Research progress on relation between blood glucose regulating hormones and gastric cancer_CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Authors：

LIU Li , ZHANG Lilong , LI Chunlei , QIU Zhendong ,  DENG Wenhong

Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, P. R. China;

Corresponding?author：

DENG Wenhong, Email: dwh19841020@163.com

Keywords：

hormone; blood glucose; gastric cancer

DOI：

10.7507/1007-9424.202108048

Video：

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Objective To understand the relation between blood glucose regulating hormones and gastric cancer, so as to provide some new ideas for diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer. Method By reviewing and screening relevant domestic and foreign literatures, the latest researches on the relation between blood glucose regulating hormones and gastric cancer were summarized. Results The insulin, glucagon, adrenaline, growth hormone, and the other blood glucose regulating hormones all played the roles in promoting the occurrence and development of gastric cancer. However, glucocorticoids and somatostatin were protective hormones that maintained gastric homeostasis and inhibited the proliferation of gastric cancer cells. Conclusion Blood glucose regulating hormones play some roles in diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer, but specific mechanisms such as interaction between blood glucose regulating hormones, role of glucose metabolism in biological behavior of gastric cancer, and effect of blood glucose regulating hormones on oncogene initiation are unclear, so prospective clinical control studies still need to be studied.

Citation： LIU Li, ZHANG Lilong, LI Chunlei, QIU Zhendong, DENG Wenhong. Research progress on relation between blood glucose regulating hormones and gastric cancer. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY, 2022, 29(6): 803-809. doi: 10.7507/1007-9424.202108048 Copy

