From two-dimensional to three-dimensional: new advances in choroidal vascularity index in ophthalmology_Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

Authors：

Rong Zhuowei ^1,2 ,  Peng Chao ¹

1. Department of Ophthalmology, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Affiliated to Guangdong Medical University, Jiangmen 529000, China;
2. Department of Ophthalmology, People’s Hospital of Jiangmen, Jiangmen 529000, China;

Corresponding?author：

Peng Chao, Email: ppy1125@126.com

Keywords：

Choroidal vascularity index; Optical coherence tomography; Three-dimensional imaging; Ophthalmic diseases; Artificial intelligence; Review

DOI：

10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20250701-00294

Video：

Export PDF Favorites Scan Get Citation

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Choroidal vascularity index (CVI), as a new biological parameter to quantitatively evaluate the state of choroidal vessels, has shown great potential in the diagnosis and treatment of ophthalmic diseases in recent years. CVI primarily calculated from images obtained via optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography, demonstrates enhanced accuracy, stability, and clinical value with the advancement of three-dimensional imaging and artificial intelligence technologies. Compared with two-dimensional CVI, three-dimensional CVI comprehensively reflects the spatial distribution and structural changes of choroidal blood vessels by constructing three-dimensional choroidal models through ultra-widefield scanning. In various ophthalmic diseases, including age-related macular degeneration, central serous chorioretinopathy, diabetic retinopathy, and pathological myopia, CVI exhibits characteristic changes that not only contribute to understanding disease pathogenesis but also serve as indicators for early screening, individualized treatment, and efficacy monitoring. The application of artificial intelligence and deep learning technology improves the efficiency of automated CVI analysis, while integration with multimodal imaging further optimizes disease evaluation. Future efforts should focus on establishing standardized measurement protocols and quality control systems to promote its broader application and development in ophthalmology.

Citation： Rong Zhuowei, Peng Chao. From two-dimensional to three-dimensional: new advances in choroidal vascularity index in ophthalmology. Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases, 2026, 42(6): 547-553. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20250701-00294 Copy

