慢性阻塞性肺疾病風險因素的研究進展_Chinese Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

Authors：

呂垚 ¹ , 張瑞 ^1,2 , 崔慧杰 ² , 陳楚萍 ¹ , 劉璇 ² ,  雷弋 ^1,2 ,  李為民 ²

1. ;
2. ;

Corresponding?author：

雷弋, Email: leiyi111@scu.edu.cn; 李為民, Email: weimi003@scu.edu.cn

Keywords：

DOI：

10.7507/1671-6205.202506051

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

1.	Safiri S, Carson-Chahhoud K, Noori M, et al. Burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and its attributable risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. BMJ, 2022, 378: e069679.
2.	GBD Chronic Respiratory Disease Collaborators. Prevalence and attributable health burden of chronic respiratory diseases, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet Respir Med, 2020, 8(6): 585-596.
3.	GBD 2021 Risk Factors Collaborators. Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet, 2024, 403(10440): 2162-2203.
4.	GBD 2023 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global burden of 292 causes of death in 204 countries and territories and 660 subnational locations, 1990-2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023. Lancet. 2025 ;406(10513): 1811-1872.
5.	Wang C, Xu J, Yang L, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in China (the China Pulmonary Health [CPH] study): a national cross-sectional study. Lancet. 2018;391(10131): 1706-1717.
6.	Adeloye D, Song P, Zhu Y, et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence of, and risk factors for, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in 2019: a systematic review and modelling analysis. Lancet Respir Med, 2022, 10(5): 447-458.
7.	Li X, Cao X, Guo M, et al. Trends and risk factors of mortality and disability adjusted life years for chronic respiratory diseases from 1990 to 2017: systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. BMJ, 2020, 370: m3150.
8.	Varmaghani M, Dehghani M, Heidari E, et al. Global prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. East Mediterr Health J, 2019, 25(1): 47-57.
9.	Ng R, Sutradhar R, Yao Z, et al. Smoking, drinking, diet and physical activity - modifiable lifestyle risk factors and their associations with age to first chronic disease. Int J Epidemiol, 2020, 49(1): 113-130.
10.	Yang IA, Jenkins CR, Salvi SS. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in never-smokers: risk factors, pathogenesis, and implications for prevention and treatment. Lancet Respir Med. 2022;10(5): 497-511.
11.	Liu Y, Carlson SA, Watson KB, et al. Trends in the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among adults aged ≥18 Years - United States, 2011-2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2023, 72(46): 1250-1256.
12.	楊文怡, 王敬鑫, 艾麗梅, 等. 中國人群主動吸煙與慢性阻塞性肺病關系的Meta分析. 現代預防醫學, 2022, 49(22): 4064-4070+4084.
13.	尹艷榕, 陳婧瑜, 鐘文玲, 等. 福建省40歲及以上男性吸煙人群慢性阻塞性肺疾病患病相關因素分析. 中國慢性病預防與控制, 2023, 31(08): 597-600.
14.	Burney P, Patel J, Minelli C, et al. Prevalence and population-attributable risk for chronic airflow obstruction in a large multinational study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2021, 203(11): 1353-1365.
15.	He Y, Jiang B, Li LS, et al. Secondhand smoke exposure predicted COPD and other tobacco-related mortality in a 17-year cohort study in China. Chest, 2012, 142(4): 909-918.
16.	Jordan RE, Cheng KK, Miller MR, et al. Passive smoking and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: cross-sectional analysis of data from the Health Survey for England. BMJ Open, 2011, 1(2): e000153.