1.	Smyth EC, Nilsson M, Grabsch HI, et al. Gastric cancer. Lancet, 2020, 396(10251): 635-648.
2.	Kumar S, Metz DC, Ellenberg S, et al. Risk factors and incidence of gastric cancer after detection of Helicobacter pylori infection: a large cohort study. Gastroenterology, 2020, 158(3): 527-536.
3.	Hong SH, Noh E, Kim J, et al. Fasting plasma glucose variability and gastric cancer risk in individuals without diabetes mellitus: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Clin Transl Gastroenterol, 2020, 11(9): e00221. doi: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000221.
4.	Yang HJ, Kang D, Chang Y, et al. Diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer: a cohort study. Gastric Cancer, 2020, 23(3): 382-390.
5.	Nair GG, Tzanakakis ES, Hebrok M. Emerging routes to the generation of functional β-cells for diabetes mellitus cell therapy. Nat Rev Endocrinol, 2020, 16(9): 506-518.
6.	Hirsch IB, Juneja R, Beals JM, et al. The evolution of insulin and how it informs therapy and treatment choices. Endocr Rev, 2020, 41(5): 733-755.
7.	Hopkins BD, Goncalves MD, Cantley LC. Insulin-PI3K signalling: an evolutionarily insulated metabolic driver of cancer. Nat Rev Endocrinol, 2020, 16(5): 276-283.
8.	Noorolyai S, Mokhtarzadeh A, Baghbani E, et al. The role of microRNAs involved in PI3-kinase signaling pathway in colorectal cancer. J Cell Physiol, 2019, 234(5): 5664-5673.
9.	Biagetti B, Simó R. GH/IGF-1 abnormalities and muscle impairment: from basic research to clinical practice. Int J Mol Sci, 2021, 22(1): 415. doi: 10.3390/ijms22010415.
10.	Albadari N, Deng S, Li W. The transcriptional factors HIF-1 and HIF-2 and their novel inhibitors in cancer therapy. Expert Opin Drug Discov, 2019, 14(7): 667-682.
11.	Kwon HJ, Park MI, Park SJ, et al. Insulin resistance is associated with early gastric cancer: a prospective multicenter case control study. Gut Liver, 2019, 13(2): 154-160.
12.	Hidaka A, Sasazuki S, Goto A, et al. Plasma insulin, C-peptide and blood glucose and the risk of gastric cancer: the Japan Public Health Center-based prospective study. Int J Cancer, 2015, 136(6): 1402-1410.
13.	Wei Z, Liang L, Junsong L, et al. The impact of insulin on chemotherapeutic sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil in gastric cancer cell lines SGC7901, MKN45 and MKN28. J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 2015, 34(1): 64. doi: 10.1186/s13046-015-0151-8.
14.	Tanaka T, Kitajima Y, Miyake S, et al. The apoptotic effect of HIF-1α inhibition combined with glucose plus insulin treatment on gastric cancer under hypoxic conditions. PLoS One, 2015, 10(9): e0137257. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0137257.
15.	Gu W, Anker CCB, Christiansen CB, et al. Pancreatic β cells inhibit glucagon secretion from α cells: an in vitro demonstration of α-β cell interaction. Nutrients, 2021, 13(7): 2281. doi: 10.3390/nu13072281.
16.	呂賓, 葉再元, 朱林喜, 等. 胃癌組織及癌區動、靜脈血胃腸激素的研究. 世界華人消化雜志, 2000, 8(12): 1429-1430.
17.	黃躍, 陳宏斌, 林國偉, 等. 胃粘膜組織激素與胃癌、消化性潰瘍的相關性研究. 胃腸病學和肝病學雜志, 2002, 11(2): 156-158.
18.	Phadke D, Beller JP, Tribble C. The disparate effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine on hyperglycemia in cardiovascular surgery. Heart Surg Forum, 2018, 21(6): E522-E526. doi: 10.1532/hsf.2008.
19.	Murabayashi M, Daimon M, Murakami H, et al. Association between higher urinary normetanephrine and insulin resistance in a Japanese population. PLoS One, 2020, 15(2): e0228787. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228787.
