多黏菌素B霧化吸入在醫院獲得性肺炎中的應用進展_Chinese Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

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張文杰 ¹ , 李金州 ¹ , 劉易林 ² , 曾振華 ¹ ,  陳仲清 ¹

1. ;
2. ;

Corresponding?author：

陳仲清, Email: 13503049103@163.com

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DOI：

10.7507/1671-6205.202410055

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Citation： 張文杰, 李金州, 劉易林, 曾振華, 陳仲清. 多黏菌素B霧化吸入在醫院獲得性肺炎中的應用進展. Chinese Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 2025, 24(6): 435-441. doi: 10.7507/1671-6205.202410055 Copy

1.	Kalil AC, Metersky ML, Klompas M, et al. Management of adults with hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia: 2016 clinical practice guidelines by the infectious diseases society of america and the american thoracic society. Clin Infect Dis. 2016, 63(5): e61-e111.
2.	Gurjar M. Colistin for lung infection: an update. J Intensive Care. 2015, 3(1): 3.
3.	World Health Organization. Antimicrobial resistance: 2014 global report on surveillance: World Health Organization. 2014.
4.	Falagas ME, Kasiakou SK. Toxicity of polymyxins: A systematic review of the evidence from old and recent studies. Critical Care, 2006, 10(1): R27.
5.	Imberti R, Cusato M, Villani P, et al. Steady-state pharmacokinetics and BAL concentration of colistin in critically Ill patients after IV colistin methanesulfonate administration. Chest, 2010, 138(6): 1333-9.
6.	Abdul-Aziz MH, Lipman J, Mouton J W, et al. Applying pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic principles in critically ill patients: Optimizing efficacy and reducing resistance development. Semin Respir Croy Care Med, 2015, 36(1): 136-53.
7.	Solé-Lleonart C, Rouby JJ, Blot S, et al. Nebulization of antiinfective agents in invasively mechanically ventilated adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Anesthesiology. 2017, 126 (5): 890-908.
8.	Tsuji BT, Pogue JM, Zavascki AP, et al. International Consensus Guidelines for the Optimal Use of the Polymyxins: Endorsed by the American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP), European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID), Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), International Society for Anti-infective Pharmacology (isap), Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM), and Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists (SIDP). Pharmacotherapy, 2019, 39(1): 10-39.
9.	Lin YW, Aye SM, Rao G, et al. Treatment of infections caused by gram-negative pathogens: Current status on the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of parenteral and inhaled polymyxins in patients. Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2020, 56(6): 106199.
10.	Boisson M, Jacobs M, Grégoire N, et al. Comparison of intrapulmonary and systemic pharmacokinetics of colistin methanesulfonate (CMS) and colistin after aerosol delivery and intravenous administration of cms in critically ill patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2014, 58(12): 7331-9.
11.	Wertheim H, Van Nguyen K, Hara G, et al. Global survey of polymyxin use: A call for international guidelines. J Glob Antimicrob Resist, 2013, 1(3): 131-134.
12.	Wagenlehner F, Lucenteforte E, Pea F, et al. Systematic review on estimated rates of nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity in patients treated with polymyxins. Clin Microbiol Infect, 2021, 6: S1198-743X(20)30764-3.
13.	Lin YW, Zhou Q, Onufrak NJ, et al. Aerosolized Polymyxin B for Treatment of Respiratory Tract Infections: Determination of Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic Indices for Aerosolized Polymyxin B against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a Mouse Lung Infection Model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2017, 61(8): e00211-17.
14.	He J, Abdelraouf K, Ledesma K R, et al. Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of liposomal polymyxin B in a murine pneumonia model. Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2013, 42(6): 559-64.
15.	Sobieszczy kE, Furuya EY, Hay C M, et al. Combination therapy with polymyxin B for the treatment of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative respiratory tract infections. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2004, 54(2): 566-9.
