內皮素-1在急性呼吸窘迫綜合征發病機制中的研究進展_Chinese Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

Authors：

田喆 ^1,2 , 岑麗蘭 ¹ , 董玨 ^1,2 , 蔣玉潔 ^1,2 ,  廖品琥 ³

1. ;
2. ;
3. ;

Corresponding?author：

廖品琥, Email: liaopinhu@163.com

Keywords：

DOI：

10.7507/1671-6205.202106024

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Citation： 田喆, 岑麗蘭, 董玨, 蔣玉潔, 廖品琥. 內皮素-1在急性呼吸窘迫綜合征發病機制中的研究進展. Chinese Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 2021, 20(12): 895-900. doi: 10.7507/1671-6205.202106024 Copy

1.	Bellani G, Laffey JG, Pham T, et al. Epidemiology, patterns of care, and mortality for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome in intensive care units in 50 countries. JAMA, 2016, 315(8): 788-800.
2.	Matsubara TJ, Fujiu K. Endothelin-1 and atrial cardiomyopathy. Int Heart J, 2019, 60(2): 238-240.
3.	Lee H, Yeom A, Kim KC, et al. Effect of ambrisentan therapy on the expression of endothelin receptor, endothelial nitric oxide synthase and NADPH oxidase 4 in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension rat model. Korean Circ J, 2019, 49(9): 866-876.
4.	Tsybikov NN, Petrisheva IV, Kuznik BI, et al. Plasma endothelin-1 levels during exacerbation of atopic dermatitis. Allergy Asthma Proc, 2015, 36(4): 320-324.
5.	El Sayed M, Sherif L, Said RN, et al. Endothelin-1 and L-arginine in preterm infants with respiratory distress. Am J Perinatol, 2011, 28(2): 129-136.
6.	Hele DJ, Birrell MA, Webber SE, et al. Effect of endothelin antagonists, including the novel ET(A) receptor antagonist LBL 031, on endothelin-1 and lipopolysaccharide-induced microvascular leakage in rat airways. Br J Pharmacol, 2000, 131(6): 1129-1134.
7.	Bang C, Antoniades C, Antonopoulos AS, et al. Intercellular communication lessons in heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail, 2015, 17(11): 1091-1103.
8.	Mazaki Y, Higashi T, Onodera Y, et al. Endothelin type B receptor interacts with the 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein. FEBS Lett, 2019, 593(6): 644-651.
9.	Johnston JG, Speed JS, Jin C, et al. Loss of endothelin B receptor function impairs sodium excretion in a time- and sex-dependent manner. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, 2016, 311(5): F991-F998.
10.	Boesen EI. Endothelin receptors, renal effects and blood pressure. Curr Opin Pharmacol, 2015, 21: 25-34.
11.	Kozar I, Margue C, Rothengatter S, et al. Many ways to resistance: How melanoma cells evade targeted therapies. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer, 2019, 1871(2): 313-322.
12.	Davenport AP. International Union of Pharmacology. ⅩⅩⅨ. Update on endothelin receptor nomenclature. Pharmacol Rev, 2002, 54(2): 219-226.
13.	Goldenberg NM, Kuebler WM. Endothelial cell regulation of pulmonary vascular tone, inflammation, and coagulation. Compr Physiol. 2015, 5(2): 531-559.
14.	Lopes GJ, Góis CC, Lima LH, et al. Modulation of rhodopsin gene expression and signaling mechanisms evoked by endothelins in goldfish and murine pigment cell lines. Braz J Med Biol Res, 2010, 43(9): 828-836.
15.	Kisanuki YY, Emoto N, Ohuchi T, et al. Low blood pressure in endothelial cell-specific endothelin 1 knockout mice. Hypertension, 2010, 56(1): 121-128.
16.	Smiley DA, Khalil RA. Estrogenic compounds, estrogen receptors and vascular cell signaling in the aging blood vessels. Curr Med Chem, 2009, 16(15): 1863-1887.
17.	Tentolouris A, Eleftheriadou I, Tzeravini E, et al. Endothelium as a therapeutic target in diabetes mellitus: from basic mechanisms to clinical practice. Curr Med Chem, 2020, 27(7): 1089-1131.
18.	Eroglu E, Kocyigit I, Lindholm B. The endothelin system as target for therapeutic interventions in cardiovascular and renal disease. Clin Chim Acta, 2020, 506: 92-106.
19.	Davie N, Haleen SJ, Upton PD, et al. ET_A and ET_B receptors modulate the proliferation of human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2002, 165(3): 398-405.
20.	Farrah TE, Basu N, Dweck M, et al. Advances in therapies and imaging for systemic vasculitis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2019, 39(8): 1520-1541.