20.	Gilor C, Duesberg C, Elliott DA, et al. Co-impairment of autonomic and glucagon responses to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in dogs with naturally occurring insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 2020, 319(6): E1074-E1083. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00379.2020.
21.	Shankar K, Gupta D, Mani BK, et al. Ghrelin protects against insulin-induced hypoglycemia in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2020, 11: 606. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00606.
22.	Repasky EA, Eng J, Hylander BL. Stress, metabolism and cancer: integrated pathways contributing to immune suppression. Cancer J, 2015, 21(2): 97-103.
23.	Gao J, Liu SG. Role of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves in the development of gastric cancer through antagonism. Chin Med J (Engl), 2021, 134(8): 908-909.
24.	Stavropoulos I, Sarantopoulos A, Liverezas A. Does sympathetic nervous system modulate tumor progression? A narrative review of the literature. J Drug Assess, 2020, 9(1): 106-116.
25.	Ciurea RN, Rogoveanu I, Pirici D, et al. B2 adrenergic receptors and morphological changes of the enteric nervous system in colorectal adenocarcinoma. World J Gastroenterol, 2017, 23(7): 1250-1261.
26.	Zhang X, Zhang Y, He Z, et al. Chronic stress promotes gastric cancer progression and metastasis: an essential role for ADRB2. Cell Death Dis, 2019, 10(11): 788. doi:10.1038/s41419-019-2030-2.
27.	Mehedin?eanu AM, Sfredel V, Stovicek PO, et al. Assessment of epinephrine and norepinephrine in gastric carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci, 2021, 22(4): 2042. doi: 10.3390/ijms22042042.
28.	張飄, 石燕強, 馮曉婷, 等. 腎上腺素能受體與胃癌關系的研究進展. 廣東醫學, 2016, 37(3): 448-450.
29.	Huang Z, Huang L, Waters MJ, et al. Insulin and growth hormone balance: implications for obesity. Trends Endocrinol Metab, 2020, 31(9): 642-654.
30.	Fang F, Shi X, Brown MS, et al. Growth hormone acts on liver to stimulate autophagy, support glucose production, and preserve blood glucose in chronically starved mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2019, 116(15): 7449-7454.
31.	Xu R, Zhu H, Zhang C, et al. Metabolomic analysis reveals metabolic characteristics of children with short stature caused by growth hormone deficiency. Clin Sci (Lond), 2019, 133(6): 777-788.
32.	Aguiar-Oliveira MH, Bartke A. Growth hormone deficiency: health and longevity. Endocr Rev, 2019, 40(2): 575-601.
33.	Baronio F, Mazzanti L, Girtler Y, et al. The influence of growth hormone treatment on glucose homeostasis in growth hormone-deficient children: a six-year follow-up study. Horm Res Paediatr, 2016, 86(3): 196-200.
34.	Dehkhoda F, Lee CMM, Medina J, et al. The growth hormone receptor: mechanism of receptor activation, cell signaling, and physiological aspects. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2018, 9: 35. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00035.
35.	鄭立平, 劉弋. 生長激素及其受體在胃癌中的表達及臨床意義. 安徽醫科大學學報, 2013, 48(6): 660-663.
36.	李崢, 成軍, 陳輝. HER-2、GH/GHR在胃癌患者血清與腫瘤組織中的表達及其在胃癌發生發展過程中的作用. 實用癌癥雜志, 2017, 32(11): 1748-1751, 1762.
37.	趙輝, 梁道明, 陳嘉勇, 等. 生長激素在體內對人胃癌細胞生長和凋亡的影響. 中國醫藥指南, 2012, 10(22): 111-112.
38.	Riveline JP, Baz B, Nguewa JL, et al. Exposure to glucocorticoids in the first part of fetal life is associated with insulin secretory defect in adult humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2020, 105(3): dgz145. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgz145.