17.	Xu F, Yin X, Zhang M, et al. Prevalence of physician-diagnosed COPD and its association with smoking among urban and rural residents in regional mainland China. Chest, 2005, 128(4): 2818-2823.
18.	張陽, 王勝云, 焦雨佼. COPD患者戒煙干預不同時間點的戒煙率及其影響因素的研究. 醫學理論與實踐, 2023, 36(05): 871-873.
19.	Apte K, Salvi S. Household air pollution and its effects on health. F1000Research. 2016;5.
20.	Zhong N, Wang C, Yao W, et al. Prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in China: a large, population-based survey. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2007, 176(8): 753-760.
21.	Bourbeau J, Doiron D, Biswas S, et al. Ambient air pollution and dysanapsis: Associations with lung function and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the Canadian Cohort Obstructive Lung Disease Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2022, 206(1): 44-55.
22.	Doiron D, de Hoogh K, Probst-Hensch N, et al. Air pollution, lung function and COPD: results from the population-based UK Biobank study. Eur Respir J, 2019, 54(1): 1802140.
23.	Zhang Y, Ding Z, Xiang Q, et al. Short-term effects of ambient PM(1) and PM(2. 5) air pollution on hospital admission for respiratory diseases: Case-crossover evidence from Shenzhen, China. Int J Hyg Environ Health, 2020, 224: 113418.
24.	Assad NA, Kapoor V, Sood A. Biomass smoke exposure and chronic lung disease. Curr Opin Pulm Med, 2016, 22(2): 150-157.
25.	De Matteis S, Jarvis D, Darnton A, et al. The occupations at increased risk of COPD: analysis of lifetime job-histories in the population-based UK Biobank Cohort. Eur Respir J, 2019, 54(1): 1800369.
26.	Marcon A, Locatelli F, Dharmage SC, et al. The coexistence of asthma and COPD: risk factors, clinical history and lung function trajectories. Eur Respir J, 2021, 58(5): 2004656.
27.	Leung C, Sin DD. Asthma-COPD overlap: What are the important questions? Chest, 2022, 161(2): 330-344.
28.	Bisgaard H, N?rgaard S, Sevelsted A, et al. Asthma-like symptoms in young children increase the risk of COPD. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2021, 147(2): 569-576. e5.
29.	Lee SH, Hwang ED, Lim JE, et al. The Risk Factors and Characteristics of COPD Among Nonsmokers in Korea: An Analysis of KNHANES IV and V. Lung. 2016;194(3): 353-361.
30.	Gupte AN, Paradkar M, Selvaraju S, et al. Assessment of lung function in successfully treated tuberculosis reveals high burden of ventilatory defects and COPD. PloS one. 2019;14(5): e0217289.
31.	Allwood BW, Gillespie R, Galperin-Aizenberg M, et al. Obstructive pulmonary disease in patients with previous tuberculosis: Pathophysiology of a community-based cohort. S Afr Med J. 2017;107(5): 440-445.
32.	Li J, Zhu L, Wei Y, et al. Association between adiposity measures and COPD risk in Chinese adults. Eur Respir J, 2020, 55(4): 1901899.
33.	Peralta GP, Marcon A, Carsin AE, et al. Body mass index and weight change are associated with adult lung function trajectories: the prospective ECRHS study. Thorax, 2020, 75(4): 313-320.
34.	吳林. 慢性阻塞性肺疾病的危險因素與綜合防治. 人人健康, 2019(4): 61-62.
35.	S?rheim IC, Johannessen A, Gulsvik A, et al. Gender differences in COPD: are women more susceptible to smoking effects than men? Thorax, 2010, 65(6): 480-485.
36.	DeMeo DL. Sex, Gender, and COPD. Annu Rev Physiol, 2025, 87(1): 471-490.
37.	Scicluna V, Han M. COPD in women: Future challenges. Arch Bronconeumol, 2023, 59(1): 3-4.