21.	Abman SH. Role of endothelin receptor antagonists in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Annu Rev Med, 2009, 60: 13-23.
22.	Hu YY, He KW, Guo RL. Six alkaloids inhibit secretion of IL-1α, TXB₂, ET-1 and E-selectin in LPS-induced endothelial cells. Immunol Invest, 2012, 41(3): 261-274.
23.	Jiang Y, Zeng Y, Huang X, et al. Nur77 attenuates endothelin-1 expression via downregulation of NF-κB and p38 MAPK in A549 cells and in an ARDS rat model. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 2016, 311(6): L1023-L1035.
24.	Yang Q, Battistini B, Pelletier S, et al. Inhibition of basal and stimulated release of endothelin-1 from guinea pig tracheal epithelial cells in culture by beta 2-adrenoceptor agonists and cyclic AMP enhancers. Inflammation, 2007, 30(5): 136-147.
25.	Wahl JR, Goetsch NJ, Young HJ, et al. Murine macrophages produce endothelin-1 after microbial stimulation. Exp Biol Med (Maywood), 2005, 230(9): 652-658.
26.	Jesmin S, Yamaguchi N, Zaedi S, et al. Time-dependent expression of endothelin-1 in lungs and the effects of TNF-α blocking peptide on acute lung injury in an endotoxemic rat model. Biomed Res, 2011, 32(1): 9-17.
27.	Kamiyama J, Jesmin S, Sakuramoto H, et al. Assessment of circulatory and pulmonary endothelin-1 levels in a lavage-induced surfactant-depleted lung injury rabbit model with repeated open endotracheal suctioning and hyperinflation. Life Sci 2014, 118(2): 370-378.
28.	Cox R, Soejima K, Burke A, et al. Enhanced pulmonary expression of endothelin-1 in an ovine model of smoke inhalation injury. J Burn Care Rehabil, 2001, 22(6): 375-383.
29.	McCarter SD, Lai PF, Suen RS, et al. Regulation of endothelin-1 by angiopoietin-1: implications for inflammation. Exp Biol Med (Maywood), 2006, 231(6): 985-991.
30.	Dobyns EL, Eells PL, Griebel JL, et al. Elevated plasma endothelin-1 and cytokine levels in children with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. J Pediatr, 1999, 135(2 Pt 1): 246-249.
31.	Sanai L, Haynes WG, MacKenzie A, et al. Endothelin production in sepsis and the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Intensive Care Med, 1996, 22(1): 52-56.
32.	Nakano Y, Tasaka S, Saito F, et al. Endothelin-1 level in epithelial lining fluid of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Respirology, 2007, 12(5): 740-743.
33.	Persson BP, Halldorsdottir H, Lindbom L, et al. Heparin-binding protein (HBP/CAP37) - a link to endothelin-1 in endotoxemia-induced pulmonary oedema?. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 2014, 58(5): 549-559.
34.	Xiong R, Lu X, Song J, et al. Molecular mechanisms of hydrogen sulfide against uremic accelerated atherosclerosis through cPKCβⅡ/Akt signal pathway. BMC Nephrol, 2019, 20(1): 358.
35.	Boucherat O, Franco-Montoya ML, Delacourt C, et al. Defective angiogenesis in hypoplastic human fetal lungs correlates with nitric oxide synthase deficiency that occurs despite enhanced angiopoietin-2 and VEGF. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 2010, 298(6): L849-L856.
36.	Zhu J, Song W, Li L, et al. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase: a potential therapeutic target for cerebrovascular diseases. Mol Brain, 2016, 9: 30.
37.	Peng LY, Yuan M, Shi HT, et al. Protective effect of piceatannol against acute lung injury through protecting the integrity of air-blood barrier and modulating the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway activation. Front Pharmacol, 2020, 10: 1613.
38.	Boyer S, Faure K, Ader F, et al. Chronic pneumonia with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and impaired alveolar fluid clearance. Respir Res, 2005, 6(1): 17.
39.	Clapp PW, Lavrich KS, van Heusden CA, et al. Cinnamaldehyde in flavored e-cigarette liquids temporarily suppresses bronchial epithelial cell ciliary motility by dysregulation of mitochondrial function. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 2019, 316(3): L470-L486.
40.	Comellas AP, Briva A, Dada LA, et al. Endothelin-1 impairs alveolar epithelial function via endothelial ETB receptor. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2009, 179(2): 113-122.