16.	Konkyana SK, Akkenapalli AK. Treatment of multi drug resistant gram negative bacilli with inhaled polymyxin-b. Marwah Infotech, 2016, (3).
17.	Shi R, Fu Y, Gan Y, et al. Use of polymyxin B with different administration methods in the critically ill patients with ventilation associated pneumonia: a single-center experience. Front Pharmacol, 2023, 14: 1222044.
18.	Wu Z, Zhang S, Cao Y, et al. Comparison of the clinical efficacy and toxicity of nebulized polymyxin monotherapy and combined intravenous and nebulized polymyxin for the treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria: a retrospective cohort study. Front Pharmacol, 2023, 14: 1209063.
19.	Pereira GH, Muller PR, Levin AS. Salvage treatment of pneumonia and initial treatment of tracheobronchitis caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli with inhaled polymyxin B. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 2007, 58(2): 235-40.
20.	Hasan MJ, Rabbani R, Anam AM, et al. The Susceptibility of MDR-K. Pneumoniae To Polymyxin B Plus Its Nebulised Form Versus Polymyxin B Alone in Critically Ill South Asian Patients. J Crit Care Med (Targu Mures), 2021, 7(1): 28-36.
21.	Zhou L, Li C, Weng Q, et al. Clinical study on intravenous combined with aerosol inhalation of polymyxin b for the treatment of pneumonia caused by multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria. Zhonghua wei zhong bing ji jiu yi xue, 2021, 33(4): 416-20.
22.	Lin H, Liu X, Sun P. Effects of Aerosol Inhalation Combined with Intravenous Drip of Polymyxin B on Bacterial Clearance, Symptoms Improvement, and Serum Infection Indexes in Patients with Pneumonia Induced by Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria. Emerg Med Int, 2022, 2022: 5244538.
23.	袁賓彬, 徐穎, 王倩, 等. 靜脈滴注聯合霧化吸入多黏菌素B治療碳青霉烯耐藥革蘭陰性桿菌肺炎的臨床研究. 中國呼吸與危重監護雜志, 2024, 23(06): 390-4.
24.	涂超超, 周權, 黃玉琴, 等. 含靜脈滴注聯合霧化吸入多黏菌素b治療碳青霉烯耐藥革蘭陰性菌hap/vap的貝葉斯網狀meta分析藥物流行病學雜志, 2023, 32: 434-45.
25.	Tang T, Li Y, Xu P, et al. Optimization of polymyxin B regimens for the treatment of carbapenem-resistant organism nosocomial pneumonia: a real-world prospective study. Crit Care, 2023, 27(1): 164.
26.	Ding P, Li H, Nan Y, et al. Outcome of intravenous and inhaled polymyxin B treatment in patients with multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacterial pneumonia. Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2024, 64(4): 107293.
27.	Zhang J, Du L, Shi Q, et al. Aerosolized plus intravenous polymyxin B in comparison to intravenous polymyxin B alone for the management of HAP caused by carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria: A prospective multicenter cohort study. Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2025, 65(2): 107427.
28.	楊依磊, 張虎, 曹佳, 等. 多黏菌素B霧化吸入在機械通氣重癥肺炎患者中的有效性和安全性. 中國藥房, 2023, 34(19): 2385-90.
29.	Liu J, Shao M, Xu Q, et al. Low-dose intravenous plus inhaled versus intravenous polymyxin B for the treatment of extensive drug-resistant Gram-negative ventilator-associated pneumonia in the critical illnesses: a multi-center matched case-control study. Ann Intensive Care, 2022, 12(1): 72.
30.	Jasim R, Schneider EK, Han M, et al. A Fresh Shine onCystic Fibrosis Inhalation Therapy: Antimicrobial Synergy of Polymyxin B in Combination with Silver Nanoparticles. J Biomed Nanotechno, 2017, 13(4): 447-57.
31.	Kuti JL, Wang Q, Chen H, et al. Defining the potency of amikacin against escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and acinetobacter baumannii derived from chinese hospitals using clsi and inhalation-based breakpoints. Infect Drug Resist, 2018, 11: 783-790.
32.	Gaurav A, Kothari A, Omar B J, et al. Assessment of polymyxin B-doxycycline in combination against pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro and in a mouse model of acute pneumonia. Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2020, 56(1): 106022.
33.	Dugernier J, Ehrmann S, Sottiaux T, et al. Aerosol delivery during invasive mechanical ventilation: a systematic review. Crit Care, 2017, 21(1): 264.
34.	Ehrmann S, Roche-Campo F, Bodet-Contentin L, et al. Aerosol therapy in intensive and intermediate care units: Prospective observation of 2808 critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med, 2016, 42(2): 192-201.