39.	Radhakutty A, Burt MG. Management of endocrine disease: critical review of the evidence underlying management of glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycaemia. Eur J Endocrinol, 2018, 179(4): R207-R218. doi: 10.1530/EJE-18-0315.
40.	Breakey S, Sharp SJ, Adler AI, et al. Glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycaemia in respiratory disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab, 2016, 18(12): 1274-1278.
41.	Akin-Takmaz S, Babaoglu G, Ba?ar H, et al. Evaluation of the effects of intraarticular glucocorticoid injections on blood glucose levels in diabetes mellitus and nondiabetes mellitus patients with adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder. Niger J Clin Pract, 2021, 24(2): 277-281.
42.	Stepan JG, London DA, Boyer MI, et al. Blood glucose levels in diabetic patients following corticosteroid injections into the hand and wrist. J Hand Surg Am, 2014, 39(4): 706-712.
43.	Zhou PZ, Zhu YM, Zou GH, et al. Relationship between glucocorticoids and insulin resistance in healthy individuals. Med Sci Monit, 2016, 22: 1887-1894.
44.	Martínez BB, Pereira AC, Muzetti JH, et al. Experimental model of glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance. Acta Cir Bras, 2016, 31(10): 645-649.
45.	Yang X, Lin X, Lu T, et al. Fasting plasma glucose levels predict steroid-induced abnormal glucose metabolism in patients with non-diabetic chronic kidney disease: a prospective cohort study. Am J Nephrol, 2015, 41(2): 107-115.
46.	Zhang YP, Gong Y, Zeng QY, et al. A long-term, observational cohort study on the safety of low-dose glucocorticoids in ankylosing spondylitis: adverse events and effects on bone mineral density, blood lipid and glucose levels and body mass index. BMJ Open, 2015, 5(6): e006957. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006957.
47.	Puar TH, Stikkelbroeck NM, Smans LC, et al. Adrenal crisis: still a deadly event in the 21st century. Am J Med, 2016, 129(3): 339. e1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.08.021.
48.	Block TS, Murphy TI, Munster PN, et al. Glucocorticoid receptor expression in 20 solid tumor types using immunohistochemistry assay. Cancer Manag Res, 2017, 9: 65-72.
49.	Busada JT, Ramamoorthy S, Cain DW, et al. Endogenous glucocorticoids prevent gastric metaplasia by suppressing spontaneous inflammation. J Clin Invest, 2019, 129(3): 1345-1358.
50.	陳桂敏. 糖皮質激素在胃癌患者和常規治療方法對比研究. 中外醫療, 2014, (27): 101-102.
51.	Bozku? Y, Mousa U, ?yidir ?T, et al. Short-term effect of hypergastrinemia following esomeprazole treatment on well-controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus: a prospective study. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets, 2020, 20(7): 1090-1096.
52.	Liu Y, Zhu J, Liu J, et al. Knockdown of gastrin promotes apoptosis of gastric cancer cells by decreasing ROS generation. Biomed Res Int, 2021, 2021: 5590037. doi: doi: 10.1155/2021/5590037.
53.	Frank N, Hermida P, Sanchez-Londo?o A, et al. Blood glucose and insulin concentrations after octreotide administration in horses with insulin dysregulation. J Vet Intern Med, 2017, 31(4): 1188-1192.
54.	Rossi RE, Invernizzi P, Mazzaferro V, et al. Response and relapse rates after treatment with long-acting somatostatin analogs in multifocal or recurrent type-1 gastric carcinoids: a systematic review and meta-analysis. United European Gastroenterol J, 2020, 8(2): 140-147.