1.	Betzler BK, Ding J, Wei X, et al. Choroidal vascularity index: a step towards software as a medical device[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2022, 106(2): 149-155. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2021-318782.
2.	Motamed Shariati M, Khazaei S, Yaghoobi M. Choroidal vascularity index in health and systemic diseases: a systematic review[J/OL]. Int J Retina Vitreous, 2024, 10(1): 87[2024-11-18]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39558436/. DOI: 10.1186/s40942-024-00607-8.
3.	Tan KA, Gupta P, Agarwal A, et al. State of science: choroidal thickness and systemic health[J]. Surv Ophthalmol, 2016, 61(5): 566-581. DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2016.02.007.
4.	Di Pippo M, Santia C, Rullo D, et al. The choroidal vascularity index versus optical coherence tomography angiography in the evaluation of the choroid with a focus on age-related macular degeneration[J]. Tomography, 2023, 9(4): 1456-1470. DOI: 10.3390/tomography9040116.
5.	劉然, 晏穎, 陳曉. 脈絡膜血管指數的臨床運用研究進展[J]. 眼科新進展, 2020, 40(7): 696-700. DOI: 10.13389/i.cnki.rao.2020.0159.Liu R, Yan Y, Chen X. Clinical application and research progress of choroidal vascular index[J]. Rec Adv Ophthalmol, 2020, 40(7): 696-700. DOI: 10.13389/i.cnki.rao.2020.0159.
6.	Agrawal R, Gupta P, Tan KA, et al. Choroidal vascularity index as a measure of vascular status of the choroid: measurements in healthy eyes from a population-based study[J/OL]. Sci Rep, 2016, 6: 21090[2016-02-12]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26868048/. DOI: 10.1038/srep21090.
7.	Agrawal R, Ding J, Sen P, et al. Exploring choroidal angioarchitecture in health and disease using choroidal vascularity index[J/OL]. Prog Retin Eye Res, 2020, 77: 100829[2020-01-10]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31927136/. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100829.
8.	Iovino C, Pellegrini M, Bernabei F, et al. Choroidal vasculature index: an in-depth analysis of this novel optical coherence tomography parameter[J/OL]. J Clin Med, 2020, 9(2): 595[2020-01-21]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32098215/. DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020595.
9.	Sadeghi E, Valsecchi N, Ibrahim MN, et al. Three-dimensional choroidal vessels assessment in age-related macular degeneration[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2024, 65(13): 38-39. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.13.39.
10.	Masood S, Fang R, Li P, et al. Automatic choroid layer segmentation from optical coherence tomography images using deep learning[J/OL]. Sci Rep, 2019, 9 (1): 3058[2019-02-28]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30816296/. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39795-x.
11.	Xuan M, Wang W, Shi D, et al. A deep learning–based fully automated program for choroidal structure analysis within the region of interest in myopic children[J]. Transl Vis Sci Technol, 2023, 12(3): 22. DOI: 10.1167/tvst.12.3.22.
12.	董雪雯, 劉春夢, 趙丹丹, 等. 糖尿病患者脈絡膜厚度及血管指數變化的研究進展[J]. 中國中醫眼科雜志, 2022, 32(7): 585-588. DOI: 10.13444/j.cnki.zgzyykzz.2022.07.018.Dong XW, Liu CM, Zhao DD, et al. Advances in the study of choroidal thickness and choroidal vascularity index in diabetic patients[J]. Chinese Journal of Chinese Ophthalmology, 2022, 32(7): 585-588. DOI: 10.13444/j.cnki.zgzyykzz.2022.07.018.
13.	Valsecchi N, Sadeghi E, Davis E, et al. Assessment of choroidal vessels in healthy eyes using 3-dimensional vascular maps and a semi-automated deep learning approach[J/OL]. Sci Rep, 2025, 15(1): 714[2025-01-03]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39753934/. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-85189-7.
14.	Tan KA, Laude A, Yip V, et al. Choroidal vascularity index - a novel optical coherence tomography parameter for disease monitoring in diabetes mellitus?[J/OL]. Acta Ophthalmol, 2016, 94(7): e612-e616[2016-05-06]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27151819/. DOI: 10.1111/aos.13044.