38.	Agusti A, Faner R. Lung function trajectories in health and disease. Lancet Respir Med. 2019;7(4): 358-364.
39.	Lange P, Celli B, Agustí A, et al. Lung-Function Trajectories Leading to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(2): 111-122.
40.	Mahmoud O, Granell R, Peralta GP, et al. Early-life and health behaviour influences on lung function in early adulthood. Eur Respir J, 2023, 61(3): 2201300.
41.	Bui DS, Perret JL, Walters EH, et al. Association between very to moderate preterm births, lung function deficits, and COPD at age 53 years: analysis of a prospective cohort study. Lancet Respir Med. 2022;10(5): 478-484.
42.	尤巧云. 958例慢性阻塞性肺疾病高危人群風險因素及中醫證候學特征研究. 安徽中醫藥大學, 2023.
43.	Zhang PD, Zhang XR, Zhang A, et al. Associations of genetic risk and smoking with incident COPD. Eur Respir J, 2022, 59(2): 2100699.
44.	Hernández Pérez JM. Alpha1-Antitrypsin Deficiency. N Engl J Med, 2024, 22;391(8): e16.
45.	Madison MC, Margaroli C, Genschmer KR, et al. Protease-armed, pathogenic extracellular vesicles link smoking and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2023, 208(10): 1115-1125.
46.	Franciosi AN, Hobbs BD, McElvaney OJ, et al. Clarifying the risk of lung disease in SZ alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2020, 202(1): 73-82.
47.	Cho MH, Hobbs BD, Silverman EK. Genetics of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: understanding the pathobiology and heterogeneity of a complex disorder. Lancet Respir Med, 2022, 10(5): 485-496.
48.	Shrine N, Izquierdo AG, Chen J, et al. Multi-ancestry genome-wide association analyses improve resolution of genes and pathways influencing lung function and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease risk. Nat Genet, 2023, 55(3): 410-422.
49.	林秀, 林凱洵, 徐海紅, 等. 慢性阻塞性肺疾病篩查工具的研究進展實用心腦肺血管病雜志. 2025;33(1): 132-137.
50.	王秀秀, 柳月, 張冉, 等. 4種篩查問卷對慢性阻塞性肺疾病診斷價值的網狀Meta分析. 中國循證醫學雜志, 2023, 23(2): 179-185.
51.	Mendy A, Merianos AL, Mersha TB, et al. Blood volatile organic compounds associated with non-reversible and reversible airflow obstruction in US adults. Eur Respir J, 2022, 60(5): 2201185.
52.	肖心儒, 施宇佳, 張倩. 慢性阻塞性肺疾病生物學標志物的研究進展南京醫科大學學報(自然科學版). 2023;43(7): 1011-1016+1021.
53.	Wei Y, Wang S, Wang D, et al. Expression and clinical significance of serum amyloid A and interleukin-6 in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Exp Ther Med. 2020;19(3): 2089-2094.
54.	Garudadri S, Woodruff PG, Han MK, et al. Systemic Markers of Inflammation in Smokers With Symptoms Despite Preserved Spirometry in SPIROMICS. Chest. 2019;155(5): 908-917.
55.	2025 GOLD report[EB/OL]. [2025-12-16]. https://goldcopd.org/2025-gold-report/.
56.	中華醫學會呼吸病學分會肺功能學組. 成人肺功能檢查技術進展及臨床應用推薦指南(2025版)[J/OL]中華肺部疾病雜志(電子版), 2025, 18(02): 197-212.
57.	彭博, 張小娟, 姜驍桐, 等. 基層醫療衛生機構慢性阻塞性肺疾病基本藥物與診斷設備可獲得性調查研究. 中國全科醫學, 2022, 25(07): 771-781.
58.	中華醫學會, 中華醫學會雜志社, 中華醫學會全科醫學分會, 等. 中國常規肺功能檢查基層指南(2024年). 中華全科醫師雜志, 2025, 24(02): 121-137.
59.	劉安琪, 劉敏. 慢性阻塞性肺疾病影像學研究進展. 國際呼吸雜志, 2024, 44(12): 1466-1471.
60.	de-Torres JP, Celli BR. COPD detection in lung cancer screening programmes: "hitting two birds with one stone". Eur Respir J, 2022, 60(6): 2201294.
61.	Hopkinson NS, Bush A, Allinson JP, et al. Early life exposures and the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease across the life course. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2024, 210(5): 572-580.

