急性肺栓塞危險分層及預后評估研究進展_Chinese Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

Authors：

汪鈺濱 , 馮銀合 , 謝玲俐 , 楊曉婭 ,  毛輝

四川大學華西醫院呼吸與危重癥醫學科（四川成都 610041）;

Corresponding?author：

毛輝, Email: merrymh@126.com

Keywords：

DOI：

10.7507/1671-6205.202108063

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Citation： 汪鈺濱, 馮銀合, 謝玲俐, 楊曉婭, 毛輝. 急性肺栓塞危險分層及預后評估研究進展. Chinese Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 2022, 21(11): 827-831. doi: 10.7507/1671-6205.202108063 Copy

1.	Donzé J, Le Gal G, Fine MJ, et al. Prospective validation of the Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index. A clinical prognostic model for pulmonary embolism. Thromb Haemost, 2008, 100(5): 943-948.
2.	Aujesky D, Roy PM, Verschuren F, et al. Outpatient versus inpatient treatment for patients with acute pulmonary embolism: an international, open-label, randomised, non-inferiority trial. Lancet, 2011, 378(9785): 41-48.
3.	Konstantinides SV, Meyer G, Becattini C, et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism Developed in Collaboration with the European Respiratory Society (ERS): The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Respir J, 2019, 54(3): 1901647.
4.	Laporte S, Mismetti P, Décousus H, et al. Clinical predictors for fatal pulmonary embolism in 15 520 patients with venous thromboembolism: findings from the Registro Informatizado de la Enfermedad TromboEmbolica venosa (RIETE) Registry. Circulation, 2008, 117(13): 1711-1716.
5.	Goldhaber SZ, Visani L, De Rosa M. Acute pulmonary embolism: clinical outcomes in the International Cooperative Pulmonary Embolism Registry (ICOPER). Lancet, 1999, 353(9162): 1386-1389.
6.	Barco S, Ende-Verhaar YM, Becattini C, et al. Differential impact of syncope on the prognosis of patients with acute pulmonary embolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Heart J, 2018, 39(47): 4186-4195.
7.	Aujesky D, Obrosky DS, Stone RA, et al. Derivation and validation of a prognostic model for pulmonary embolism. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2005, 172(8): 1041-1046.
8.	Jiménez D, Aujesky D, Moores L, et al. Simplification of the pulmonary embolism severity index for prognostication in patients with acute symptomatic pulmonary embolism. Arch Intern Med, 2010, 170(15): 1383-1389.
9.	Righini M, Roy PM, Meyer G, et al. The Simplified Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index (PESI): validation of a clinical prognostic model for pulmonary embolism. J Thromb Haemost, 2011, 9(10): 2115-2117.
10.	Zhou XY, Ben SQ, Chen HL, et al. The prognostic value of pulmonary embolism severity index in acute pulmonary embolism: a meta-analysis. Respir Res, 2012, 13(1): 111.
11.	Roy PM, Penaloza A, Hugli O, et al. Triaging acute pulmonary embolism for home treatment by Hestia or simplified PESI criteria: the HOME-PE randomized trial. Eur Heart J, 2021, 42(33): 3146-3157.
12.	Zondag W, Mos IC, Creemers-Schild D, et al. Outpatient treatment in patients with acute pulmonary embolism: the Hestia Study. J Thromb Haemost, 2011, 9(8): 1500-1507.
13.	den Exter PL, Zondag W, Klok FA, et al. Efficacy and safety of outpatient treatment based on the Hestia Clinical Decision Rule with or without N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide testing in patients with acute pulmonary embolism. A randomized clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2016, 194(8): 998-1006.
14.	Hendriks SV, Bavalia R, van Bemmel T, et al. Current practice patterns of outpatient management of acute pulmonary embolism: A post-hoc analysis of the YEARS study. Thromb Res, 2020, 193: 60-65.
15.	Klok FA, Mos IC, Huisman MV. Brain-type natriuretic peptide levels in the prediction of adverse outcome in patients with pulmonary embolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2008, 178(4): 425-430.
16.	Barco S, Mahmoudpour SH, Planquette B, et al. Prognostic value of right ventricular dysfunction or elevated cardiac biomarkers in patients with low-risk pulmonary embolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Heart J, 2019, 40(11): 902-910.
17.	Lankeit M, Jiménez D, Kostrubiec M, et al. Validation of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide cut-off values for risk stratification of pulmonary embolism. Eur Respir J, 2014, 43(6): 1669-1677.