15.	Gupta P, Saw SM, Cheung CY, et al. Choroidal thickness and high myopia: a case–control study of young Chinese men in Singapore[J/OL]. Acta Ophthalmol, 2015, 93(7): e585-e592[2014-12-21]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25529388/. DOI: 10.1111/aos.12631.
16.	Rasheed MA, Sahoo NK, Goud A, et al. Qualitative comparison of choroidal vascularity measurement algorithms[J]. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2018, 66(12): 1785-1789. DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_663_18.
17.	Wang L, Wang W, Zhou Z, et al. Quantitative assessment of choroidal thickness and choroidal vascular features in healthy eyes based on image binarization of EDI-OCT: a single-center cross-sectional analysis in Chinese population[J/OL]. J Clin Med, 2023, 12(5): 1911[2023-02-28]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36902698/. DOI: 10.3390/jcm12051911.
18.	Wei X, Sonoda S, Mishra C, et al. Comparison of choroidal vascularity markers on optical coherence tomography using two-image binarization techniques[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2018, 59(3): 1206-1211. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-22720.
19.	Zeng Q, Luo L, Yao Y, et al. Three-dimensional choroidal vascularity index in central serous chorioretinopathy using ultra-widefield swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography[J/OL]. Front Med (Lausanne), 2022, 9: 967369[2022-09-07]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36160148/. DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.967369.
20.	Ma F, Bai Y, Duan J, et al. Validation of reliability, repeatability and consistency of three-dimensional choroidal vascular index[J/OL]. Sci Rep, 2024, 14(1): 1576[2024-01-18]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38238371/. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51922-x.
21.	Sadeghi E, Du K, Ajayi O, et al. Three-dimensional choroidal vessels assessment in diabetic retinopathy[J/OL]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2025, 66(3): 50[2025-03-03]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40131298/. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.66.3.50.
22.	Brown R, Mohan S, Chhablani J. Pachychoroid spectrum disorders: an updated review[J]. J Ophthalmic Vis Res, 2023, 18(2): 212-229. DOI: 10.18502/jovr.v18i2.13188.
23.	Xiao B, Song Y, Yan M, et al. Quantitative analysis of choroidal vascular structures and anatomical changes in pachychoroid spectrum diseases using ultra-widefield SS-OCTA[J/OL]. Sci Rep, 2025, 15 (1): 344[2025-01-02]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39747120/. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-82745-5.
24.	Sacconi R, Vella G, Battista M, et al. Choroidal vascularity index in different cohorts of dry age-related macular degeneration[J/OL]. Transl Vis Sci Technol, 2021, 10(12): 26[2021-10-04]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34665234/. DOI: 10.1167/tvst.10.12.26.
25.	Wei X, Ting DSW, Ng WY, et al. Choroidal vascularity index: a novel optical coherence tomography based parameter in patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration[J]. Retina, 2017, 37(6): 1120-1125. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000001312.
26.	Ting DSW, Yanagi Y, Agrawal R, et al. Choroidal remodeling in age-related macular degeneration and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: a 12-month prospective study[J/OL]. Sci Rep, 2017, 7(1): 7868[2017-08-11]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28801615/. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08276-4.
27.	Ma?yszczak A, Prze?dziecka-Do?yk JW, Szyde?ko-Pa?ko U, et al. Retinal and choroidal vascularization parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes without diabetic retinopathy[J]. Clin Ophthalmol, 2024, 18: 3019-3029. DOI: 10.2147/OPTH.S480207.