41.	Berger MM, Rozendal CS, Schieber C, et al. The effect of endothelin-1 on alveolar fluid clearance and pulmonary edema formation in the rat. Anesth Analg, 2009, 108(1): 225-231.
42.	Liang LL, Chen L, Zhou MY, et al. Genetic susceptibility of five tagSNPs in the endothelin-1 (EDN1) gene to coronary artery disease in a Chinese Han population. Biosci Rep, 2018, 38(5): BSR20171320.
43.	Virdis A, Schiffrin EL. Vascular inflammation: a role in vascular disease in hypertension?. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens, 2003, 12(2): 181-187.
44.	Lin CC, Lin WN, Hou WC, et al. Endothelin-1 induces VCAM-1 expression-mediated inflammation via receptor tyrosine kinases and Elk/p300 in human tracheal smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 2015, 309(3): L211-L225.
45.	Lin CC, Hsieh HL, Shih RH, et al. Up-regulation of COX-2/PGE2 by endothelin-1 via MAPK-dependent NF-κB pathway in mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells. Cell Commun Signal, 2013, 11(1): 8.
46.	Li L, Chu Y, Fink GD, et al. Endothelin-1 stimulates arterial VCAM-1 expression via NADPH oxidase-derived superoxide in mineralocorticoid hypertension. Hypertension, 2003, 42(5): 997-1003.
47.	Blankenberg S, Barbaux S, Tiret L. Adhesion molecules and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis, 2003, 170(2): 191-203.
48.	Oktar BK, Co?kun T, Bozkurt A, et al. Endothelin-1-induced PMN infiltration and mucosal dysfunction in the rat small intestine. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 2000, 279(3): G483-G491.
49.	Gonon AT, Gourine AV, Middelveld RJ, et al. Limitation of infarct size and attenuation of myeloperoxidase activity by an endothelin A receptor antagonist following ischaemia and reperfusion. Basic Res Cardiol, 2001, 96(5): 454-462.
50.	Anggrahini DW, Emoto N, Nakayama K, et al. Vascular endothelial cell-derived endothelin-1 mediates vascular inflammation and neointima formation following blood flow cessation. Cardiovasc Res, 2009, 82(1): 143-151.
51.	Thickett DR, Armstrong L, Millar AB. A role for vascular endothelial growth factor in acute and resolving lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2002, 166(10): 1332-1337.
52.	Koh H, Tasaka S, Hasegawa N, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor in epithelial lining fluid of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Respirology, 2008, 13(2): 281-284.
53.	Kosmidou I, Karmpaliotis D, Kirtane, AJ, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factors in pulmonary edema: an update. J Thromb Thrombolysis, 2008, 25(3): 259-264.
54.	?zdemir ?, Taban ?, Enli Y, et al. The effects of bosentan on hyperoxia-induced lung injury in neonatal rats. Pediatr Int, 2019, 61(11): 1120-1126.
55.	Patel S, Liu X, Liu M, et al. HJP272, a novel endothelin receptor antagonist, attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in hamsters. Lung, 2014, 192(5): 803-810.
56.	Zhang Z, Jian X, Zhang W, et al. Using bosentan to treat paraquat poisoning-induced acute lung injury in rats. PloS one, 2013, 8(10): e75943.
57.	Trabold B, Pawlik M, Nietsch R, et al. Bosentan reduces oxidative burst in acid aspiration-induced lung injury in rats. Injury, 2009, 40(9): 946-949.
58.	Guimarães CL, Trentin PG, Rae GA. Endothelin ET_B receptor-mediated mechanisms involved in oleic acid-induced acute lung injury in mice. Clin Sci (Lond), 2002, 103(Suppl 48): 340 S-344 S.
59.	Guo Q, Huang JA, Fraidenburg DR. Bosentan as rescue treatment in refractory hypoxemia and pulmonary hypertension in a patient with ARDS and H7 N9 influenza virus infection. Lung, 2014, 192(5): 635-636.
60.	Mommerot A, Denault AY, Dupuis J, et al. Cardiopulmonary bypass is associated with altered vascular reactivity of isolated pulmonary artery in a porcine model: therapeutic potential of inhaled tezosentan. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 2014, 28(3): 698-708.
61.	Walweel K, Skeggs K, Boon AC, et al. Endothelin receptor antagonist improves donor lung function in an ex vivo perfusion system. J Biomed Sci, 2020, 27(1): 96.

