流感相關侵襲性肺曲霉病的早期診斷_Chinese Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

Authors：

沈焜路 ¹ , 王玉 ² , 顧彧 ³ , 劉寅 ² , 施毅 ² ,  蘇欣 ^1,2,3

1. ;
2. ;
3. ;

Corresponding?author：

蘇欣, Email: suxinjs@163.com

Keywords：

DOI：

10.7507/1671-6205.202012058

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Citation： 沈焜路, 王玉, 顧彧, 劉寅, 施毅, 蘇欣. 流感相關侵襲性肺曲霉病的早期診斷. Chinese Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 2021, 20(7): 516-521. doi: 10.7507/1671-6205.202012058 Copy

1.	Patterson TF, Thompson GR 3rd, Denning DW, et al. Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Aspergillosis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis, 2016, 63(4): e1-e60.
2.	Martin-Loeches I, Valles J. Overtreating or underdiagnosing invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) in critically ill H1N1 patients: who is right?. Intensive Care Med, 2012, 38(11): 1733-1735.
3.	Bassetti M, Garnacho-Montero J, Calandra T, et al. Intensive care medicine research agenda on invasive fungal infection in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med, 2017, 43(9): 1225-1238.
4.	Decker SO, Sigl A, Grumaz C, et al. Immune-response patterns and next generation sequencing diagnostics for the detection of mycoses in patients with septic shock - Results of a Combined Clinical and Experimental Investigation. Int J Mol Sci, 2017, 18(8): 1796.
5.	He Q, Li H, Rui Y, et al. Pentraxin 3 gene polymorphisms and pulmonary aspergillosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Clin Infect Dis, 2018, 66(2): 261-267.
6.	Rodriguez-Goncer I, Thomas S, Foden P, et al. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is associated with adverse clinical outcomes in critically ill patients receiving veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 2018, 37(7): 1251-1257.
7.	Cavayas YA, Yusuff H, Porter R. Fungal infections in adult patients on extracorporeal life support. Crit Care, 2018, 22(1): 98.
8.	Schauwvlieghe A, Rijnders BJA, Philips N, et al. Invasive aspergillosis in patients admitted to the intensive care unit with severe influenza: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Respir Med, 2018, 6(10): 782-792.
9.	Van De Veerdonk FL, Kolwijck E, Lestrade PP, et al. Influenza-associated aspergillosis in critically ill patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2017, 196(4): 524-527.
10.	Wauters J, Baar I, Meersseman P, et al. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is a frequent complication of critically ill H1N1 patients: a retrospective study. Intensive Care Med, 2012, 38(11): 1761-1768.
11.	Crum-Cianflone NF. Invasive aspergillosis associated with severe influenza infections. Open Forum Infect Dis, 2016, 3(3): ofw171.
12.	De Pauw B, Walsh TJ, Donnelly JP, et al. Revised definitions of invasive fungal disease from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group (EORTC/MSG) Consensus Group. Clin Infect Dis, 2008, 46(12): 1813-1821.
13.	Alshabani K, Haq A, Miyakawa R, et al. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with influenza infection: report of two cases and systematic review of the literature. Expert Rev Respir Med, 2015, 9(1): 89-96.
14.	Cornillet A, Camus C, Nimubona S, et al. Comparison of epidemiological, clinical, and biological features of invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic and nonneutropenic patients: a 6-year survey. Clin Infect Dis, 2006, 43(5): 577-584.
15.	Nyga R, Maizel J, Nseir S, et al. Invasive tracheobronchial aspergillosis in critically ill patients with severe influenza. A clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2020, 202(5): 708-716.
16.	Donnelly JP, Chen SC, Kauffman CA, et al. Revision and Update of the Consensus Definitions of Invasive Fungal Disease From the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer and the Mycoses Study Group Education and Research Consortium. Clin Infect Dis, 2020, 71(6): 1367-1376.
17.	Ku YH, Chan KS, Yang CC, et al. Higher mortality of severe influenza patients with probable aspergillosis than those with and without other coinfections. J Formosan Med Assoc, 2017, 116(9): 660-670.
