZ, Kong JM, et al. Applied anatomy of the anterolateral thigh flap. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1988, 82(2): 305-310.
47.	羅力生, 高建華, 陳林峰, 等. 股前外側皮瓣及其游離移植的應用. 第一軍醫大學學報, 1984, 4(1-2): 1-4.
48.	Song YG, Chen GZ, Song YL. The free thigh flap: a new free flap concept based on the septocutaneous artery. Br J Plast Surg, 1984, 37(2): 149-159.
49.	陳中偉. 治療先天性脛骨假關節的新方法——游離腓骨移植12例初步報告. 中華外科雜志, 1979, 17(3): 147-150.
50.	顧玉東. 健側頸神經根移位術治療臂叢根性撕脫傷. 中華醫學雜志, 1989, 69(10): 563-565.
51.	顧玉東, 張高孟, 陳德松, 等. 健側頸神經根合并多組神經移位治療臂叢根性撕脫傷. 中華顯微外科雜志, 1991, 14(3): 129-132.
52.	侯春林, 衷鴻賓, 張世民, 等. 建立膀胱人工反射弧恢復脊髓損傷患者排尿功能的初步報告. 第二軍醫大學學報, 2000, 21(1): 87-89.
53.	侯春林. 脊髓損傷后膀胱功能重建. 2版. 北京: 人民軍醫出版社, 2012.
54.	Zheng MX, Hua XY, Feng JT, et al. Trial of contralateral seventh cervical nerve transfer for spastic arm paralysis. New Engl J Med, 2018, 378(1): 22-34.
55.	Hacquebord J, Berger A, Jones N. The role of international traveling fellowships in train the contemporary US hand surgeon. J Hand Surg (Am), 2021, 46(2): 142-145.
56.	盧鴻瑞, 譚云飛, 謝慶平. 3D 脫目鏡下行頸深淋巴管-靜脈引流術治療老年認知障礙患者一例療效初步觀察. 中華顯微外科雜志, 2022, 45(5): 570-574.

1. Chen CW, Chien YC, Pao YS. Salvage of the forearm following complete traumatic amputation: report of a case. Chin Med J, 1963, 82(10): 632-638.
2. 屠開元, 徐印坎, 趙定麟, 等. 離斷肢體再植術的動物實驗. 中華外科雜志, 1962, 10(1): 1-4.
3. Zhong Wei Chen (1929—2004), Shanghai, CHINA//Terzis JK. History of Microsurgery. 2009: 8-18.
4. Rice-Wray E. Replacing limbs. Br Med J, 1964, 2(5413): 832-833.
5. Huang CT, Li PH, Kong GT. Successful restoration of a traumatic amputated leg. Chin Med J, 1965, 84(10): 641-645.
6. 王澍寰, 盧家澤. 兔耳血管吻合的動物實驗. 北京醫學, 1965, 1(1): 20-22.
7. 盧家澤, 王澍寰. 指動脈吻合術的初步經驗. 中華外科雜志, 1965, 13(2): 179-180.
8. Buncke HJ Jr, Castleton KB, Daniel RK, et al. Replantation surgery in China. Report of the American Replantation Mission to China. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1973, 52(5): 476-489.
9. 上海第一醫學院附屬華山醫院, 中山醫院. 游離足趾移植再造拇指//斷肢再植經驗交流會資料匯編. 北京: 人民衛生出版社, 1973: 164-165.
10. 楊東岳, 顧玉東, 吳敏明, 等. 第二趾游離移植再造拇指40例報告. 中華外科雜志, 1977, 15(1): 13-18.
11. Department of Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital. Reattachment of traumatic amputations: a summing up of experiences. China’s Medicine, 1967, (5): 392-402.
12. 張滌生, 王德昭, 楊增年, 等. 大塊皮膚組織瓣游離再植的實驗研究. 中華外科雜志, 1965, 13(3): 264-267.
13. 上海第一醫學院華山醫院口腔外科, 上海第一醫學院華山醫院手外科. 帶血管的游離皮瓣移植修復頰部缺損一例報告. 中華醫學雜志, 1974, 54(3): 163-165.
14. Daniel RK, Taylor GI. Distant transfer of an island flap by microvascular anastomoses. A clinical technique. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1973, 52(2): 111-117.
15. 顧玉東, 吳敏明, 鄭憶柳, 等. 臂叢根性撕脫傷的膈神經移位治療. 中華外科雜志, 1989, 27(7): 433-435.
16. 陳中偉, 楊東岳, 張滌生. 顯微外科. 上海: 上海科學技術出版社, 1978: 74.
17. 1972年廣交會對內經驗交流會斷肢再植經驗交流會簡況//斷肢再植經驗交流會資料匯編. 北京: 人民衛生出版社, 1973: 261-264.
18. 上海市第六人民醫院斷肢再植研究室. 斷肢及斷手指再植的認識和發展. 中華醫學雜志, 1973, 53(1): 3-10.
19. 中山醫學院附屬第一醫院外科. 斷指再植的一些體會. 中華醫學雜志, 1973, 53(6): 335-337.
20. O’Brien BM. Replantation surgery in China. Med J Aust, 1974, 2(7): 255-259.
21. 北美斷肢再植醫師代表團應邀來訪. 中華醫學雜志, 1973, 53(7): 封3.
22. Buncke GM. History of Microsurgery: The Legacy of Harry J. Buncke, MD. Semin Plast Surg, 2022, 36(4): 211-220.
23. Ch'en CW. Replantation of severed fingers. Founders lecture read at American Society for Surgery of the Hand Annual Meeting. Dallas, Texas, Jan 16, 1974.