18.	Agterof MJ, Schutgens RE, Snijder RJ, et al. Out of hospital treatment of acute pulmonary embolism in patients with a low NT-proBNP level. J Thromb Haemost, 2010, 8(6): 1235-1241.
19.	Kucher N, Goldhaber SZ. Cardiac biomarkers for risk stratification of patients with acute pulmonary embolism. Circulation, 2003, 108(18): 2191-2194.
20.	Becattini C, Vedovati MC, Agnelli G. Prognostic value of troponins in acute pulmonary embolism: a meta-analysis. Circulation, 2007, 116(4): 427-433.
21.	Bajaj A, Saleeb M, Rathor P, et al. Prognostic value of troponins in acute nonmassive pulmonary embolism: a meta-analysis. Heart Lung, 2015, 44(4): 327-334.
22.	Lankeit M, Konstantinides S. Mortality risk assessment and the role of thrombolysis in pulmonary embolism. Clin Chest Med, 2010, 31(4): 759-769.
23.	Normann J, Mueller M, Biener M, et al. Effect of older age on diagnostic and prognostic performance of high-sensitivity troponin T in patients presenting to an emergency department. Am Heart J, 2012, 164(5): 698-705. e4.
24.	Kaeberich A, Seeber V, Jiménez D, et al. Age-adjusted high-sensitivity troponin T cut-off value for risk stratification of pulmonary embolism. Eur Respir J, 2015, 45(5): 1323-1331.
25.	Ozsu S, Erbay M, Durmu? ZG, et al. Classification of high-risk with cardiac troponin and shock index in normotensive patients with pulmonary embolism. J Thromb Thrombolysis, 2017, 43(2): 179-183.
26.	Puls M, Dellas C, Lankeit M, et al. Heart-type fatty acid-binding protein permits early risk stratification of pulmonary embolism. Eur Heart J, 2007, 28(2): 224-229.
27.	Dellas C, Puls M, Lankeit M, et al. Elevated heart-type fatty acid-binding protein levels on admission predict an adverse outcome in normotensive patients with acute pulmonary embolism. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2010, 55(19): 2150-2157.
28.	Bajaj A, Rathor P, Sehgal V, et al. Risk stratification in acute pulmonary embolism with heart-type fatty acid-binding protein: a meta-analysis. J Crit Care, 2015, 30(5): 1151. e1-7.
29.	Dellas C, Lobo JL, Rivas A, et al. Risk stratification of acute pulmonary embolism based on clinical parameters, H-FABP and multidetector CT. Int J Cardiol, 2018, 265: 223-228.
30.	Polo Friz H, Buzzini C, Orenti A, et al. Prognostic value of D-dimer in elderly patients with Pulmonary Embolism. J Thromb Thrombolysis, 2016, 42(3): 386-392.
31.	Geissenberger F, Schwarz F, Probst M, et al. D-dimer predicts disease severity but not long-term prognosis in acute pulmonary embolism. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost, 2019, 25: 1076029619863495.
32.	Kostrubiec M, P?ywaczewska M, Jiménez D, et al. The prognostic value of renal function in acute pulmonary embolism - a multi-centre cohort study. Thromb Haemost, 2019, 119(1): 140-148.
33.	Kostrubiec M, ?abyk A, Pedowska-W?oszek J, et al. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, cystatin C and eGFR indicate acute kidney injury and predict prognosis of patients with acute pulmonary embolism. Heart, 2012, 98(16): 1221-1228.
34.	Vanni S, Viviani G, Baioni M, et al. Prognostic value of plasma lactate levels among patients with acute pulmonary embolism: the thrombo-embolism lactate outcome study. Ann Emerg Med, 2013, 61(3): 330-338.
35.	Vanni S, Jiménez D, Nazerian P, et al. Short-term clinical outcome of normotensive patients with acute PE and high plasma lactate. Thorax, 2015, 70(4): 333-338.
36.	Vanni S, Nazerian P, Bova C, et al. Comparison of clinical scores for identification of patients with pulmonary embolism at intermediate-high risk of adverse clinical outcome: the prognostic role of plasma lactate. Intern Emerg Med, 2017, 12(5): 657-665.
37.	Hobohm L, Becattini C, Konstantinides SV, et al. Validation of a fast prognostic score for risk stratification of normotensive patients with acute pulmonary embolism. Clin Res Cardiol, 2020, 109(8): 1008-1017.
38.	Hellenkamp K, Schwung J, Rossmann H, et al. Risk stratification of normotensive pulmonary embolism: prognostic impact of copeptin. Eur Respir J, 2015, 46(6): 1701-1710.