28.	沙艷會, 李爽, 王薇, 等. 關于糖尿病視網膜病變患者脈絡膜血管指數的初步研究[J]. 國際眼科雜志, 2020, 20(9): 1587-1593. DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2020.9.24.Sha YH, Li S, Wang W, et al. A preliminary study of choroidal vascular index in patients with diabetic retinopathy[J]. Int Eye Sci, 2020, 20(9): 1587-1593. DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2020.9.24.
29.	紀風濤, 王慧, 李永蓉, 等. 不同程度DR對三維脈絡膜血管指數變化的影響及其意義[J]. 中華實驗眼科雜志, 2024, 42(8): 736-743. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115989-20230209-00044.Ji FT, Wang H, Li YR, et al. Influence of the severity of diabetic retinopathy on three-dimensional choroidal vascularity index and its significance[J]. Chin J Exp Ophthalmol, 2024, 42(8): 736-743. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115989-20230209-00044.
30.	李雪, 景蕊霞, 王振, 等. 脈絡膜血管生物標志物在糖尿病性黃斑水腫中的應用研究進展[J]. 山東第一醫科大學(山東省醫學科學院)學報, 2024, 45(12): 764-768. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0005.2024.12.011.Li X, Jing RX, Wang Z, et al. Research progress of choroidal vascular biomarkers in diabetic macular edema[J]. Journal of ShanDong First Medical University & ShanDong Academy of Medical Sciences, 2024, 45(12): 764-768. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0005.2024.12.011.
31.	Wang Y, Chen S, Lin J, et al. Vascular changes of the choroid and their correlations with visual acuity in pathological myopia[J/OL]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2022, 63(12): 20[2022-11-01]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36378132/. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.12.20.
32.	吳敏慧, 喬依琳, 葉宇峰, 等. 不同程度近視眼視盤旁萎縮弧和脈絡膜血管指數及其相關性研究[J]. 中華眼底病雜志, 2022, 38(10): 829-834. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20220329-00178.Wu MH, Qiao YL, Ye YF, et al. Parapapillary atrophy, choroidal vascularity index and their correlation in different degrees of myopia[J]. Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 2022, 38(10): 829-834. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20220329-00178.
33.	王一益, 林玨, 張日炎, 等. 基于掃頻光源光學相干斷層成像觀察病理性近視眼脈絡膜厚度和血管變化[J]. 中華眼視光學與視覺科學雜志, 2021, 23(3): 171-178. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115909-20200807-00325.Wang YY, Lin J, Zhang RY, et al. Changes in choroidal thickness and blood vessels in pathological myopia using swept-source optical coherence tomography[J]. Chin J Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2021, 23(3): 171-178. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115909-20200807-00325.
34.	涂書, 姚昱歐, 曾巧珠, 等. 基于超廣角SS-OCTA的高度近視患者脈絡膜血管改變[J]. 中華實驗眼科雜志, 2024, 42(11): 1020-1027. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115989-20230125-00026.Tu S, Yao YO, Zeng QZ, et al. Choroidal vascular changes in high myopic patients using ultra-widefield SS-OCTA[J]. Chin J Exp Ophthalmol, 2024, 42(11): 1020-1027. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115989-20230125-00026.
35.	Park JW, Suh MH, Agrawal R, et al. Peripapillary choroidal vascularity index in glaucoma-A comparison between spectral-domain OCT and OCT angiography[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2018, 59(8): 3694-3701. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24315.
36.	Wang D, Xiao H, Lin S, et al. Comparison of the choroid in primary open angle and angle closure glaucoma using optical coherence tomography[J/OL]. J Glaucoma, 2023, 32(11): e137-e144[2023-11-01]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37671543/. DOI: 10.1097/IJG.0000000000002303.
37.	Wang YM, Hui VWK, Shi J, et al. Characterization of macular choroid in normal-tension glaucoma: a swept-source optical coherence tomography study[J/OL]. Acta Ophthalmol, 2021, 99 (8): e1421-e1429[2021-03-06]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33675169/. DOI: 10.1111/aos.14829.
38.	Huang HL, Wang GH, Niu LL, et al. Three-dimensional choroidal vascularity index and choroidal thickness in fellow eyes of acute and chronic primary angle-closure using swept-source optical coherence tomography[J]. Int J Ophthalmol, 2024, 17(1): 42-52. DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2024.01.06.