18.	Koehler P, Bassetti M, Kochanek M, et al. Intensive care management of influenza-associated pulmonary aspergillosis. Clin Microbiol Infect, 2019, 25(12): 1501-1509.
19.	Schroeder M, Simon M, Katchanov J, et al. Does galactomannan testing increase diagnostic accuracy for IPA in the ICU? A prospective observational study. Crit Care, 2016, 20(1): 139.
20.	Blot SI, Taccone FS, Van Den Abeele AM, et al. A clinical algorithm to diagnose invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in critically ill patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2012, 186(1): 56-64.
21.	Kaziani K, Mitrakou E, Dimopoulos G. Improving diagnostic accuracy for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in the intensive care unit. Ann Transl Med, 2016, 4(18): 352.
22.	Verweij PE, Rijnders BJA, Brüggemann RJM, et al. Review of influenza-associated pulmonary aspergillosis in ICU patients and proposal for a case definition: an expert opinion. Intensive Care Medicine, 2020, 46(8): 1524-1535.
23.	Sulahian A, Touratier S, Ribaud P. False positive test for Aspergillus antigenemia related to concomitant administration of piperacillin and tazobactam. New Engl J Med, 2003, 349(24): 2366-2367.
24.	Liu WD, Lin SW, Shih MC, et al. False-positive Aspergillus galactomannan immunoassays associated with intravenous human immunoglobulin administration. Clin Microbiol Infect, 2020, 26(11): 1555. e9-1555. e14.
25.	Ko JH, Peck KR, Lee JY, et al. Multiple myeloma as a major cause of false-positive galactomannan tests in adult patients with cancer. J Infect, 2016, 72(2): 233-239.
26.	Meersseman W, Lagrou K, Maertens J, et al. Galactomannan in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid: a tool for diagnosing aspergillosis in intensive care unit patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2008, 177(1): 27-34.
27.	Lahmer T, Neuenhahn M, Held J, et al. Comparison of 1,3-β-d-glucan with galactomannan in serum and bronchoalveolar fluid for the detection of Aspergillus species in immunosuppressed mechanical ventilated critically ill patients. J Crit Care, 2016, 36: 259-264.
28.	Van De Groep K, Verboom DM, Van De Veerdonk FL, et al. Detection of invasive aspergillosis in critically ill patients with influenza: the role of plasma galactomannan. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2019, 200(5): 636-638.
29.	Verweij PE, Brüggemann RJM, Wauters J, et al. Influenza coinfection: be(a)ware of invasive aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis, 2020, 70(2): 349-350.
30.	Zhou W, Li H, Zhang Y, et al. Diagnostic value of galactomannan antigen test in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples from patients with nonneutropenic invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. J Clin Microbiol, 2017, 55(7): 2153-2161.
31.	Sehgal IS, Dhooria S, Choudhary H, et al. Utility of serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid galactomannan in diagnosis of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis. J Clin Microbiol, 2019, 57(3): e01821-18.
32.	D'haese J, Theunissen K, Vermeulen E, et al. Detection of galactomannan in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples of patients at risk for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: analytical and clinical validity. J Clin Microbiol, 2012, 50(4): 1258-1263.
33.	Yu Y, Zhu C, Gao Y. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid galactomannan as a diagnostic biomarker for IPA: still a long way to go. Crit Care, 2016, 20: 280.
34.	Bauer PR, Chevret S, Yadav H, et al. Diagnosis and outcome of acute respiratory failure in immunocompromised patients after bronchoscopy. Eur Respir J, 2019, 54(1): 1802442.
35.	Bauer PR, Chevret S, Azoulay E; Nine-I Investigators. Acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure in immunocompromised patients: abandon bronchoscopy or make it better?. Eur Respir J, 2019, 54(6): 1902177.