1. Bellani G, Laffey JG, Pham T, et al. Epidemiology, patterns of care, and mortality for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome in intensive care units in 50 countries. JAMA, 2016, 315(8): 788-800.
2. Matsubara TJ, Fujiu K. Endothelin-1 and atrial cardiomyopathy. Int Heart J, 2019, 60(2): 238-240.
3. Lee H, Yeom A, Kim KC, et al. Effect of ambrisentan therapy on the expression of endothelin receptor, endothelial nitric oxide synthase and NADPH oxidase 4 in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension rat model. Korean Circ J, 2019, 49(9): 866-876.
4. Tsybikov NN, Petrisheva IV, Kuznik BI, et al. Plasma endothelin-1 levels during exacerbation of atopic dermatitis. Allergy Asthma Proc, 2015, 36(4): 320-324.
5. El Sayed M, Sherif L, Said RN, et al. Endothelin-1 and L-arginine in preterm infants with respiratory distress. Am J Perinatol, 2011, 28(2): 129-136.
6. Hele DJ, Birrell MA, Webber SE, et al. Effect of endothelin antagonists, including the novel ET(A) receptor antagonist LBL 031, on endothelin-1 and lipopolysaccharide-induced microvascular leakage in rat airways. Br J Pharmacol, 2000, 131(6): 1129-1134.
7. Bang C, Antoniades C, Antonopoulos AS, et al. Intercellular communication lessons in heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail, 2015, 17(11): 1091-1103.
8. Mazaki Y, Higashi T, Onodera Y, et al. Endothelin type B receptor interacts with the 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein. FEBS Lett, 2019, 593(6): 644-651.
9. Johnston JG, Speed JS, Jin C, et al. Loss of endothelin B receptor function impairs sodium excretion in a time- and sex-dependent manner. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, 2016, 311(5): F991-F998.
10. Boesen EI. Endothelin receptors, renal effects and blood pressure. Curr Opin Pharmacol, 2015, 21: 25-34.
11. Kozar I, Margue C, Rothengatter S, et al. Many ways to resistance: How melanoma cells evade targeted therapies. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer, 2019, 1871(2): 313-322.
12. Davenport AP. International Union of Pharmacology. ⅩⅩⅨ. Update on endothelin receptor nomenclature. Pharmacol Rev, 2002, 54(2): 219-226.
13. Goldenberg NM, Kuebler WM. Endothelial cell regulation of pulmonary vascular tone, inflammation, and coagulation. Compr Physiol. 2015, 5(2): 531-559.
14. Lopes GJ, Góis CC, Lima LH, et al. Modulation of rhodopsin gene expression and signaling mechanisms evoked by endothelins in goldfish and murine pigment cell lines. Braz J Med Biol Res, 2010, 43(9): 828-836.
15. Kisanuki YY, Emoto N, Ohuchi T, et al. Low blood pressure in endothelial cell-specific endothelin 1 knockout mice. Hypertension, 2010, 56(1): 121-128.
16. Smiley DA, Khalil RA. Estrogenic compounds, estrogen receptors and vascular cell signaling in the aging blood vessels. Curr Med Chem, 2009, 16(15): 1863-1887.
17. Tentolouris A, Eleftheriadou I, Tzeravini E, et al. Endothelium as a therapeutic target in diabetes mellitus: from basic mechanisms to clinical practice. Curr Med Chem, 2020, 27(7): 1089-1131.
18. Eroglu E, Kocyigit I, Lindholm B. The endothelin system as target for therapeutic interventions in cardiovascular and renal disease. Clin Chim Acta, 2020, 506: 92-106.
19. Davie N, Haleen SJ, Upton PD, et al. ET_A and ET_B receptors modulate the proliferation of human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2002, 165(3): 398-405.
20. Farrah TE, Basu N, Dweck M, et al. Advances in therapies and imaging for systemic vasculitis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2019, 39(8): 1520-1541.
21. Abman SH. Role of endothelin receptor antagonists in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Annu Rev Med, 2009, 60: 13-23.
22. Hu YY, He KW, Guo RL. Six alkaloids inhibit secretion of IL-1α, TXB₂, ET-1 and E-selectin in LPS-induced endothelial cells. Immunol Invest, 2012, 41(3): 261-274.
