Objective To review the research progress and clinical applications of biologically derived materials in scleral reconstruction. Methods A comprehensive review of recent domestic and international literature was conducted to systematically summarize various biologically derived materials, analyzing their therapeutic outcomes and modification strategies in posterior scleral reinforcement (PSR), scleral defect repair, and glaucoma drainage device (GDD) tube coverage. Results Biologically derived materials show distinct advantages in different scenarios of scleral reconstruction. In PSR, allogeneic sclera, dura mater, and bovine pericardium can enhance mechanical support of the posterior pole and slow axial elongation; emerging materials such as silk fibroin and gelatin methacrylcyl demonstrate potential in promoting collagen deposition and scleral remodeling. In scleral defect repair, sclera, cornea, amniotic membrane, and collagen matrix can facilitate defect closure, vascularization, and stromal integration. In GDD tube coverage, sclera, cornea, pericardium, and amniotic membrane-umbilical cord tissue can reduce the risk of tube exposure. Overall, individual materials remain limited by mechanical properties, donor availability, or biological activity. Crosslinking modification and composite reinforcement can significantly improve mechanical support and tissue-inductive capacity, promoting the transition from passive repair to active physiological remodeling. Conclusion Biologically derived materials hold significant value in scleral reconstruction. The development of intelligent and multifunctional composite materials represents the core direction for future research.