36.	中華醫學會呼吸病學分會呼吸危重癥醫學學組, 中國醫師協會呼吸醫師分會危重癥醫學工作委員會. ICU 患者支氣管肺泡灌洗液采集, 送檢, 檢測及結果解讀規范. 中華結核和呼吸雜志, 2020, 43(9): 744-756.
37.	Rijnders BJA, Schauwvlieghe AFAD, Wauters J. Influenza-associated pulmonary aspergillosis: a local or global lethal combination?. Clin Infect Dis, 2020, 71(7): 1764-1767.
38.	Hage CA, Carmona EM, Epelbaum O, et al. Microbiological laboratory testing in the diagnosis of fungal infections in pulmonary and critical care practice. An Official American Thoracic Society Clinical Practice Guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2019, 200(5): 535-550.
39.	Guegan H, Robert-Gangneux F, Camus C, et al. Improving the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis by the detection of Aspergillus in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid: comparison of non-culture-based assays. J Infect, 2018, 76(2): 196-205.
40.	Imbert S, Gauthier L, Joly I, et al. Aspergillus PCR in serum for the diagnosis, follow-up and prognosis of invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic and non-neutropenic patients. Clin Microbiol Infect, 2016, 22(6): 562. e1-8.
41.	Buchheidt D, Reinwald M, Hofmann WK, et al. Evaluating the use of PCR for diagnosing invasive aspergillosis. Expert Rev Mol Diagn, 2017, 17(6): 603-610.
42.	Loeffler J, Mengoli C, Springer J, et al. Analytical Comparison ofIn Vitro-Spiked Human Serum and Plasma for PCR-Based Detection of Aspergillus fumigatus DNA: a Study by the European Aspergillus PCR Initiative. J Clin Microbiol, 2015, 53(9): 2838-2845.
43.	Springer J, White PL, Hamilton S, et al. Comparison of performance characteristics of Aspergillus PCR in testing a range of blood-based samples in accordance with international methodological recommendations. J Clin Microbiol, 2016, 54(3): 705-711.
44.	Eigl S, Hoenigl M, Spiess B, et al. Galactomannan testing and Aspergillus PCR in same-day bronchoalveolar lavage and blood samples for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis. Med Mycol, 2017, 55(5): 528-534.
45.	Springer J, Lackner M, Nachbaur D, et al. Prospective multicentre PCR-based Aspergillus DNA screening in high-risk patients with and without primary antifungal mould prophylaxis. Clin Microbiol Infect, 2016, 22(1): 80-86.
46.	Reinwald M, Hummel M, Kovalevskaya E, et al. Therapy with antifungals decreases the diagnostic performance of PCR for diagnosing invasive aspergillosis in bronchoalveolar lavage samples of patients with haematological malignancies. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2012, 67(9): 2260-2267.
47.	Mengoli C, Cruciani M, Barnes RA, et al. Use of PCR for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis, 2009, 9(2): 89-96.
48.	Gabaldón T. Recent trends in molecular diagnostics of yeast infections: from PCR to NGS. FEMS Microbiol Rev, 2019, 43(5): 517-547.
49.	Miao Q, Ma Y, Wang Q, et al. Microbiological diagnostic performance of metagenomic next-generation sequencing when applied to clinical practice. Clin Infect Dis, 2018, 67(Suppl_2): S231-S240.
50.	Li H, Gao H, Meng H, et al. Detection of pulmonary infectious pathogens from lung biopsy tissues by metagenomic next-generation sequencing. Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 2018, 8: 205.
51.	He BC, Liu LL, Chen BL, et al. The application of next-generation sequencing in diagnosing invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: three case reports. Am J Transl Res, 2019, 11(4): 2532-2539.
52.	施毅, 趙江南. 侵襲性真菌病病原學非培養實驗室診斷方法. 中華結核和呼吸雜志, 2019, 42(7): 500-505.
53.	Eigl S, Prattes J, Lackner M, et al. Multicenter evaluation of a lateral-flow device test for diagnosing invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in ICU patients. Crit Care, 2015, 19(1): 178.
54.	Jenks JD, Mehta SR, Taplitz R, et al. Point-of-care diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in non-neutropenic patients: aspergillus galactomannan lateral flow assay versus aspergillus-specific lateral flow device test in bronchoalveolar lavage. Mycoses, 2019, 62(3): 230-236.