1. Smyth EC, Nilsson M, Grabsch HI, et al. Gastric cancer. Lancet, 2020, 396(10251): 635-648.
2. Kumar S, Metz DC, Ellenberg S, et al. Risk factors and incidence of gastric cancer after detection of Helicobacter pylori infection: a large cohort study. Gastroenterology, 2020, 158(3): 527-536.
3. Hong SH, Noh E, Kim J, et al. Fasting plasma glucose variability and gastric cancer risk in individuals without diabetes mellitus: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Clin Transl Gastroenterol, 2020, 11(9): e00221. doi: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000221.
4. Yang HJ, Kang D, Chang Y, et al. Diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer: a cohort study. Gastric Cancer, 2020, 23(3): 382-390.
5. Nair GG, Tzanakakis ES, Hebrok M. Emerging routes to the generation of functional β-cells for diabetes mellitus cell therapy. Nat Rev Endocrinol, 2020, 16(9): 506-518.
6. Hirsch IB, Juneja R, Beals JM, et al. The evolution of insulin and how it informs therapy and treatment choices. Endocr Rev, 2020, 41(5): 733-755.
7. Hopkins BD, Goncalves MD, Cantley LC. Insulin-PI3K signalling: an evolutionarily insulated metabolic driver of cancer. Nat Rev Endocrinol, 2020, 16(5): 276-283.
8. Noorolyai S, Mokhtarzadeh A, Baghbani E, et al. The role of microRNAs involved in PI3-kinase signaling pathway in colorectal cancer. J Cell Physiol, 2019, 234(5): 5664-5673.
9. Biagetti B, Simó R. GH/IGF-1 abnormalities and muscle impairment: from basic research to clinical practice. Int J Mol Sci, 2021, 22(1): 415. doi: 10.3390/ijms22010415.
10. Albadari N, Deng S, Li W. The transcriptional factors HIF-1 and HIF-2 and their novel inhibitors in cancer therapy. Expert Opin Drug Discov, 2019, 14(7): 667-682.
11. Kwon HJ, Park MI, Park SJ, et al. Insulin resistance is associated with early gastric cancer: a prospective multicenter case control study. Gut Liver, 2019, 13(2): 154-160.
12. Hidaka A, Sasazuki S, Goto A, et al. Plasma insulin, C-peptide and blood glucose and the risk of gastric cancer: the Japan Public Health Center-based prospective study. Int J Cancer, 2015, 136(6): 1402-1410.
13. Wei Z, Liang L, Junsong L, et al. The impact of insulin on chemotherapeutic sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil in gastric cancer cell lines SGC7901, MKN45 and MKN28. J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 2015, 34(1): 64. doi: 10.1186/s13046-015-0151-8.
14. Tanaka T, Kitajima Y, Miyake S, et al. The apoptotic effect of HIF-1α inhibition combined with glucose plus insulin treatment on gastric cancer under hypoxic conditions. PLoS One, 2015, 10(9): e0137257. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0137257.
15. Gu W, Anker CCB, Christiansen CB, et al. Pancreatic β cells inhibit glucagon secretion from α cells: an in vitro demonstration of α-β cell interaction. Nutrients, 2021, 13(7): 2281. doi: 10.3390/nu13072281.
16. 呂賓, 葉再元, 朱林喜, 等. 胃癌組織及癌區動、靜脈血胃腸激素的研究. 世界華人消化雜志, 2000, 8(12): 1429-1430.
17. 黃躍, 陳宏斌, 林國偉, 等. 胃粘膜組織激素與胃癌、消化性潰瘍的相關性研究. 胃腸病學和肝病學雜志, 2002, 11(2): 156-158.
18. Phadke D, Beller JP, Tribble C. The disparate effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine on hyperglycemia in cardiovascular surgery. Heart Surg Forum, 2018, 21(6): E522-E526. doi: 10.1532/hsf.2008.
19. Murabayashi M, Daimon M, Murakami H, et al. Association between higher urinary normetanephrine and insulin resistance in a Japanese population. PLoS One, 2020, 15(2): e0228787. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228787.
20. Gilor C, Duesberg C, Elliott DA, et al. Co-impairment of autonomic and glucagon responses to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in dogs with naturally occurring insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 2020, 319(6): E1074-E1083. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00379.2020.
21. Shankar K, Gupta D, Mani BK, et al. Ghrelin protects against insulin-induced hypoglycemia in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2020, 11: 606. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00606.
22. Repasky EA, Eng J, Hylander BL. Stress, metabolism and cancer: integrated pathways contributing to immune suppression. Cancer J, 2015, 21(2): 97-103.
23. Gao J, Liu SG. Role of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves in the development of gastric cancer through antagonism. Chin Med J (Engl), 2021, 134(8): 908-909.
24. Stavropoulos I, Sarantopoulos A, Liverezas A. Does sympathetic nervous system modulate tumor progression? A narrative review of the literature. J Drug Assess, 2020, 9(1): 106-116.
25. Ciurea RN, Rogoveanu I, Pirici D, et al. B2 adrenergic receptors and morphological changes of the enteric nervous system in colorectal adenocarcinoma. World J Gastroenterol, 2017, 23(7): 1250-1261.
26. Zhang X, Zhang Y, He Z, et al. Chronic stress promotes gastric cancer progression and metastasis: an essential role for ADRB2. Cell Death Dis, 2019, 10(11): 788. doi:10.1038/s41419-019-2030-2.
27. Mehedin?eanu AM, Sfredel V, Stovicek PO, et al. Assessment of epinephrine and norepinephrine in gastric carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci, 2021, 22(4): 2042. doi: 10.3390/ijms22042042.
28. 張飄, 石燕強, 馮曉婷, 等. 腎上腺素能受體與胃癌關系的研究進展. 廣東醫學, 2016, 37(3): 448-450.