39.	Hellenkamp K, Pruszczyk P, Jiménez D, et al. Prognostic impact of copeptin in pulmonary embolism: a multicentre validation study. Eur Respir J, 2018, 51(4): 1702037.
40.	Zhou XY, Chen HL, Ni SS. Hyponatremia and short-term prognosis of patients with acute pulmonary embolism: a meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol, 2017, 227: 251-256.
41.	Wang X, Xiang YB, Zhang T, et al. Association between serum calcium and prognosis in patients with acute pulmonary embolism and the optimization of pulmonary embolism severity index. Respir Res, 2020, 21(1): 298.
42.	Wang Q, Ma JF, Jiang ZY, et al. Prognostic value of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio in acute pulmonary embolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Angiol, 2018, 37(1): 4-11.
43.	Becattini C, Agnelli G, Vedovati MC, et al. Multidetector computed tomography for acute pulmonary embolism: diagnosis and risk stratification in a single test. Eur Heart J, 2011, 32(13): 1657-1663.
44.	Becattini C, Agnelli G, Germini F, et al. Computed tomography to assess risk of death in acute pulmonary embolism: a meta-analysis. Eur Respir J, 2014, 43(6): 1678-1690.
45.	Meinel FG, Nance JW Jr, Schoepf UJ, et al. Predictive value of computed tomography in acute pulmonary embolism: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Med, 2015, 128(7): 747-759. e2.
46.	Aviram G, Soikher E, Bendet A, et al. Prediction of mortality in pulmonary embolism based on left atrial volume measured on CT pulmonary angiography. Chest, 2016, 149(3): 667-675.
47.	Beenen LFM, Bossuyt PMM, Stoker J, et al. Prognostic value of cardiovascular parameters in computed tomography pulmonary angiography in patients with acute pulmonary embolism. Eur Respir J, 2018, 52(1): 1702611.
48.	Coutance G, Cauderlier E, Ehtisham J, et al. The prognostic value of markers of right ventricular dysfunction in pulmonary embolism: a meta-analysis. Crit Care, 2011, 15(2): R103.
49.	Kurnicka K, Lichodziejewska B, Goliszek S, et al. Echocardiographic pattern of acute pulmonary embolism: analysis of 511 consecutive patients. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2016, 29(9): 907-913.
50.	Pruszczyk P, Goliszek S, Lichodziejewska B, et al. Prognostic value of echocardiography in normotensive patients with acute pulmonary embolism. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging, 2014, 7(6): 553-560.
51.	Lyhne MD, Kabrhel C, Giordano N, et al. The echocardiographic ratio tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion/pulmonary arterial systolic pressure predicts short-term adverse outcomes in acute pulmonary embolism. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging, 2021, 22(3): 285-294.
52.	Yuriditsky E, Mitchell OJ, Sibley RA, et al. Low left ventricular outflow tract velocity time integral is associated with poor outcomes in acute pulmonary embolism. Vasc Med, 2020, 25(2): 133-140.
53.	Prosperi-Porta G, Solverson K, Fine N, et al. Echocardiography-derived stroke volume index is associated with adverse in-hospital outcomes in intermediate-risk acute pulmonary embolism: a retrospective cohort study. Chest, 2020, 158(3): 1132-1142.
54.	Meyer G, Vicaut E, Danays T, et al. Fibrinolysis for patients with intermediate-risk pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med, 2014, 370(15): 1402-1411.
55.	Konstantinides SV, Vicaut E, Danays T, et al. Impact of thrombolytic therapy on the long-term outcome of intermediate-risk pulmonary embolism. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2017, 69(12): 1536-1544.
56.	Bova C, Sanchez O, Prandoni P, et al. Identification of intermediate-risk patients with acute symptomatic pulmonary embolism. Eur Respir J, 2014, 44(3): 694-703.
57.	Bova C, Vanni S, Prandoni P, et al. A prospective validation of the Bova score in normotensive patients with acute pulmonary embolism. Thromb Res, 2018, 165: 107-111.
58.	Hobohm L, Hellenkamp K, Hasenfu? G, et al. Comparison of risk assessment strategies for not-high-risk pulmonary embolism. Eur Respir J, 2016, 47(4): 1170-1178.
59.	Lankeit M, Friesen D, Sch?fer K, et al. A simple score for rapid risk assessment of non-high-risk pulmonary embolism. Clin Res Cardiol, 2013, 102(1): 73-80.