1. Patterson TF, Thompson GR 3rd, Denning DW, et al. Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Aspergillosis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis, 2016, 63(4): e1-e60.
2. Martin-Loeches I, Valles J. Overtreating or underdiagnosing invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) in critically ill H1N1 patients: who is right?. Intensive Care Med, 2012, 38(11): 1733-1735.
3. Bassetti M, Garnacho-Montero J, Calandra T, et al. Intensive care medicine research agenda on invasive fungal infection in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med, 2017, 43(9): 1225-1238.
4. Decker SO, Sigl A, Grumaz C, et al. Immune-response patterns and next generation sequencing diagnostics for the detection of mycoses in patients with septic shock - Results of a Combined Clinical and Experimental Investigation. Int J Mol Sci, 2017, 18(8): 1796.
5. He Q, Li H, Rui Y, et al. Pentraxin 3 gene polymorphisms and pulmonary aspergillosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Clin Infect Dis, 2018, 66(2): 261-267.
6. Rodriguez-Goncer I, Thomas S, Foden P, et al. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is associated with adverse clinical outcomes in critically ill patients receiving veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 2018, 37(7): 1251-1257.
7. Cavayas YA, Yusuff H, Porter R. Fungal infections in adult patients on extracorporeal life support. Crit Care, 2018, 22(1): 98.
8. Schauwvlieghe A, Rijnders BJA, Philips N, et al. Invasive aspergillosis in patients admitted to the intensive care unit with severe influenza: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Respir Med, 2018, 6(10): 782-792.
9. Van De Veerdonk FL, Kolwijck E, Lestrade PP, et al. Influenza-associated aspergillosis in critically ill patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2017, 196(4): 524-527.
10. Wauters J, Baar I, Meersseman P, et al. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is a frequent complication of critically ill H1N1 patients: a retrospective study. Intensive Care Med, 2012, 38(11): 1761-1768.
11. Crum-Cianflone NF. Invasive aspergillosis associated with severe influenza infections. Open Forum Infect Dis, 2016, 3(3): ofw171.
12. De Pauw B, Walsh TJ, Donnelly JP, et al. Revised definitions of invasive fungal disease from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group (EORTC/MSG) Consensus Group. Clin Infect Dis, 2008, 46(12): 1813-1821.
13. Alshabani K, Haq A, Miyakawa R, et al. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with influenza infection: report of two cases and systematic review of the literature. Expert Rev Respir Med, 2015, 9(1): 89-96.
14. Cornillet A, Camus C, Nimubona S, et al. Comparison of epidemiological, clinical, and biological features of invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic and nonneutropenic patients: a 6-year survey. Clin Infect Dis, 2006, 43(5): 577-584.
15. Nyga R, Maizel J, Nseir S, et al. Invasive tracheobronchial aspergillosis in critically ill patients with severe influenza. A clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2020, 202(5): 708-716.
16. Donnelly JP, Chen SC, Kauffman CA, et al. Revision and Update of the Consensus Definitions of Invasive Fungal Disease From the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer and the Mycoses Study Group Education and Research Consortium. Clin Infect Dis, 2020, 71(6): 1367-1376.
17. Ku YH, Chan KS, Yang CC, et al. Higher mortality of severe influenza patients with probable aspergillosis than those with and without other coinfections. J Formosan Med Assoc, 2017, 116(9): 660-670.
18. Koehler P, Bassetti M, Kochanek M, et al. Intensive care management of influenza-associated pulmonary aspergillosis. Clin Microbiol Infect, 2019, 25(12): 1501-1509.