35.	Sun Q, Chang W, Liu X, et al. Aerosol therapy during mechanical ventilation in intensive care units: A questionnaire-based survey of 2203 ICU medical staff in China. J Intensive Med, 2022, 2(3): 189-94.
36.	Rouby JJ, Sole-Lleonart C, Rello J; European Investigators Network for Nebulized Antibiotics in Ventilator-associated Pneumonia. Ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria: understanding nebulization of aminoglycosides and colistin. Intensive Care Med, 2020, 46(4): 766-70.
37.	Vardakas KZ, Tansarli GS, Rafailidis PI, et al. Carbapenems versus alternative antibiotics for the treatment of bacteraemia due to Enterobacteriaceae producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2012, 67(12): 2793-803.
38.	Velkov T, Abdul Rahim N, Zhou QT, et al. Inhaled anti-infective chemotherapy for respiratory tract infections: successes, challenges and the road ahead. Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 2015, 85: 65-82.
39.	Wenzler E, Fraidenburg DR, Scardina T, et al. Inhaled Antibiotics for Gram-Negative Respiratory Infections. Clin Microbiol Rev, 2016, 29(3): 581-632.
40.	Marschke G, Sarauw A. Polymyxin inhalation therapeutic hazard. Ann Intern Med, 1971, 74(1): 144-5.
41.	Jasani B, Kreil G, Mackler B F, et al. Further studies on the structural requirements for polypeptide-mediated histamine release from rat mast cells. Biochem J, 1979, 181(3): 623-32.
42.	Ahmed MU, Velkov T, Lin YW, et al. Potential Toxicity of Polymyxins in human lung Epithelial Cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2017, 61(6): e02690-16.
43.	Ahmed MU, Velkov T, Zhou QT, et al. Intracellular localization of polymyxins in human alveolar epithelial cells. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2019, 74(1): 48-57.
44.	Li M, Azad MAK, Ahmed MU, et al. Polymyxin induces Significant Transcriptomic Perturbations of Cellular Signalling Networks in Human Lung Epithelial Cells. Antibiotics (Basel), 2022, 11(3): 307.
45.	Almangour TA, Garcia E, Zhou Q, et al. Polymyxins for the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections: Lessons learned from the integration of clinical pharmacokinetic studies and clinical outcomes. Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2021, 57(6): 106328.
46.	Vardakas KZ, Voulgaris GL, Samonis G, et al. Inhaled colistin monotherapy for respiratory tract infections in adults without cystic fibrosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2018, 51(1): 1-9.
47.	Biagi M, Butler D, Tan X, et al. A Breath of Fresh Air in the Fog of Antimicrobial Resistance: Inhaled Polymyxins for Gram-Negative Pneumonia. Antibiotics (Basel), 2019, 8(1): 27.
48.	Berlana D, Llop JM, Manresa F, et al. Outpatient treatment of pseudomonas aeruginosa bronchial colonization with long-term inhaled colistin, tobramycin, or both in adults without cystic fibrosis. Pharmacotherapy, 2011, 31(2): 146-57.
49.	Craven DE, Lichtenberg DA, Goularte TA, et al. Contaminated medication nebulizers in mechanical ventilator circuits. Source of bacterial aerosols. Am J Med, 1984, 77(5): 834-8.
50.	Prober CG, Walson PD, Jones J. Technical report: Precautions regarding the use of aerosolized antibiotics. Committee on infectious diseases and committee on drugs. Pediatrics, 2000, 106(6): E89.
51.	Mattos KP, Lloret GR, Cintra ML, et al. Acquired skin hyperpigmentation following intravenous polymyxin B treatment: a cohort study. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res, 2016, 29(3): 388-90.
52.	Mattos KPH, Cintra ML, Gouvêa IR, et al. Skin hyperpigmentation following intravenous polymyxin B treatment associated with melanocyte activation and inflammatory process. J Clin Pharm Ther, 2017, 42(5): 573-578.
53.	Lakota EA, Landersdorfer CB, Nation RL, et al. Personalizing Polymyxin B Dosing Using an Adaptive Feedback Control Algorithm. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2018, 62(7): e00483-18.
54.	Huang Y, Liao M, Hu X, et al. Advances in the clinical treatment of multidrug-resistant pathogens using polymyxins. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2024, 79(12): 3210-3229.