1. Safiri S, Carson-Chahhoud K, Noori M, et al. Burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and its attributable risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. BMJ, 2022, 378: e069679.
2. GBD Chronic Respiratory Disease Collaborators. Prevalence and attributable health burden of chronic respiratory diseases, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet Respir Med, 2020, 8(6): 585-596.
3. GBD 2021 Risk Factors Collaborators. Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet, 2024, 403(10440): 2162-2203.
4. GBD 2023 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global burden of 292 causes of death in 204 countries and territories and 660 subnational locations, 1990-2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023. Lancet. 2025 ;406(10513): 1811-1872.
5. Wang C, Xu J, Yang L, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in China (the China Pulmonary Health [CPH] study): a national cross-sectional study. Lancet. 2018;391(10131): 1706-1717.
6. Adeloye D, Song P, Zhu Y, et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence of, and risk factors for, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in 2019: a systematic review and modelling analysis. Lancet Respir Med, 2022, 10(5): 447-458.
7. Li X, Cao X, Guo M, et al. Trends and risk factors of mortality and disability adjusted life years for chronic respiratory diseases from 1990 to 2017: systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. BMJ, 2020, 370: m3150.
8. Varmaghani M, Dehghani M, Heidari E, et al. Global prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. East Mediterr Health J, 2019, 25(1): 47-57.
9. Ng R, Sutradhar R, Yao Z, et al. Smoking, drinking, diet and physical activity - modifiable lifestyle risk factors and their associations with age to first chronic disease. Int J Epidemiol, 2020, 49(1): 113-130.
10. Yang IA, Jenkins CR, Salvi SS. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in never-smokers: risk factors, pathogenesis, and implications for prevention and treatment. Lancet Respir Med. 2022;10(5): 497-511.
11. Liu Y, Carlson SA, Watson KB, et al. Trends in the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among adults aged ≥18 Years - United States, 2011-2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2023, 72(46): 1250-1256.
12. 楊文怡, 王敬鑫, 艾麗梅, 等. 中國人群主動吸煙與慢性阻塞性肺病關系的Meta分析. 現代預防醫學, 2022, 49(22): 4064-4070+4084.
13. 尹艷榕, 陳婧瑜, 鐘文玲, 等. 福建省40歲及以上男性吸煙人群慢性阻塞性肺疾病患病相關因素分析. 中國慢性病預防與控制, 2023, 31(08): 597-600.
14. Burney P, Patel J, Minelli C, et al. Prevalence and population-attributable risk for chronic airflow obstruction in a large multinational study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2021, 203(11): 1353-1365.
15. He Y, Jiang B, Li LS, et al. Secondhand smoke exposure predicted COPD and other tobacco-related mortality in a 17-year cohort study in China. Chest, 2012, 142(4): 909-918.
16. Jordan RE, Cheng KK, Miller MR, et al. Passive smoking and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: cross-sectional analysis of data from the Health Survey for England. BMJ Open, 2011, 1(2): e000153.
17. Xu F, Yin X, Zhang M, et al. Prevalence of physician-diagnosed COPD and its association with smoking among urban and rural residents in regional mainland China. Chest, 2005, 128(4): 2818-2823.
18. 張陽, 王勝云, 焦雨佼. COPD患者戒煙干預不同時間點的戒煙率及其影響因素的研究. 醫學理論與實踐, 2023, 36(05): 871-873.
19. Apte K, Salvi S. Household air pollution and its effects on health. F1000Research. 2016;5.
20. Zhong N, Wang C, Yao W, et al. Prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in China: a large, population-based survey. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2007, 176(8): 753-760.
21. Bourbeau J, Doiron D, Biswas S, et al. Ambient air pollution and dysanapsis: Associations with lung function and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the Canadian Cohort Obstructive Lung Disease Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2022, 206(1): 44-55.
22. Doiron D, de Hoogh K, Probst-Hensch N, et al. Air pollution, lung function and COPD: results from the population-based UK Biobank study. Eur Respir J, 2019, 54(1): 1802140.
23. Zhang Y, Ding Z, Xiang Q, et al. Short-term effects of ambient PM(1) and PM(2. 5) air pollution on hospital admission for respiratory diseases: Case-crossover evidence from Shenzhen, China. Int J Hyg Environ Health, 2020, 224: 113418.
24. Assad NA, Kapoor V, Sood A. Biomass smoke exposure and chronic lung disease. Curr Opin Pulm Med, 2016, 22(2): 150-157.
25. De Matteis S, Jarvis D, Darnton A, et al. The occupations at increased risk of COPD: analysis of lifetime job-histories in the population-based UK Biobank Cohort. Eur Respir J, 2019, 54(1): 1800369.
26. Marcon A, Locatelli F, Dharmage SC, et al. The coexistence of asthma and COPD: risk factors, clinical history and lung function trajectories. Eur Respir J, 2021, 58(5): 2004656.