29. Huang Z, Huang L, Waters MJ, et al. Insulin and growth hormone balance: implications for obesity. Trends Endocrinol Metab, 2020, 31(9): 642-654.
30. Fang F, Shi X, Brown MS, et al. Growth hormone acts on liver to stimulate autophagy, support glucose production, and preserve blood glucose in chronically starved mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2019, 116(15): 7449-7454.
31. Xu R, Zhu H, Zhang C, et al. Metabolomic analysis reveals metabolic characteristics of children with short stature caused by growth hormone deficiency. Clin Sci (Lond), 2019, 133(6): 777-788.
32. Aguiar-Oliveira MH, Bartke A. Growth hormone deficiency: health and longevity. Endocr Rev, 2019, 40(2): 575-601.
33. Baronio F, Mazzanti L, Girtler Y, et al. The influence of growth hormone treatment on glucose homeostasis in growth hormone-deficient children: a six-year follow-up study. Horm Res Paediatr, 2016, 86(3): 196-200.
34. Dehkhoda F, Lee CMM, Medina J, et al. The growth hormone receptor: mechanism of receptor activation, cell signaling, and physiological aspects. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2018, 9: 35. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00035.
35. 鄭立平, 劉弋. 生長激素及其受體在胃癌中的表達及臨床意義. 安徽醫科大學學報, 2013, 48(6): 660-663.
36. 李崢, 成軍, 陳輝. HER-2、GH/GHR在胃癌患者血清與腫瘤組織中的表達及其在胃癌發生發展過程中的作用. 實用癌癥雜志, 2017, 32(11): 1748-1751, 1762.
37. 趙輝, 梁道明, 陳嘉勇, 等. 生長激素在體內對人胃癌細胞生長和凋亡的影響. 中國醫藥指南, 2012, 10(22): 111-112.
38. Riveline JP, Baz B, Nguewa JL, et al. Exposure to glucocorticoids in the first part of fetal life is associated with insulin secretory defect in adult humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2020, 105(3): dgz145. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgz145.
39. Radhakutty A, Burt MG. Management of endocrine disease: critical review of the evidence underlying management of glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycaemia. Eur J Endocrinol, 2018, 179(4): R207-R218. doi: 10.1530/EJE-18-0315.
40. Breakey S, Sharp SJ, Adler AI, et al. Glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycaemia in respiratory disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab, 2016, 18(12): 1274-1278.
41. Akin-Takmaz S, Babaoglu G, Ba?ar H, et al. Evaluation of the effects of intraarticular glucocorticoid injections on blood glucose levels in diabetes mellitus and nondiabetes mellitus patients with adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder. Niger J Clin Pract, 2021, 24(2): 277-281.
42. Stepan JG, London DA, Boyer MI, et al. Blood glucose levels in diabetic patients following corticosteroid injections into the hand and wrist. J Hand Surg Am, 2014, 39(4): 706-712.
43. Zhou PZ, Zhu YM, Zou GH, et al. Relationship between glucocorticoids and insulin resistance in healthy individuals. Med Sci Monit, 2016, 22: 1887-1894.
44. Martínez BB, Pereira AC, Muzetti JH, et al. Experimental model of glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance. Acta Cir Bras, 2016, 31(10): 645-649.
45. Yang X, Lin X, Lu T, et al. Fasting plasma glucose levels predict steroid-induced abnormal glucose metabolism in patients with non-diabetic chronic kidney disease: a prospective cohort study. Am J Nephrol, 2015, 41(2): 107-115.
46. Zhang YP, Gong Y, Zeng QY, et al. A long-term, observational cohort study on the safety of low-dose glucocorticoids in ankylosing spondylitis: adverse events and effects on bone mineral density, blood lipid and glucose levels and body mass index. BMJ Open, 2015, 5(6): e006957. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006957.
47. Puar TH, Stikkelbroeck NM, Smans LC, et al. Adrenal crisis: still a deadly event in the 21st century. Am J Med, 2016, 129(3): 339. e1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.08.021.
48. Block TS, Murphy TI, Munster PN, et al. Glucocorticoid receptor expression in 20 solid tumor types using immunohistochemistry assay. Cancer Manag Res, 2017, 9: 65-72.
49. Busada JT, Ramamoorthy S, Cain DW, et al. Endogenous glucocorticoids prevent gastric metaplasia by suppressing spontaneous inflammation. J Clin Invest, 2019, 129(3): 1345-1358.
50. 陳桂敏. 糖皮質激素在胃癌患者和常規治療方法對比研究. 中外醫療, 2014, (27): 101-102.
51. Bozku? Y, Mousa U, ?yidir ?T, et al. Short-term effect of hypergastrinemia following esomeprazole treatment on well-controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus: a prospective study. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets, 2020, 20(7): 1090-1096.
52. Liu Y, Zhu J, Liu J, et al. Knockdown of gastrin promotes apoptosis of gastric cancer cells by decreasing ROS generation. Biomed Res Int, 2021, 2021: 5590037. doi: doi: 10.1155/2021/5590037.
53. Frank N, Hermida P, Sanchez-Londo?o A, et al. Blood glucose and insulin concentrations after octreotide administration in horses with insulin dysregulation. J Vet Intern Med, 2017, 31(4): 1188-1192.
54. Rossi RE, Invernizzi P, Mazzaferro V, et al. Response and relapse rates after treatment with long-acting somatostatin analogs in multifocal or recurrent type-1 gastric carcinoids: a systematic review and meta-analysis. United European Gastroenterol J, 2020, 8(2): 140-147.

CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Research progress on relation between blood glucose regulating hormones and gastric cancer

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