1. Donzé J, Le Gal G, Fine MJ, et al. Prospective validation of the Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index. A clinical prognostic model for pulmonary embolism. Thromb Haemost, 2008, 100(5): 943-948.
2. Aujesky D, Roy PM, Verschuren F, et al. Outpatient versus inpatient treatment for patients with acute pulmonary embolism: an international, open-label, randomised, non-inferiority trial. Lancet, 2011, 378(9785): 41-48.
3. Konstantinides SV, Meyer G, Becattini C, et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism Developed in Collaboration with the European Respiratory Society (ERS): The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Respir J, 2019, 54(3): 1901647.
4. Laporte S, Mismetti P, Décousus H, et al. Clinical predictors for fatal pulmonary embolism in 15 520 patients with venous thromboembolism: findings from the Registro Informatizado de la Enfermedad TromboEmbolica venosa (RIETE) Registry. Circulation, 2008, 117(13): 1711-1716.
5. Goldhaber SZ, Visani L, De Rosa M. Acute pulmonary embolism: clinical outcomes in the International Cooperative Pulmonary Embolism Registry (ICOPER). Lancet, 1999, 353(9162): 1386-1389.
6. Barco S, Ende-Verhaar YM, Becattini C, et al. Differential impact of syncope on the prognosis of patients with acute pulmonary embolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Heart J, 2018, 39(47): 4186-4195.
7. Aujesky D, Obrosky DS, Stone RA, et al. Derivation and validation of a prognostic model for pulmonary embolism. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2005, 172(8): 1041-1046.
8. Jiménez D, Aujesky D, Moores L, et al. Simplification of the pulmonary embolism severity index for prognostication in patients with acute symptomatic pulmonary embolism. Arch Intern Med, 2010, 170(15): 1383-1389.
9. Righini M, Roy PM, Meyer G, et al. The Simplified Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index (PESI): validation of a clinical prognostic model for pulmonary embolism. J Thromb Haemost, 2011, 9(10): 2115-2117.
10. Zhou XY, Ben SQ, Chen HL, et al. The prognostic value of pulmonary embolism severity index in acute pulmonary embolism: a meta-analysis. Respir Res, 2012, 13(1): 111.
11. Roy PM, Penaloza A, Hugli O, et al. Triaging acute pulmonary embolism for home treatment by Hestia or simplified PESI criteria: the HOME-PE randomized trial. Eur Heart J, 2021, 42(33): 3146-3157.
12. Zondag W, Mos IC, Creemers-Schild D, et al. Outpatient treatment in patients with acute pulmonary embolism: the Hestia Study. J Thromb Haemost, 2011, 9(8): 1500-1507.
13. den Exter PL, Zondag W, Klok FA, et al. Efficacy and safety of outpatient treatment based on the Hestia Clinical Decision Rule with or without N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide testing in patients with acute pulmonary embolism. A randomized clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2016, 194(8): 998-1006.
14. Hendriks SV, Bavalia R, van Bemmel T, et al. Current practice patterns of outpatient management of acute pulmonary embolism: A post-hoc analysis of the YEARS study. Thromb Res, 2020, 193: 60-65.
15. Klok FA, Mos IC, Huisman MV. Brain-type natriuretic peptide levels in the prediction of adverse outcome in patients with pulmonary embolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2008, 178(4): 425-430.
16. Barco S, Mahmoudpour SH, Planquette B, et al. Prognostic value of right ventricular dysfunction or elevated cardiac biomarkers in patients with low-risk pulmonary embolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Heart J, 2019, 40(11): 902-910.
17. Lankeit M, Jiménez D, Kostrubiec M, et al. Validation of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide cut-off values for risk stratification of pulmonary embolism. Eur Respir J, 2014, 43(6): 1669-1677.
18. Agterof MJ, Schutgens RE, Snijder RJ, et al. Out of hospital treatment of acute pulmonary embolism in patients with a low NT-proBNP level. J Thromb Haemost, 2010, 8(6): 1235-1241.