27. Leung C, Sin DD. Asthma-COPD overlap: What are the important questions? Chest, 2022, 161(2): 330-344.
28. Bisgaard H, N?rgaard S, Sevelsted A, et al. Asthma-like symptoms in young children increase the risk of COPD. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2021, 147(2): 569-576. e5.
29. Lee SH, Hwang ED, Lim JE, et al. The Risk Factors and Characteristics of COPD Among Nonsmokers in Korea: An Analysis of KNHANES IV and V. Lung. 2016;194(3): 353-361.
30. Gupte AN, Paradkar M, Selvaraju S, et al. Assessment of lung function in successfully treated tuberculosis reveals high burden of ventilatory defects and COPD. PloS one. 2019;14(5): e0217289.
31. Allwood BW, Gillespie R, Galperin-Aizenberg M, et al. Obstructive pulmonary disease in patients with previous tuberculosis: Pathophysiology of a community-based cohort. S Afr Med J. 2017;107(5): 440-445.
32. Li J, Zhu L, Wei Y, et al. Association between adiposity measures and COPD risk in Chinese adults. Eur Respir J, 2020, 55(4): 1901899.
33. Peralta GP, Marcon A, Carsin AE, et al. Body mass index and weight change are associated with adult lung function trajectories: the prospective ECRHS study. Thorax, 2020, 75(4): 313-320.
34. 吳林. 慢性阻塞性肺疾病的危險因素與綜合防治. 人人健康, 2019(4): 61-62.
35. S?rheim IC, Johannessen A, Gulsvik A, et al. Gender differences in COPD: are women more susceptible to smoking effects than men? Thorax, 2010, 65(6): 480-485.
36. DeMeo DL. Sex, Gender, and COPD. Annu Rev Physiol, 2025, 87(1): 471-490.
37. Scicluna V, Han M. COPD in women: Future challenges. Arch Bronconeumol, 2023, 59(1): 3-4.
38. Agusti A, Faner R. Lung function trajectories in health and disease. Lancet Respir Med. 2019;7(4): 358-364.
39. Lange P, Celli B, Agustí A, et al. Lung-Function Trajectories Leading to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(2): 111-122.
40. Mahmoud O, Granell R, Peralta GP, et al. Early-life and health behaviour influences on lung function in early adulthood. Eur Respir J, 2023, 61(3): 2201300.
41. Bui DS, Perret JL, Walters EH, et al. Association between very to moderate preterm births, lung function deficits, and COPD at age 53 years: analysis of a prospective cohort study. Lancet Respir Med. 2022;10(5): 478-484.
42. 尤巧云. 958例慢性阻塞性肺疾病高危人群風險因素及中醫證候學特征研究. 安徽中醫藥大學, 2023.
43. Zhang PD, Zhang XR, Zhang A, et al. Associations of genetic risk and smoking with incident COPD. Eur Respir J, 2022, 59(2): 2100699.
44. Hernández Pérez JM. Alpha1-Antitrypsin Deficiency. N Engl J Med, 2024, 22;391(8): e16.
45. Madison MC, Margaroli C, Genschmer KR, et al. Protease-armed, pathogenic extracellular vesicles link smoking and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2023, 208(10): 1115-1125.
46. Franciosi AN, Hobbs BD, McElvaney OJ, et al. Clarifying the risk of lung disease in SZ alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2020, 202(1): 73-82.
47. Cho MH, Hobbs BD, Silverman EK. Genetics of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: understanding the pathobiology and heterogeneity of a complex disorder. Lancet Respir Med, 2022, 10(5): 485-496.
48. Shrine N, Izquierdo AG, Chen J, et al. Multi-ancestry genome-wide association analyses improve resolution of genes and pathways influencing lung function and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease risk. Nat Genet, 2023, 55(3): 410-422.
49. 林秀, 林凱洵, 徐海紅, 等. 慢性阻塞性肺疾病篩查工具的研究進展實用心腦肺血管病雜志. 2025;33(1): 132-137.
50. 王秀秀, 柳月, 張冉, 等. 4種篩查問卷對慢性阻塞性肺疾病診斷價值的網狀Meta分析. 中國循證醫學雜志, 2023, 23(2): 179-185.
51. Mendy A, Merianos AL, Mersha TB, et al. Blood volatile organic compounds associated with non-reversible and reversible airflow obstruction in US adults. Eur Respir J, 2022, 60(5): 2201185.
52. 肖心儒, 施宇佳, 張倩. 慢性阻塞性肺疾病生物學標志物的研究進展南京醫科大學學報(自然科學版). 2023;43(7): 1011-1016+1021.
53. Wei Y, Wang S, Wang D, et al. Expression and clinical significance of serum amyloid A and interleukin-6 in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Exp Ther Med. 2020;19(3): 2089-2094.
54. Garudadri S, Woodruff PG, Han MK, et al. Systemic Markers of Inflammation in Smokers With Symptoms Despite Preserved Spirometry in SPIROMICS. Chest. 2019;155(5): 908-917.
55. 2025 GOLD report[EB/OL]. [2025-12-16]. https://goldcopd.org/2025-gold-report/.
56. 中華醫學會呼吸病學分會肺功能學組. 成人肺功能檢查技術進展及臨床應用推薦指南(2025版)[J/OL]中華肺部疾病雜志(電子版), 2025, 18(02): 197-212.
57. 彭博, 張小娟, 姜驍桐, 等. 基層醫療衛生機構慢性阻塞性肺疾病基本藥物與診斷設備可獲得性調查研究. 中國全科醫學, 2022, 25(07): 771-781.
58. 中華醫學會, 中華醫學會雜志社, 中華醫學會全科醫學分會, 等. 中國常規肺功能檢查基層指南(2024年). 中華全科醫師雜志, 2025, 24(02): 121-137.
59. 劉安琪, 劉敏. 慢性阻塞性肺疾病影像學研究進展. 國際呼吸雜志, 2024, 44(12): 1466-1471.
60. de-Torres JP, Celli BR. COPD detection in lung cancer screening programmes: "hitting two birds with one stone". Eur Respir J, 2022, 60(6): 2201294.
61. Hopkinson NS, Bush A, Allinson JP, et al. Early life exposures and the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease across the life course. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2024, 210(5): 572-580.

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