Development of lateral flow immunoassay for SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection_Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Authors：

 CHENG Yufei , ZHANG Longhao

1. Core Facilitier, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China;
2. Department of Medical Discipline Construction, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China;

Corresponding?author：

CHENG Yufei, Email: cyfandrewtemple@outlook.com

Keywords：

SARS-CoV-2; point-of-care testing; lateral flow immunoassay; review

DOI：

10.7507/1007-4848.202304002

Video：

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This article summarizes the development of lateral flow immunoassay for SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection. Lateral flow immunoassay is a rapid, low cost, and ease of use detection tool that has been widely applied in clinical and public health sectors. Since the outbreak of COVID-19, the technique has been adopted for rapid antigen diagnostic test of SARS-CoV-2, including commonly used colloidal gold nanoparticle-based lateral flow immunoassays as well as various fluorescence-based lateral flow immunoassays. With innovations in labelling methods, this detection technique has been in continuous development and is shifting from qualitative toward quantitative as well as gaining sensitivity.

Citation： CHENG Yufei, ZHANG Longhao. Development of lateral flow immunoassay for SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection. Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2023, 30(5): 779-783. doi: 10.7507/1007-4848.202304002 Copy

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9.	卓訓妮. 側流免疫層析技術在新冠肺炎診斷中的應用研究進展. 中國口岸科學技術, 2021, 3(8): 42-47.
10.	Lippi G, Henry BM, Plebani M. An overview of the most important preanalytical factors influencing the clinical performance of SARS-CoV-2 antigen rapid diagnostic tests (Ag-RDTs). Clin Chem Lab Med, 2022, 61(2): 196-204.
11.	Hsieh WY, Lin CH, Lin TC, et al. Development and efficacy of lateral flow point-of-care testing devices for rapid and mass COVID-19 diagnosis by the detections of SARS-CoV-2 antigen and anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Diagnostics (Basel), 2021, 11(10): 1760.
12.	He J, Zhu SY, Zhou JW, et al. Rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2: The gradual boom of lateral flow immunoassay. Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 2023, 10: 1090281.
13.	Khlebtsov BN, Tumskiy RS, Burov AM, et al. Quantifying the numbers of gold nanoparticles in the test zone of lateral flow immunoassay strips. ACS Appl Nano Mater, 2019, 2(8): 5020-5028.
14.	Serebrennikova K, Samsonova J, Osipov A. Hierarchical nanogold labels to improve the sensitivity of lateral flow immunoassay. Nanomicro Lett, 2018, 10(2): 24.
15.	Zhang L, Huang YJ, Wang JY, et al. Hierarchical flowerlike gold nanoparticles labeled immunochromatography test strip for highly sensitive detection of Escherichia coli O157: H7. Langmuir, 2015, 31(19): 5537-5544.
16.	Panferov VG, Byzova NA, Biketov SF, et al. Comparative study of in situ techniques to enlarge gold nanoparticles for highly sensitive lateral flow immunoassay of SARS-CoV-2. Biosensors (Basel), 2021, 11(7): 229.
17.	Tian ML, Lei LL, Xie MY, et al. Copper deposition-induced efficient signal amplification for ultrasensitive lateral flow immunoassay. Sen Actuators B Chem, 2019, 282(1): 96-103.
18.	Liu YS, Zhang ZY, Yu J, et al. A concentration dependent multicolor conversion strategy for ultrasensitive colorimetric immunoassay with the naked eye. Anal Chim Acta, 2017, 963(22): 129-135.
19.	Liu YS, Xie J, Zhang ZY, et al. An ultrasensitive colorimetric strategy for protein-O-GlcNAcylation detection via copper deposition-enabled nonenzymatic signal amplification. RSC Adv, 2016, 6: 89484-89491.
20.	Peng T, Jiao XSM, Liang ZW, et al. Lateral flow immunoassay coupled with copper enhancement for rapid and sensitive SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein detection. Biosensors, 2021, 12(1): 13.
21.	Shao YN, Xu WX, Zheng Y, et al. Controlled PAH-mediated method with enhanced optical properties for simple, stable immunochromatographic assays. Biosens Bioelectron, 2022, 206: 114150.
22.	Oh HK, Kim KY, Park JH, et al. Plasmon color-preserved gold nanoparticle clusters for high sensitivity detection of SARS-CoV-2 based on lateral flow immunoassay. Biosens Bioelectron, 2022, 205: 114094.
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25.	劉杰, 張麗平, 田安麗, 等. 利用細乳液聚合由溶劑黃43制備納米乳膠熒光顏料. 精細化工, 2015, 32(9): 1067-1071.
26.	Diao B, Wen K, Chen J, et al. Diagnosis of acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection by detection of nucleocapsid protein. MedRxiv preprint, 2020, DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.07.20032524.
27.	Zhang CY, Zhou L, Du Kang, et al. Foundation and clinical evaluation of a new method for detecting SARS-CoV-2 antigen by fluorescent microsphere immunochromatography. Front Cell Infect Microbial, 2020, 10: 553837.
28.	張賽, 王剛, 劉仲明, 等. 基于熒光納米粒子的新型冠狀病毒核衣殼蛋白免疫層析快速檢測試劑的研制. 免疫學技術與方法, 2022, 38(11): 1355-1361.
29.	Mao M, Wu F, Shi XY, et al. Ultrasensitive detection of COVID-19 virus N protein based on p-toluenesulfonyl modified fluorescent microsphere immunoassay. Biosensers (Basel), 12(7): 437.
30.	Han H, Wang CW, Yang XS, et al. Rapid field determination of SARS-CoV-2 by a colorimetric and fluorescent dual-functional lateral flow immunoassay biosensor. Sens Actuators B Chem, 2022, 351: 130897.
31.	時磊, 王琛, 宋云龍, 等. 新型冠狀病毒側流免疫層析法研究進展. 標記免疫分析與臨床, 2022, 29(5): 893-896.
32.	Seo SE, Ryu ES, Kim JY, et al. Fluorophore-encapsulated nanobeads for on-site, rapid, and sensitive lateral flow assay. Sens Actuators B Chem, 2023, 381: 133364.
33.	Karakus E, Erdemir E, Demirbilek N, et al. Colorimetric and electrochemical detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen with a gold nanoparticle-based biosensor. Anal Chim Acta, 2021, 1182: 338939.
34.	Liu D, Wu F, Cen Y, et al. Comparative research on nucleocapsid and spike glycoprotein as the rapid immunodetection targets of COVID-19 and establishment of immunoassay strips. Mol Immunol, 2021, 131: 6-12.
35.	賈小飛, 肖瑞, 王升啟. SERS-側流免疫層析研究進展. 軍事醫學, 2018, 42(4): 313-316.
36.	Liu ZZ, Wang CW, Zheng S, et al. Simultaneously ultrasensitive and quantitative detection of influenza A virus, SARS-CoV-2, and respiratory cyncytial virus via multichannel magnetic SERS-based lateral flow immunoassay. Nanomedicine, 2023, 47: 102624.