19. Kucher N, Goldhaber SZ. Cardiac biomarkers for risk stratification of patients with acute pulmonary embolism. Circulation, 2003, 108(18): 2191-2194.
20. Becattini C, Vedovati MC, Agnelli G. Prognostic value of troponins in acute pulmonary embolism: a meta-analysis. Circulation, 2007, 116(4): 427-433.
21. Bajaj A, Saleeb M, Rathor P, et al. Prognostic value of troponins in acute nonmassive pulmonary embolism: a meta-analysis. Heart Lung, 2015, 44(4): 327-334.
22. Lankeit M, Konstantinides S. Mortality risk assessment and the role of thrombolysis in pulmonary embolism. Clin Chest Med, 2010, 31(4): 759-769.
23. Normann J, Mueller M, Biener M, et al. Effect of older age on diagnostic and prognostic performance of high-sensitivity troponin T in patients presenting to an emergency department. Am Heart J, 2012, 164(5): 698-705. e4.
24. Kaeberich A, Seeber V, Jiménez D, et al. Age-adjusted high-sensitivity troponin T cut-off value for risk stratification of pulmonary embolism. Eur Respir J, 2015, 45(5): 1323-1331.
25. Ozsu S, Erbay M, Durmu? ZG, et al. Classification of high-risk with cardiac troponin and shock index in normotensive patients with pulmonary embolism. J Thromb Thrombolysis, 2017, 43(2): 179-183.
26. Puls M, Dellas C, Lankeit M, et al. Heart-type fatty acid-binding protein permits early risk stratification of pulmonary embolism. Eur Heart J, 2007, 28(2): 224-229.
27. Dellas C, Puls M, Lankeit M, et al. Elevated heart-type fatty acid-binding protein levels on admission predict an adverse outcome in normotensive patients with acute pulmonary embolism. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2010, 55(19): 2150-2157.
28. Bajaj A, Rathor P, Sehgal V, et al. Risk stratification in acute pulmonary embolism with heart-type fatty acid-binding protein: a meta-analysis. J Crit Care, 2015, 30(5): 1151. e1-7.
29. Dellas C, Lobo JL, Rivas A, et al. Risk stratification of acute pulmonary embolism based on clinical parameters, H-FABP and multidetector CT. Int J Cardiol, 2018, 265: 223-228.
30. Polo Friz H, Buzzini C, Orenti A, et al. Prognostic value of D-dimer in elderly patients with Pulmonary Embolism. J Thromb Thrombolysis, 2016, 42(3): 386-392.
31. Geissenberger F, Schwarz F, Probst M, et al. D-dimer predicts disease severity but not long-term prognosis in acute pulmonary embolism. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost, 2019, 25: 1076029619863495.
32. Kostrubiec M, P?ywaczewska M, Jiménez D, et al. The prognostic value of renal function in acute pulmonary embolism - a multi-centre cohort study. Thromb Haemost, 2019, 119(1): 140-148.
33. Kostrubiec M, ?abyk A, Pedowska-W?oszek J, et al. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, cystatin C and eGFR indicate acute kidney injury and predict prognosis of patients with acute pulmonary embolism. Heart, 2012, 98(16): 1221-1228.
34. Vanni S, Viviani G, Baioni M, et al. Prognostic value of plasma lactate levels among patients with acute pulmonary embolism: the thrombo-embolism lactate outcome study. Ann Emerg Med, 2013, 61(3): 330-338.
35. Vanni S, Jiménez D, Nazerian P, et al. Short-term clinical outcome of normotensive patients with acute PE and high plasma lactate. Thorax, 2015, 70(4): 333-338.
36. Vanni S, Nazerian P, Bova C, et al. Comparison of clinical scores for identification of patients with pulmonary embolism at intermediate-high risk of adverse clinical outcome: the prognostic role of plasma lactate. Intern Emerg Med, 2017, 12(5): 657-665.
37. Hobohm L, Becattini C, Konstantinides SV, et al. Validation of a fast prognostic score for risk stratification of normotensive patients with acute pulmonary embolism. Clin Res Cardiol, 2020, 109(8): 1008-1017.
38. Hellenkamp K, Schwung J, Rossmann H, et al. Risk stratification of normotensive pulmonary embolism: prognostic impact of copeptin. Eur Respir J, 2015, 46(6): 1701-1710.
39. Hellenkamp K, Pruszczyk P, Jiménez D, et al. Prognostic impact of copeptin in pulmonary embolism: a multicentre validation study. Eur Respir J, 2018, 51(4): 1702037.