19. Schroeder M, Simon M, Katchanov J, et al. Does galactomannan testing increase diagnostic accuracy for IPA in the ICU? A prospective observational study. Crit Care, 2016, 20(1): 139.
20. Blot SI, Taccone FS, Van Den Abeele AM, et al. A clinical algorithm to diagnose invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in critically ill patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2012, 186(1): 56-64.
21. Kaziani K, Mitrakou E, Dimopoulos G. Improving diagnostic accuracy for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in the intensive care unit. Ann Transl Med, 2016, 4(18): 352.
22. Verweij PE, Rijnders BJA, Brüggemann RJM, et al. Review of influenza-associated pulmonary aspergillosis in ICU patients and proposal for a case definition: an expert opinion. Intensive Care Medicine, 2020, 46(8): 1524-1535.
23. Sulahian A, Touratier S, Ribaud P. False positive test for Aspergillus antigenemia related to concomitant administration of piperacillin and tazobactam. New Engl J Med, 2003, 349(24): 2366-2367.
24. Liu WD, Lin SW, Shih MC, et al. False-positive Aspergillus galactomannan immunoassays associated with intravenous human immunoglobulin administration. Clin Microbiol Infect, 2020, 26(11): 1555. e9-1555. e14.
25. Ko JH, Peck KR, Lee JY, et al. Multiple myeloma as a major cause of false-positive galactomannan tests in adult patients with cancer. J Infect, 2016, 72(2): 233-239.
26. Meersseman W, Lagrou K, Maertens J, et al. Galactomannan in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid: a tool for diagnosing aspergillosis in intensive care unit patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2008, 177(1): 27-34.
27. Lahmer T, Neuenhahn M, Held J, et al. Comparison of 1,3-β-d-glucan with galactomannan in serum and bronchoalveolar fluid for the detection of Aspergillus species in immunosuppressed mechanical ventilated critically ill patients. J Crit Care, 2016, 36: 259-264.
28. Van De Groep K, Verboom DM, Van De Veerdonk FL, et al. Detection of invasive aspergillosis in critically ill patients with influenza: the role of plasma galactomannan. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2019, 200(5): 636-638.
29. Verweij PE, Brüggemann RJM, Wauters J, et al. Influenza coinfection: be(a)ware of invasive aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis, 2020, 70(2): 349-350.
30. Zhou W, Li H, Zhang Y, et al. Diagnostic value of galactomannan antigen test in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples from patients with nonneutropenic invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. J Clin Microbiol, 2017, 55(7): 2153-2161.
31. Sehgal IS, Dhooria S, Choudhary H, et al. Utility of serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid galactomannan in diagnosis of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis. J Clin Microbiol, 2019, 57(3): e01821-18.
32. D'haese J, Theunissen K, Vermeulen E, et al. Detection of galactomannan in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples of patients at risk for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: analytical and clinical validity. J Clin Microbiol, 2012, 50(4): 1258-1263.
33. Yu Y, Zhu C, Gao Y. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid galactomannan as a diagnostic biomarker for IPA: still a long way to go. Crit Care, 2016, 20: 280.
34. Bauer PR, Chevret S, Yadav H, et al. Diagnosis and outcome of acute respiratory failure in immunocompromised patients after bronchoscopy. Eur Respir J, 2019, 54(1): 1802442.
35. Bauer PR, Chevret S, Azoulay E; Nine-I Investigators. Acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure in immunocompromised patients: abandon bronchoscopy or make it better?. Eur Respir J, 2019, 54(6): 1902177.
36. 中華醫學會呼吸病學分會呼吸危重癥醫學學組, 中國醫師協會呼吸醫師分會危重癥醫學工作委員會. ICU 患者支氣管肺泡灌洗液采集, 送檢, 檢測及結果解讀規范. 中華結核和呼吸雜志, 2020, 43(9): 744-756.
37. Rijnders BJA, Schauwvlieghe AFAD, Wauters J. Influenza-associated pulmonary aspergillosis: a local or global lethal combination?. Clin Infect Dis, 2020, 71(7): 1764-1767.