1. WHO. WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. URL: https://covid19.who.int/. Accessed on 2023-03-10.
2. Dutta NK, Mazumdar K, Gordy JT. The nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV-2: A target for vaccine development. J Virol, 2020, 94(13): e00647-e00720.
3. Diao B, Wen K, Zhang J, et al. Accuracy of a nucleocapsid protein antigen rapid test in the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Clin Microbiol Infect, 2021, 27(2): 289.
4. Feng WX, Xiang YR, Wu LP, et al. Nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV-2 is a potential target for developing new generation of vaccine. J Clin Lab Anal, 2022, 36(6): e24479.
5. Budd J, Miller BS, Weckman NE, et al. Lateral flow test engineering and lesson learned from COVID-19. Nat Rev Bioeng, 2023, 1: 13-31.
6. 徐英春, 胡繼紅. 新型冠狀病毒抗原快速檢測專家共識(2022). 協和醫學雜志, 2022, 13(3): 402-411.
7. Biby A, Wang XC, Liu XL, et al. Rapid testing for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). MRS Commun, 2022, 12(1): 12-23.
8. Ang GY, Chan KG, Yean CY, et al. Lateral flow immunoassays for SARS-CoV-2. Diagnostics, 2022, 12(11): 2854.
9. 卓訓妮. 側流免疫層析技術在新冠肺炎診斷中的應用研究進展. 中國口岸科學技術, 2021, 3(8): 42-47.
10. Lippi G, Henry BM, Plebani M. An overview of the most important preanalytical factors influencing the clinical performance of SARS-CoV-2 antigen rapid diagnostic tests (Ag-RDTs). Clin Chem Lab Med, 2022, 61(2): 196-204.
11. Hsieh WY, Lin CH, Lin TC, et al. Development and efficacy of lateral flow point-of-care testing devices for rapid and mass COVID-19 diagnosis by the detections of SARS-CoV-2 antigen and anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Diagnostics (Basel), 2021, 11(10): 1760.
12. He J, Zhu SY, Zhou JW, et al. Rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2: The gradual boom of lateral flow immunoassay. Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 2023, 10: 1090281.
13. Khlebtsov BN, Tumskiy RS, Burov AM, et al. Quantifying the numbers of gold nanoparticles in the test zone of lateral flow immunoassay strips. ACS Appl Nano Mater, 2019, 2(8): 5020-5028.
14. Serebrennikova K, Samsonova J, Osipov A. Hierarchical nanogold labels to improve the sensitivity of lateral flow immunoassay. Nanomicro Lett, 2018, 10(2): 24.
15. Zhang L, Huang YJ, Wang JY, et al. Hierarchical flowerlike gold nanoparticles labeled immunochromatography test strip for highly sensitive detection of Escherichia coli O157: H7. Langmuir, 2015, 31(19): 5537-5544.
16. Panferov VG, Byzova NA, Biketov SF, et al. Comparative study of in situ techniques to enlarge gold nanoparticles for highly sensitive lateral flow immunoassay of SARS-CoV-2. Biosensors (Basel), 2021, 11(7): 229.
17. Tian ML, Lei LL, Xie MY, et al. Copper deposition-induced efficient signal amplification for ultrasensitive lateral flow immunoassay. Sen Actuators B Chem, 2019, 282(1): 96-103.
18. Liu YS, Zhang ZY, Yu J, et al. A concentration dependent multicolor conversion strategy for ultrasensitive colorimetric immunoassay with the naked eye. Anal Chim Acta, 2017, 963(22): 129-135.
19. Liu YS, Xie J, Zhang ZY, et al. An ultrasensitive colorimetric strategy for protein-O-GlcNAcylation detection via copper deposition-enabled nonenzymatic signal amplification. RSC Adv, 2016, 6: 89484-89491.