40. Zhou XY, Chen HL, Ni SS. Hyponatremia and short-term prognosis of patients with acute pulmonary embolism: a meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol, 2017, 227: 251-256.
41. Wang X, Xiang YB, Zhang T, et al. Association between serum calcium and prognosis in patients with acute pulmonary embolism and the optimization of pulmonary embolism severity index. Respir Res, 2020, 21(1): 298.
42. Wang Q, Ma JF, Jiang ZY, et al. Prognostic value of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio in acute pulmonary embolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Angiol, 2018, 37(1): 4-11.
43. Becattini C, Agnelli G, Vedovati MC, et al. Multidetector computed tomography for acute pulmonary embolism: diagnosis and risk stratification in a single test. Eur Heart J, 2011, 32(13): 1657-1663.
44. Becattini C, Agnelli G, Germini F, et al. Computed tomography to assess risk of death in acute pulmonary embolism: a meta-analysis. Eur Respir J, 2014, 43(6): 1678-1690.
45. Meinel FG, Nance JW Jr, Schoepf UJ, et al. Predictive value of computed tomography in acute pulmonary embolism: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Med, 2015, 128(7): 747-759. e2.
46. Aviram G, Soikher E, Bendet A, et al. Prediction of mortality in pulmonary embolism based on left atrial volume measured on CT pulmonary angiography. Chest, 2016, 149(3): 667-675.
47. Beenen LFM, Bossuyt PMM, Stoker J, et al. Prognostic value of cardiovascular parameters in computed tomography pulmonary angiography in patients with acute pulmonary embolism. Eur Respir J, 2018, 52(1): 1702611.
48. Coutance G, Cauderlier E, Ehtisham J, et al. The prognostic value of markers of right ventricular dysfunction in pulmonary embolism: a meta-analysis. Crit Care, 2011, 15(2): R103.
49. Kurnicka K, Lichodziejewska B, Goliszek S, et al. Echocardiographic pattern of acute pulmonary embolism: analysis of 511 consecutive patients. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2016, 29(9): 907-913.
50. Pruszczyk P, Goliszek S, Lichodziejewska B, et al. Prognostic value of echocardiography in normotensive patients with acute pulmonary embolism. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging, 2014, 7(6): 553-560.
51. Lyhne MD, Kabrhel C, Giordano N, et al. The echocardiographic ratio tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion/pulmonary arterial systolic pressure predicts short-term adverse outcomes in acute pulmonary embolism. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging, 2021, 22(3): 285-294.
52. Yuriditsky E, Mitchell OJ, Sibley RA, et al. Low left ventricular outflow tract velocity time integral is associated with poor outcomes in acute pulmonary embolism. Vasc Med, 2020, 25(2): 133-140.
53. Prosperi-Porta G, Solverson K, Fine N, et al. Echocardiography-derived stroke volume index is associated with adverse in-hospital outcomes in intermediate-risk acute pulmonary embolism: a retrospective cohort study. Chest, 2020, 158(3): 1132-1142.
54. Meyer G, Vicaut E, Danays T, et al. Fibrinolysis for patients with intermediate-risk pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med, 2014, 370(15): 1402-1411.
55. Konstantinides SV, Vicaut E, Danays T, et al. Impact of thrombolytic therapy on the long-term outcome of intermediate-risk pulmonary embolism. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2017, 69(12): 1536-1544.
56. Bova C, Sanchez O, Prandoni P, et al. Identification of intermediate-risk patients with acute symptomatic pulmonary embolism. Eur Respir J, 2014, 44(3): 694-703.
57. Bova C, Vanni S, Prandoni P, et al. A prospective validation of the Bova score in normotensive patients with acute pulmonary embolism. Thromb Res, 2018, 165: 107-111.
58. Hobohm L, Hellenkamp K, Hasenfu? G, et al. Comparison of risk assessment strategies for not-high-risk pulmonary embolism. Eur Respir J, 2016, 47(4): 1170-1178.
59. Lankeit M, Friesen D, Sch?fer K, et al. A simple score for rapid risk assessment of non-high-risk pulmonary embolism. Clin Res Cardiol, 2013, 102(1): 73-80.

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