24. 八十九醫院. 小兒雙斷臂再植成功的報告. 人民軍醫, 1974, (6): 5-9.
25. Yang KF. Autotransplantation of severed limbs: a case report. J Reconstr Microsurg, 1984, 1(1): 21-24.
26. 裴國獻, 李坤德, 陳楚文, 等. 四肢同時離斷再植成活一例報告. 中華顯微外科雜志, 1991, 14(1): 25-26.
27. 王成琪, 蔡錦方, 范其申. 幼兒斷手指再植. 解放軍醫學雜志, 1982, 7(1): 14-15.
28. 葛競, 褚曉朝, 王臻, 等. 十指再植全部成活(一例報告). 中華骨科雜志, 1986, 6(6): 401-403.
29. Lu Y, Ge J, Huang Y, et al. Successful replantation in ten-digit complete amputations. J Reconstr Microsurg, 1988, 4(2): 123-129.
30. Huang CD, Chow SP, Chan CW. Experince with anastomoses of arteries approximately 0.2 mm in external diameter. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1982, 69(2): 299-305.
31. 黃承達, 周肇平, 陳智榮, 等. 從微細血管結構特點探討外徑0.15~0.3 mm動脈縫合技術. 中華醫學雜志, 1982, 62(10): 602-604, 插圖40.
32. 張滌生, 王煒, 吳晉寶. 應用第二足趾、足背皮瓣(包括二者合并)修復手部缺損. 上海醫學, 1979, 2(5): 10-14.
33. 于仲嘉, 王琰. 手缺損再造一例. 中華醫學雜志, 1979, 59(10): 593-595,插圖47.
34. 于仲嘉, 何鶴皋, 湯成華. 再造手. 中華醫學雜志, 1983, 63(11): 673-675.
35. Yu ZJ, He HG. Thumb reconstruction with free big toe skin-nail flap and bones, joints, and tendons of the second toe-report of the cases. Chin Med J, 1985, 98(12): 863-867.
36. 上海市第六人民醫院斷肢再植研究室. 游離肌肉移位再植一例報告. 中華醫學雜志, 1975, 55(8): 562-563, 插頁46.
37. Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital. Free muscle transplantation by microsurgical neurovascular anastomoses: report of a case. Chin Med J (Engl), 1976, 2(1): 47-50.
38. 鐘世鎮, 陶永松, 劉牧之, 等. 肌間隔血管源游離皮瓣的解剖學. 解剖學報, 1982, 13(3): 230-236.
39. 鐘世鎮. 顯微外科解剖學. 北京: 人民衛生出版社, 1982.
40. 楊果凡, 陳寶駒, 高玉智, 等. 前臂皮瓣游離移植術(附56例報告). 中華醫學雜志, 1981, 61(3): 139-141.
41. Song R, Gao Y, Song Y, et al. The forearm flap. Clin Plast Surg, 1982, 9(1): 21-26.
42. Chang TS, Wang W, Hsu CY. The free forearm flap-a report of 25 cases. Ann Acad Med Singapore, 1982, 11(2): 236-240.
43. Mühlbauer W, Herndl E, Stock W. The forearm flap. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1982, 70(3): 336-344.
44. Boorman JG, Green MF. A split Chinese forearm flap for simultaneous oral lining and skin cover. Br J Plast Surg, 1986, 39(2): 179-182.
45. 徐達傳, 鐘世鎮, 劉牧之, 等. 股前外側部皮瓣的解剖學: 一個新的游離皮瓣供區. 臨床應用解剖學雜志, 1984, 2(3): 158-160.
46. Xu DC, Zhong SZ, Kong JM, et al. Applied anatomy of the anterolateral thigh flap. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1988, 82(2): 305-310.
47. 羅力生, 高建華, 陳林峰, 等. 股前外側皮瓣及其游離移植的應用. 第一軍醫大學學報, 1984, 4(1-2): 1-4.
48. Song YG, Chen GZ, Song YL. The free thigh flap: a new free flap concept based on the septocutaneous artery. Br J Plast Surg, 1984, 37(2): 149-159.
49. 陳中偉. 治療先天性脛骨假關節的新方法——游離腓骨移植12例初步報告. 中華外科雜志, 1979, 17(3): 147-150.
50. 顧玉東. 健側頸神經根移位術治療臂叢根性撕脫傷. 中華醫學雜志, 1989, 69(10): 563-565.
51. 顧玉東, 張高孟, 陳德松, 等. 健側頸神經根合并多組神經移位治療臂叢根性撕脫傷. 中華顯微外科雜志, 1991, 14(3): 129-132.
52. 侯春林, 衷鴻賓, 張世民, 等. 建立膀胱人工反射弧恢復脊髓損傷患者排尿功能的初步報告. 第二軍醫大學學報, 2000, 21(1): 87-89.
53. 侯春林. 脊髓損傷后膀胱功能重建. 2版. 北京: 人民軍醫出版社, 2012.
54. Zheng MX, Hua XY, Feng JT, et al. Trial of contralateral seventh cervical nerve transfer for spastic arm paralysis. New Engl J Med, 2018, 378(1): 22-34.
55. Hacquebord J, Berger A, Jones N. The role of international traveling fellowships in train the contemporary US hand surgeon. J Hand Surg (Am), 2021, 46(2): 142-145.
56. 盧鴻瑞, 譚云飛, 謝慶平. 3D 脫目鏡下行頸深淋巴管-靜脈引流術治療老年認知障礙患者一例療效初步觀察. 中華顯微外科雜志, 2022, 45(5): 570-574.

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