1. Kalil AC, Metersky ML, Klompas M, et al. Management of adults with hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia: 2016 clinical practice guidelines by the infectious diseases society of america and the american thoracic society. Clin Infect Dis. 2016, 63(5): e61-e111.
2. Gurjar M. Colistin for lung infection: an update. J Intensive Care. 2015, 3(1): 3.
3. World Health Organization. Antimicrobial resistance: 2014 global report on surveillance: World Health Organization. 2014.
4. Falagas ME, Kasiakou SK. Toxicity of polymyxins: A systematic review of the evidence from old and recent studies. Critical Care, 2006, 10(1): R27.
5. Imberti R, Cusato M, Villani P, et al. Steady-state pharmacokinetics and BAL concentration of colistin in critically Ill patients after IV colistin methanesulfonate administration. Chest, 2010, 138(6): 1333-9.
6. Abdul-Aziz MH, Lipman J, Mouton J W, et al. Applying pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic principles in critically ill patients: Optimizing efficacy and reducing resistance development. Semin Respir Croy Care Med, 2015, 36(1): 136-53.
7. Solé-Lleonart C, Rouby JJ, Blot S, et al. Nebulization of antiinfective agents in invasively mechanically ventilated adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Anesthesiology. 2017, 126 (5): 890-908.
8. Tsuji BT, Pogue JM, Zavascki AP, et al. International Consensus Guidelines for the Optimal Use of the Polymyxins: Endorsed by the American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP), European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID), Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), International Society for Anti-infective Pharmacology (isap), Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM), and Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists (SIDP). Pharmacotherapy, 2019, 39(1): 10-39.
9. Lin YW, Aye SM, Rao G, et al. Treatment of infections caused by gram-negative pathogens: Current status on the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of parenteral and inhaled polymyxins in patients. Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2020, 56(6): 106199.
10. Boisson M, Jacobs M, Grégoire N, et al. Comparison of intrapulmonary and systemic pharmacokinetics of colistin methanesulfonate (CMS) and colistin after aerosol delivery and intravenous administration of cms in critically ill patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2014, 58(12): 7331-9.
11. Wertheim H, Van Nguyen K, Hara G, et al. Global survey of polymyxin use: A call for international guidelines. J Glob Antimicrob Resist, 2013, 1(3): 131-134.
12. Wagenlehner F, Lucenteforte E, Pea F, et al. Systematic review on estimated rates of nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity in patients treated with polymyxins. Clin Microbiol Infect, 2021, 6: S1198-743X(20)30764-3.
13. Lin YW, Zhou Q, Onufrak NJ, et al. Aerosolized Polymyxin B for Treatment of Respiratory Tract Infections: Determination of Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic Indices for Aerosolized Polymyxin B against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a Mouse Lung Infection Model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2017, 61(8): e00211-17.
14. He J, Abdelraouf K, Ledesma K R, et al. Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of liposomal polymyxin B in a murine pneumonia model. Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2013, 42(6): 559-64.
15. Sobieszczy kE, Furuya EY, Hay C M, et al. Combination therapy with polymyxin B for the treatment of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative respiratory tract infections. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2004, 54(2): 566-9.
16. Konkyana SK, Akkenapalli AK. Treatment of multi drug resistant gram negative bacilli with inhaled polymyxin-b. Marwah Infotech, 2016, (3).
17. Shi R, Fu Y, Gan Y, et al. Use of polymyxin B with different administration methods in the critically ill patients with ventilation associated pneumonia: a single-center experience. Front Pharmacol, 2023, 14: 1222044.