38. Hage CA, Carmona EM, Epelbaum O, et al. Microbiological laboratory testing in the diagnosis of fungal infections in pulmonary and critical care practice. An Official American Thoracic Society Clinical Practice Guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2019, 200(5): 535-550.
39. Guegan H, Robert-Gangneux F, Camus C, et al. Improving the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis by the detection of Aspergillus in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid: comparison of non-culture-based assays. J Infect, 2018, 76(2): 196-205.
40. Imbert S, Gauthier L, Joly I, et al. Aspergillus PCR in serum for the diagnosis, follow-up and prognosis of invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic and non-neutropenic patients. Clin Microbiol Infect, 2016, 22(6): 562. e1-8.
41. Buchheidt D, Reinwald M, Hofmann WK, et al. Evaluating the use of PCR for diagnosing invasive aspergillosis. Expert Rev Mol Diagn, 2017, 17(6): 603-610.
42. Loeffler J, Mengoli C, Springer J, et al. Analytical Comparison ofIn Vitro-Spiked Human Serum and Plasma for PCR-Based Detection of Aspergillus fumigatus DNA: a Study by the European Aspergillus PCR Initiative. J Clin Microbiol, 2015, 53(9): 2838-2845.
43. Springer J, White PL, Hamilton S, et al. Comparison of performance characteristics of Aspergillus PCR in testing a range of blood-based samples in accordance with international methodological recommendations. J Clin Microbiol, 2016, 54(3): 705-711.
44. Eigl S, Hoenigl M, Spiess B, et al. Galactomannan testing and Aspergillus PCR in same-day bronchoalveolar lavage and blood samples for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis. Med Mycol, 2017, 55(5): 528-534.
45. Springer J, Lackner M, Nachbaur D, et al. Prospective multicentre PCR-based Aspergillus DNA screening in high-risk patients with and without primary antifungal mould prophylaxis. Clin Microbiol Infect, 2016, 22(1): 80-86.
46. Reinwald M, Hummel M, Kovalevskaya E, et al. Therapy with antifungals decreases the diagnostic performance of PCR for diagnosing invasive aspergillosis in bronchoalveolar lavage samples of patients with haematological malignancies. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2012, 67(9): 2260-2267.
47. Mengoli C, Cruciani M, Barnes RA, et al. Use of PCR for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis, 2009, 9(2): 89-96.
48. Gabaldón T. Recent trends in molecular diagnostics of yeast infections: from PCR to NGS. FEMS Microbiol Rev, 2019, 43(5): 517-547.
49. Miao Q, Ma Y, Wang Q, et al. Microbiological diagnostic performance of metagenomic next-generation sequencing when applied to clinical practice. Clin Infect Dis, 2018, 67(Suppl_2): S231-S240.
50. Li H, Gao H, Meng H, et al. Detection of pulmonary infectious pathogens from lung biopsy tissues by metagenomic next-generation sequencing. Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 2018, 8: 205.
51. He BC, Liu LL, Chen BL, et al. The application of next-generation sequencing in diagnosing invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: three case reports. Am J Transl Res, 2019, 11(4): 2532-2539.
52. 施毅, 趙江南. 侵襲性真菌病病原學非培養實驗室診斷方法. 中華結核和呼吸雜志, 2019, 42(7): 500-505.
53. Eigl S, Prattes J, Lackner M, et al. Multicenter evaluation of a lateral-flow device test for diagnosing invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in ICU patients. Crit Care, 2015, 19(1): 178.
54. Jenks JD, Mehta SR, Taplitz R, et al. Point-of-care diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in non-neutropenic patients: aspergillus galactomannan lateral flow assay versus aspergillus-specific lateral flow device test in bronchoalveolar lavage. Mycoses, 2019, 62(3): 230-236.

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流感相關侵襲性肺曲霉病的早期診斷

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