23. Jiang Y, Zeng Y, Huang X, et al. Nur77 attenuates endothelin-1 expression via downregulation of NF-κB and p38 MAPK in A549 cells and in an ARDS rat model. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 2016, 311(6): L1023-L1035.
24. Yang Q, Battistini B, Pelletier S, et al. Inhibition of basal and stimulated release of endothelin-1 from guinea pig tracheal epithelial cells in culture by beta 2-adrenoceptor agonists and cyclic AMP enhancers. Inflammation, 2007, 30(5): 136-147.
25. Wahl JR, Goetsch NJ, Young HJ, et al. Murine macrophages produce endothelin-1 after microbial stimulation. Exp Biol Med (Maywood), 2005, 230(9): 652-658.
26. Jesmin S, Yamaguchi N, Zaedi S, et al. Time-dependent expression of endothelin-1 in lungs and the effects of TNF-α blocking peptide on acute lung injury in an endotoxemic rat model. Biomed Res, 2011, 32(1): 9-17.
27. Kamiyama J, Jesmin S, Sakuramoto H, et al. Assessment of circulatory and pulmonary endothelin-1 levels in a lavage-induced surfactant-depleted lung injury rabbit model with repeated open endotracheal suctioning and hyperinflation. Life Sci 2014, 118(2): 370-378.
28. Cox R, Soejima K, Burke A, et al. Enhanced pulmonary expression of endothelin-1 in an ovine model of smoke inhalation injury. J Burn Care Rehabil, 2001, 22(6): 375-383.
29. McCarter SD, Lai PF, Suen RS, et al. Regulation of endothelin-1 by angiopoietin-1: implications for inflammation. Exp Biol Med (Maywood), 2006, 231(6): 985-991.
30. Dobyns EL, Eells PL, Griebel JL, et al. Elevated plasma endothelin-1 and cytokine levels in children with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. J Pediatr, 1999, 135(2 Pt 1): 246-249.
31. Sanai L, Haynes WG, MacKenzie A, et al. Endothelin production in sepsis and the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Intensive Care Med, 1996, 22(1): 52-56.
32. Nakano Y, Tasaka S, Saito F, et al. Endothelin-1 level in epithelial lining fluid of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Respirology, 2007, 12(5): 740-743.
33. Persson BP, Halldorsdottir H, Lindbom L, et al. Heparin-binding protein (HBP/CAP37) - a link to endothelin-1 in endotoxemia-induced pulmonary oedema?. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 2014, 58(5): 549-559.
34. Xiong R, Lu X, Song J, et al. Molecular mechanisms of hydrogen sulfide against uremic accelerated atherosclerosis through cPKCβⅡ/Akt signal pathway. BMC Nephrol, 2019, 20(1): 358.
35. Boucherat O, Franco-Montoya ML, Delacourt C, et al. Defective angiogenesis in hypoplastic human fetal lungs correlates with nitric oxide synthase deficiency that occurs despite enhanced angiopoietin-2 and VEGF. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 2010, 298(6): L849-L856.
36. Zhu J, Song W, Li L, et al. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase: a potential therapeutic target for cerebrovascular diseases. Mol Brain, 2016, 9: 30.
37. Peng LY, Yuan M, Shi HT, et al. Protective effect of piceatannol against acute lung injury through protecting the integrity of air-blood barrier and modulating the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway activation. Front Pharmacol, 2020, 10: 1613.
38. Boyer S, Faure K, Ader F, et al. Chronic pneumonia with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and impaired alveolar fluid clearance. Respir Res, 2005, 6(1): 17.
39. Clapp PW, Lavrich KS, van Heusden CA, et al. Cinnamaldehyde in flavored e-cigarette liquids temporarily suppresses bronchial epithelial cell ciliary motility by dysregulation of mitochondrial function. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 2019, 316(3): L470-L486.
40. Comellas AP, Briva A, Dada LA, et al. Endothelin-1 impairs alveolar epithelial function via endothelial ETB receptor. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2009, 179(2): 113-122.
41. Berger MM, Rozendal CS, Schieber C, et al. The effect of endothelin-1 on alveolar fluid clearance and pulmonary edema formation in the rat. Anesth Analg, 2009, 108(1): 225-231.