18. Wu Z, Zhang S, Cao Y, et al. Comparison of the clinical efficacy and toxicity of nebulized polymyxin monotherapy and combined intravenous and nebulized polymyxin for the treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria: a retrospective cohort study. Front Pharmacol, 2023, 14: 1209063.
19. Pereira GH, Muller PR, Levin AS. Salvage treatment of pneumonia and initial treatment of tracheobronchitis caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli with inhaled polymyxin B. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 2007, 58(2): 235-40.
20. Hasan MJ, Rabbani R, Anam AM, et al. The Susceptibility of MDR-K. Pneumoniae To Polymyxin B Plus Its Nebulised Form Versus Polymyxin B Alone in Critically Ill South Asian Patients. J Crit Care Med (Targu Mures), 2021, 7(1): 28-36.
21. Zhou L, Li C, Weng Q, et al. Clinical study on intravenous combined with aerosol inhalation of polymyxin b for the treatment of pneumonia caused by multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria. Zhonghua wei zhong bing ji jiu yi xue, 2021, 33(4): 416-20.
22. Lin H, Liu X, Sun P. Effects of Aerosol Inhalation Combined with Intravenous Drip of Polymyxin B on Bacterial Clearance, Symptoms Improvement, and Serum Infection Indexes in Patients with Pneumonia Induced by Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria. Emerg Med Int, 2022, 2022: 5244538.
23. 袁賓彬, 徐穎, 王倩, 等. 靜脈滴注聯合霧化吸入多黏菌素B治療碳青霉烯耐藥革蘭陰性桿菌肺炎的臨床研究. 中國呼吸與危重監護雜志, 2024, 23(06): 390-4.
24. 涂超超, 周權, 黃玉琴, 等. 含靜脈滴注聯合霧化吸入多黏菌素b治療碳青霉烯耐藥革蘭陰性菌hap/vap的貝葉斯網狀meta分析藥物流行病學雜志, 2023, 32: 434-45.
25. Tang T, Li Y, Xu P, et al. Optimization of polymyxin B regimens for the treatment of carbapenem-resistant organism nosocomial pneumonia: a real-world prospective study. Crit Care, 2023, 27(1): 164.
26. Ding P, Li H, Nan Y, et al. Outcome of intravenous and inhaled polymyxin B treatment in patients with multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacterial pneumonia. Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2024, 64(4): 107293.
27. Zhang J, Du L, Shi Q, et al. Aerosolized plus intravenous polymyxin B in comparison to intravenous polymyxin B alone for the management of HAP caused by carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria: A prospective multicenter cohort study. Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2025, 65(2): 107427.
28. 楊依磊, 張虎, 曹佳, 等. 多黏菌素B霧化吸入在機械通氣重癥肺炎患者中的有效性和安全性. 中國藥房, 2023, 34(19): 2385-90.
29. Liu J, Shao M, Xu Q, et al. Low-dose intravenous plus inhaled versus intravenous polymyxin B for the treatment of extensive drug-resistant Gram-negative ventilator-associated pneumonia in the critical illnesses: a multi-center matched case-control study. Ann Intensive Care, 2022, 12(1): 72.
30. Jasim R, Schneider EK, Han M, et al. A Fresh Shine onCystic Fibrosis Inhalation Therapy: Antimicrobial Synergy of Polymyxin B in Combination with Silver Nanoparticles. J Biomed Nanotechno, 2017, 13(4): 447-57.
31. Kuti JL, Wang Q, Chen H, et al. Defining the potency of amikacin against escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and acinetobacter baumannii derived from chinese hospitals using clsi and inhalation-based breakpoints. Infect Drug Resist, 2018, 11: 783-790.
32. Gaurav A, Kothari A, Omar B J, et al. Assessment of polymyxin B-doxycycline in combination against pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro and in a mouse model of acute pneumonia. Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2020, 56(1): 106022.
33. Dugernier J, Ehrmann S, Sottiaux T, et al. Aerosol delivery during invasive mechanical ventilation: a systematic review. Crit Care, 2017, 21(1): 264.
34. Ehrmann S, Roche-Campo F, Bodet-Contentin L, et al. Aerosol therapy in intensive and intermediate care units: Prospective observation of 2808 critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med, 2016, 42(2): 192-201.
35. Sun Q, Chang W, Liu X, et al. Aerosol therapy during mechanical ventilation in intensive care units: A questionnaire-based survey of 2203 ICU medical staff in China. J Intensive Med, 2022, 2(3): 189-94.