39.	Loiudice P, Covello G, Figus M, et al. Choroidal vascularity index in central and branch retinal vein occlusion[J/OL]. J Clin Med, 2022, 11(16): 4756[2022-08-15]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36012996/. DOI: 10.3390/jcm11164756.
40.	郎需強, 王康, 李爽, 等. 脈絡膜血管指數在視網膜中央靜脈阻塞治療預后評估中價值初步分析[J]. 臨床眼科雜志, 2019, 27(4): 298-303. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8422.2019.04.003.Lang XQ, Wang K, Li S, et al. A pilot study of choroidal vascularity index as a predictor for treatment outcomes in central retinal vein occlusion[J]. J Clin Ophthalmol, 2019, 27(4): 298-303. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8422.2019.04.003.
41.	任立宇, 李曉麗, 解士勇, 等. 孔源性視網膜脫離患眼鞏膜扣帶手術后視網膜和脈絡膜血流改變[J]. 中華眼底病雜志, 2025, 41(5): 349-357. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20240715-00261.Ren LY, Li XL, Xie SY, et al. The changes in retinal and choroidal blood after scleral buckling surgery for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment[J]. Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 2025, 41(5): 349-357. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20240715-00261.
42.	Agrawal R, Salman M, Tan KA, et al. Choroidal vascularity index (CVI)--a novel optical coherence tomography parameter for monitoring patients with panuveitis?[J/OL]. PLoS One, 2016, 11(1): e0146344[2016-01-11]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26751702/. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146344.
43.	Avc? E, Kucukoduk A. Choroidal vascular changes in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease[J]. Endokrynol Pol, 2023, 74(4): 430-436. DOI: 10.5603/ep.95686.
44.	Zhang Y, Yang L, Gao Y, et al. Choroid and choriocapillaris changes in early-stage Parkinson's disease: a swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography-based cross-sectional study[J/OL]. Alzheimers Res Ther, 2022, 14(1): 116[2022-08-25]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36008844/. DOI: 10.1186/s13195-022-01054-z.
45.	Demirlek C, Atas F, Yalincetin B, et al. Choroidal structural analysis in ultra-high risk and first-episode psychosis[J]. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 2023, 70: 72-80. DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.02.016.
46.	Mirshahi R, Naseripour M, Shojaei A, et al. Differentiating a pachychoroid and healthy choroid using an unsupervised machine learning approach[J/OL]. Sci Rep, 2022, 12(1): 16323[2022-09-29]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36175534/. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20749-9.
47.	D'Aloisio R, Ruggeri ML, Porreca A, et al. Choroidal vascularity index fluctuations in epiretinal membranes in vitreoretinal surgery: comparison between idiopathic and diabetic ones[J/OL]. Transl Vis Sci Technol, 2023, 12(12): 9[2023-12-01]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38060233/. DOI: 10.1167/tvst.12.12.9.
48.	Aggarwal R, Sounderajah V, Martin G, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of deep learning in medical imaging: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J/OL]. NPJ Digit Med, 2021, 4(1): 65[2021-04-07]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33828217/. DOI: 10.1038/s41746-021-00438-z.
49.	Hormel TT, Hwang TS, Bailey ST, et al. Artificial intelligence in OCT angiography[J/OL]. Prog Retin Eye Res, 2021, 85: 100965[2021-03-22]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33766775/. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100965.
50.	Viggiano P, Boscia G, Sadeghi E, et al. Pachychoroid disease spectrum: how multimodal imaging and OCT angiography have improved our knowledge[J/OL]. Prog Retin Eye Res, 2025, 107: 101372[2025-05-23]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40414595/. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2025.101372.