42. Liang LL, Chen L, Zhou MY, et al. Genetic susceptibility of five tagSNPs in the endothelin-1 (EDN1) gene to coronary artery disease in a Chinese Han population. Biosci Rep, 2018, 38(5): BSR20171320.
43. Virdis A, Schiffrin EL. Vascular inflammation: a role in vascular disease in hypertension?. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens, 2003, 12(2): 181-187.
44. Lin CC, Lin WN, Hou WC, et al. Endothelin-1 induces VCAM-1 expression-mediated inflammation via receptor tyrosine kinases and Elk/p300 in human tracheal smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 2015, 309(3): L211-L225.
45. Lin CC, Hsieh HL, Shih RH, et al. Up-regulation of COX-2/PGE2 by endothelin-1 via MAPK-dependent NF-κB pathway in mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells. Cell Commun Signal, 2013, 11(1): 8.
46. Li L, Chu Y, Fink GD, et al. Endothelin-1 stimulates arterial VCAM-1 expression via NADPH oxidase-derived superoxide in mineralocorticoid hypertension. Hypertension, 2003, 42(5): 997-1003.
47. Blankenberg S, Barbaux S, Tiret L. Adhesion molecules and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis, 2003, 170(2): 191-203.
48. Oktar BK, Co?kun T, Bozkurt A, et al. Endothelin-1-induced PMN infiltration and mucosal dysfunction in the rat small intestine. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 2000, 279(3): G483-G491.
49. Gonon AT, Gourine AV, Middelveld RJ, et al. Limitation of infarct size and attenuation of myeloperoxidase activity by an endothelin A receptor antagonist following ischaemia and reperfusion. Basic Res Cardiol, 2001, 96(5): 454-462.
50. Anggrahini DW, Emoto N, Nakayama K, et al. Vascular endothelial cell-derived endothelin-1 mediates vascular inflammation and neointima formation following blood flow cessation. Cardiovasc Res, 2009, 82(1): 143-151.
51. Thickett DR, Armstrong L, Millar AB. A role for vascular endothelial growth factor in acute and resolving lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2002, 166(10): 1332-1337.
52. Koh H, Tasaka S, Hasegawa N, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor in epithelial lining fluid of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Respirology, 2008, 13(2): 281-284.
53. Kosmidou I, Karmpaliotis D, Kirtane, AJ, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factors in pulmonary edema: an update. J Thromb Thrombolysis, 2008, 25(3): 259-264.
54. ?zdemir ?, Taban ?, Enli Y, et al. The effects of bosentan on hyperoxia-induced lung injury in neonatal rats. Pediatr Int, 2019, 61(11): 1120-1126.
55. Patel S, Liu X, Liu M, et al. HJP272, a novel endothelin receptor antagonist, attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in hamsters. Lung, 2014, 192(5): 803-810.
56. Zhang Z, Jian X, Zhang W, et al. Using bosentan to treat paraquat poisoning-induced acute lung injury in rats. PloS one, 2013, 8(10): e75943.
57. Trabold B, Pawlik M, Nietsch R, et al. Bosentan reduces oxidative burst in acid aspiration-induced lung injury in rats. Injury, 2009, 40(9): 946-949.
58. Guimarães CL, Trentin PG, Rae GA. Endothelin ET_B receptor-mediated mechanisms involved in oleic acid-induced acute lung injury in mice. Clin Sci (Lond), 2002, 103(Suppl 48): 340 S-344 S.
59. Guo Q, Huang JA, Fraidenburg DR. Bosentan as rescue treatment in refractory hypoxemia and pulmonary hypertension in a patient with ARDS and H7 N9 influenza virus infection. Lung, 2014, 192(5): 635-636.
60. Mommerot A, Denault AY, Dupuis J, et al. Cardiopulmonary bypass is associated with altered vascular reactivity of isolated pulmonary artery in a porcine model: therapeutic potential of inhaled tezosentan. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 2014, 28(3): 698-708.
61. Walweel K, Skeggs K, Boon AC, et al. Endothelin receptor antagonist improves donor lung function in an ex vivo perfusion system. J Biomed Sci, 2020, 27(1): 96.

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內皮素-1在急性呼吸窘迫綜合征發病機制中的研究進展

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