36. Rouby JJ, Sole-Lleonart C, Rello J; European Investigators Network for Nebulized Antibiotics in Ventilator-associated Pneumonia. Ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria: understanding nebulization of aminoglycosides and colistin. Intensive Care Med, 2020, 46(4): 766-70.
37. Vardakas KZ, Tansarli GS, Rafailidis PI, et al. Carbapenems versus alternative antibiotics for the treatment of bacteraemia due to Enterobacteriaceae producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2012, 67(12): 2793-803.
38. Velkov T, Abdul Rahim N, Zhou QT, et al. Inhaled anti-infective chemotherapy for respiratory tract infections: successes, challenges and the road ahead. Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 2015, 85: 65-82.
39. Wenzler E, Fraidenburg DR, Scardina T, et al. Inhaled Antibiotics for Gram-Negative Respiratory Infections. Clin Microbiol Rev, 2016, 29(3): 581-632.
40. Marschke G, Sarauw A. Polymyxin inhalation therapeutic hazard. Ann Intern Med, 1971, 74(1): 144-5.
41. Jasani B, Kreil G, Mackler B F, et al. Further studies on the structural requirements for polypeptide-mediated histamine release from rat mast cells. Biochem J, 1979, 181(3): 623-32.
42. Ahmed MU, Velkov T, Lin YW, et al. Potential Toxicity of Polymyxins in human lung Epithelial Cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2017, 61(6): e02690-16.
43. Ahmed MU, Velkov T, Zhou QT, et al. Intracellular localization of polymyxins in human alveolar epithelial cells. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2019, 74(1): 48-57.
44. Li M, Azad MAK, Ahmed MU, et al. Polymyxin induces Significant Transcriptomic Perturbations of Cellular Signalling Networks in Human Lung Epithelial Cells. Antibiotics (Basel), 2022, 11(3): 307.
45. Almangour TA, Garcia E, Zhou Q, et al. Polymyxins for the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections: Lessons learned from the integration of clinical pharmacokinetic studies and clinical outcomes. Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2021, 57(6): 106328.
46. Vardakas KZ, Voulgaris GL, Samonis G, et al. Inhaled colistin monotherapy for respiratory tract infections in adults without cystic fibrosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2018, 51(1): 1-9.
47. Biagi M, Butler D, Tan X, et al. A Breath of Fresh Air in the Fog of Antimicrobial Resistance: Inhaled Polymyxins for Gram-Negative Pneumonia. Antibiotics (Basel), 2019, 8(1): 27.
48. Berlana D, Llop JM, Manresa F, et al. Outpatient treatment of pseudomonas aeruginosa bronchial colonization with long-term inhaled colistin, tobramycin, or both in adults without cystic fibrosis. Pharmacotherapy, 2011, 31(2): 146-57.
49. Craven DE, Lichtenberg DA, Goularte TA, et al. Contaminated medication nebulizers in mechanical ventilator circuits. Source of bacterial aerosols. Am J Med, 1984, 77(5): 834-8.
50. Prober CG, Walson PD, Jones J. Technical report: Precautions regarding the use of aerosolized antibiotics. Committee on infectious diseases and committee on drugs. Pediatrics, 2000, 106(6): E89.
51. Mattos KP, Lloret GR, Cintra ML, et al. Acquired skin hyperpigmentation following intravenous polymyxin B treatment: a cohort study. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res, 2016, 29(3): 388-90.
52. Mattos KPH, Cintra ML, Gouvêa IR, et al. Skin hyperpigmentation following intravenous polymyxin B treatment associated with melanocyte activation and inflammatory process. J Clin Pharm Ther, 2017, 42(5): 573-578.
53. Lakota EA, Landersdorfer CB, Nation RL, et al. Personalizing Polymyxin B Dosing Using an Adaptive Feedback Control Algorithm. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2018, 62(7): e00483-18.
54. Huang Y, Liao M, Hu X, et al. Advances in the clinical treatment of multidrug-resistant pathogens using polymyxins. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2024, 79(12): 3210-3229.

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多黏菌素B霧化吸入在醫院獲得性肺炎中的應用進展

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