1. Betzler BK, Ding J, Wei X, et al. Choroidal vascularity index: a step towards software as a medical device[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2022, 106(2): 149-155. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2021-318782.
2. Motamed Shariati M, Khazaei S, Yaghoobi M. Choroidal vascularity index in health and systemic diseases: a systematic review[J/OL]. Int J Retina Vitreous, 2024, 10(1): 87[2024-11-18]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39558436/. DOI: 10.1186/s40942-024-00607-8.
3. Tan KA, Gupta P, Agarwal A, et al. State of science: choroidal thickness and systemic health[J]. Surv Ophthalmol, 2016, 61(5): 566-581. DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2016.02.007.
4. Di Pippo M, Santia C, Rullo D, et al. The choroidal vascularity index versus optical coherence tomography angiography in the evaluation of the choroid with a focus on age-related macular degeneration[J]. Tomography, 2023, 9(4): 1456-1470. DOI: 10.3390/tomography9040116.
5. 劉然, 晏穎, 陳曉. 脈絡膜血管指數的臨床運用研究進展[J]. 眼科新進展, 2020, 40(7): 696-700. DOI: 10.13389/i.cnki.rao.2020.0159.Liu R, Yan Y, Chen X. Clinical application and research progress of choroidal vascular index[J]. Rec Adv Ophthalmol, 2020, 40(7): 696-700. DOI: 10.13389/i.cnki.rao.2020.0159.
6. Agrawal R, Gupta P, Tan KA, et al. Choroidal vascularity index as a measure of vascular status of the choroid: measurements in healthy eyes from a population-based study[J/OL]. Sci Rep, 2016, 6: 21090[2016-02-12]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26868048/. DOI: 10.1038/srep21090.
7. Agrawal R, Ding J, Sen P, et al. Exploring choroidal angioarchitecture in health and disease using choroidal vascularity index[J/OL]. Prog Retin Eye Res, 2020, 77: 100829[2020-01-10]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31927136/. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100829.
8. Iovino C, Pellegrini M, Bernabei F, et al. Choroidal vasculature index: an in-depth analysis of this novel optical coherence tomography parameter[J/OL]. J Clin Med, 2020, 9(2): 595[2020-01-21]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32098215/. DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020595.
9. Sadeghi E, Valsecchi N, Ibrahim MN, et al. Three-dimensional choroidal vessels assessment in age-related macular degeneration[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2024, 65(13): 38-39. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.13.39.
10. Masood S, Fang R, Li P, et al. Automatic choroid layer segmentation from optical coherence tomography images using deep learning[J/OL]. Sci Rep, 2019, 9 (1): 3058[2019-02-28]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30816296/. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39795-x.
11. Xuan M, Wang W, Shi D, et al. A deep learning–based fully automated program for choroidal structure analysis within the region of interest in myopic children[J]. Transl Vis Sci Technol, 2023, 12(3): 22. DOI: 10.1167/tvst.12.3.22.
12. 董雪雯, 劉春夢, 趙丹丹, 等. 糖尿病患者脈絡膜厚度及血管指數變化的研究進展[J]. 中國中醫眼科雜志, 2022, 32(7): 585-588. DOI: 10.13444/j.cnki.zgzyykzz.2022.07.018.Dong XW, Liu CM, Zhao DD, et al. Advances in the study of choroidal thickness and choroidal vascularity index in diabetic patients[J]. Chinese Journal of Chinese Ophthalmology, 2022, 32(7): 585-588. DOI: 10.13444/j.cnki.zgzyykzz.2022.07.018.
13. Valsecchi N, Sadeghi E, Davis E, et al. Assessment of choroidal vessels in healthy eyes using 3-dimensional vascular maps and a semi-automated deep learning approach[J/OL]. Sci Rep, 2025, 15(1): 714[2025-01-03]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39753934/. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-85189-7.
14. Tan KA, Laude A, Yip V, et al. Choroidal vascularity index - a novel optical coherence tomography parameter for disease monitoring in diabetes mellitus?[J/OL]. Acta Ophthalmol, 2016, 94(7): e612-e616[2016-05-06]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27151819/. DOI: 10.1111/aos.13044.
15. Gupta P, Saw SM, Cheung CY, et al. Choroidal thickness and high myopia: a case–control study of young Chinese men in Singapore[J/OL]. Acta Ophthalmol, 2015, 93(7): e585-e592[2014-12-21]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25529388/. DOI: 10.1111/aos.12631.
16. Rasheed MA, Sahoo NK, Goud A, et al. Qualitative comparison of choroidal vascularity measurement algorithms[J]. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2018, 66(12): 1785-1789. DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_663_18.
17. Wang L, Wang W, Zhou Z, et al. Quantitative assessment of choroidal thickness and choroidal vascular features in healthy eyes based on image binarization of EDI-OCT: a single-center cross-sectional analysis in Chinese population[J/OL]. J Clin Med, 2023, 12(5): 1911[2023-02-28]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36902698/. DOI: 10.3390/jcm12051911.