20. Peng T, Jiao XSM, Liang ZW, et al. Lateral flow immunoassay coupled with copper enhancement for rapid and sensitive SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein detection. Biosensors, 2021, 12(1): 13.
21. Shao YN, Xu WX, Zheng Y, et al. Controlled PAH-mediated method with enhanced optical properties for simple, stable immunochromatographic assays. Biosens Bioelectron, 2022, 206: 114150.
22. Oh HK, Kim KY, Park JH, et al. Plasmon color-preserved gold nanoparticle clusters for high sensitivity detection of SARS-CoV-2 based on lateral flow immunoassay. Biosens Bioelectron, 2022, 205: 114094.
23. Rink S, Baeumner AJ. Progression of paper-based point-of-care testing toward being an indispensable diagnostic tool in future healthcare. Anal Chem, 2023, 95: 1785-1793.
24. Hristov D, Rijal H, Gomez-Marquez J, et al. Developing a paper-based antigen assay to differentiate between coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2 spike variants. Anal Chem, 2021, 93(22): 7825-7832.
25. 劉杰, 張麗平, 田安麗, 等. 利用細乳液聚合由溶劑黃43制備納米乳膠熒光顏料. 精細化工, 2015, 32(9): 1067-1071.
26. Diao B, Wen K, Chen J, et al. Diagnosis of acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection by detection of nucleocapsid protein. MedRxiv preprint, 2020, DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.07.20032524.
27. Zhang CY, Zhou L, Du Kang, et al. Foundation and clinical evaluation of a new method for detecting SARS-CoV-2 antigen by fluorescent microsphere immunochromatography. Front Cell Infect Microbial, 2020, 10: 553837.
28. 張賽, 王剛, 劉仲明, 等. 基于熒光納米粒子的新型冠狀病毒核衣殼蛋白免疫層析快速檢測試劑的研制. 免疫學技術與方法, 2022, 38(11): 1355-1361.
29. Mao M, Wu F, Shi XY, et al. Ultrasensitive detection of COVID-19 virus N protein based on p-toluenesulfonyl modified fluorescent microsphere immunoassay. Biosensers (Basel), 12(7): 437.
30. Han H, Wang CW, Yang XS, et al. Rapid field determination of SARS-CoV-2 by a colorimetric and fluorescent dual-functional lateral flow immunoassay biosensor. Sens Actuators B Chem, 2022, 351: 130897.
31. 時磊, 王琛, 宋云龍, 等. 新型冠狀病毒側流免疫層析法研究進展. 標記免疫分析與臨床, 2022, 29(5): 893-896.
32. Seo SE, Ryu ES, Kim JY, et al. Fluorophore-encapsulated nanobeads for on-site, rapid, and sensitive lateral flow assay. Sens Actuators B Chem, 2023, 381: 133364.
33. Karakus E, Erdemir E, Demirbilek N, et al. Colorimetric and electrochemical detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen with a gold nanoparticle-based biosensor. Anal Chim Acta, 2021, 1182: 338939.
34. Liu D, Wu F, Cen Y, et al. Comparative research on nucleocapsid and spike glycoprotein as the rapid immunodetection targets of COVID-19 and establishment of immunoassay strips. Mol Immunol, 2021, 131: 6-12.
35. 賈小飛, 肖瑞, 王升啟. SERS-側流免疫層析研究進展. 軍事醫學, 2018, 42(4): 313-316.
36. Liu ZZ, Wang CW, Zheng S, et al. Simultaneously ultrasensitive and quantitative detection of influenza A virus, SARS-CoV-2, and respiratory cyncytial virus via multichannel magnetic SERS-based lateral flow immunoassay. Nanomedicine, 2023, 47: 102624.

Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Development of lateral flow immunoassay for SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection

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