18. Wei X, Sonoda S, Mishra C, et al. Comparison of choroidal vascularity markers on optical coherence tomography using two-image binarization techniques[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2018, 59(3): 1206-1211. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-22720.
19. Zeng Q, Luo L, Yao Y, et al. Three-dimensional choroidal vascularity index in central serous chorioretinopathy using ultra-widefield swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography[J/OL]. Front Med (Lausanne), 2022, 9: 967369[2022-09-07]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36160148/. DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.967369.
20. Ma F, Bai Y, Duan J, et al. Validation of reliability, repeatability and consistency of three-dimensional choroidal vascular index[J/OL]. Sci Rep, 2024, 14(1): 1576[2024-01-18]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38238371/. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51922-x.
21. Sadeghi E, Du K, Ajayi O, et al. Three-dimensional choroidal vessels assessment in diabetic retinopathy[J/OL]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2025, 66(3): 50[2025-03-03]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40131298/. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.66.3.50.
22. Brown R, Mohan S, Chhablani J. Pachychoroid spectrum disorders: an updated review[J]. J Ophthalmic Vis Res, 2023, 18(2): 212-229. DOI: 10.18502/jovr.v18i2.13188.
23. Xiao B, Song Y, Yan M, et al. Quantitative analysis of choroidal vascular structures and anatomical changes in pachychoroid spectrum diseases using ultra-widefield SS-OCTA[J/OL]. Sci Rep, 2025, 15 (1): 344[2025-01-02]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39747120/. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-82745-5.
24. Sacconi R, Vella G, Battista M, et al. Choroidal vascularity index in different cohorts of dry age-related macular degeneration[J/OL]. Transl Vis Sci Technol, 2021, 10(12): 26[2021-10-04]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34665234/. DOI: 10.1167/tvst.10.12.26.
25. Wei X, Ting DSW, Ng WY, et al. Choroidal vascularity index: a novel optical coherence tomography based parameter in patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration[J]. Retina, 2017, 37(6): 1120-1125. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000001312.
26. Ting DSW, Yanagi Y, Agrawal R, et al. Choroidal remodeling in age-related macular degeneration and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: a 12-month prospective study[J/OL]. Sci Rep, 2017, 7(1): 7868[2017-08-11]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28801615/. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08276-4.
27. Ma?yszczak A, Prze?dziecka-Do?yk JW, Szyde?ko-Pa?ko U, et al. Retinal and choroidal vascularization parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes without diabetic retinopathy[J]. Clin Ophthalmol, 2024, 18: 3019-3029. DOI: 10.2147/OPTH.S480207.
28. 沙艷會, 李爽, 王薇, 等. 關于糖尿病視網膜病變患者脈絡膜血管指數的初步研究[J]. 國際眼科雜志, 2020, 20(9): 1587-1593. DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2020.9.24.Sha YH, Li S, Wang W, et al. A preliminary study of choroidal vascular index in patients with diabetic retinopathy[J]. Int Eye Sci, 2020, 20(9): 1587-1593. DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2020.9.24.
29. 紀風濤, 王慧, 李永蓉, 等. 不同程度DR對三維脈絡膜血管指數變化的影響及其意義[J]. 中華實驗眼科雜志, 2024, 42(8): 736-743. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115989-20230209-00044.Ji FT, Wang H, Li YR, et al. Influence of the severity of diabetic retinopathy on three-dimensional choroidal vascularity index and its significance[J]. Chin J Exp Ophthalmol, 2024, 42(8): 736-743. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115989-20230209-00044.
30. 李雪, 景蕊霞, 王振, 等. 脈絡膜血管生物標志物在糖尿病性黃斑水腫中的應用研究進展[J]. 山東第一醫科大學(山東省醫學科學院)學報, 2024, 45(12): 764-768. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0005.2024.12.011.Li X, Jing RX, Wang Z, et al. Research progress of choroidal vascular biomarkers in diabetic macular edema[J]. Journal of ShanDong First Medical University & ShanDong Academy of Medical Sciences, 2024, 45(12): 764-768. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0005.2024.12.011.
31. Wang Y, Chen S, Lin J, et al. Vascular changes of the choroid and their correlations with visual acuity in pathological myopia[J/OL]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2022, 63(12): 20[2022-11-01]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36378132/. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.12.20.
32. 吳敏慧, 喬依琳, 葉宇峰, 等. 不同程度近視眼視盤旁萎縮弧和脈絡膜血管指數及其相關性研究[J]. 中華眼底病雜志, 2022, 38(10): 829-834. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20220329-00178.Wu MH, Qiao YL, Ye YF, et al. Parapapillary atrophy, choroidal vascularity index and their correlation in different degrees of myopia[J]. Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 2022, 38(10): 829-834. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20220329-00178.
33. 王一益, 林玨, 張日炎, 等. 基于掃頻光源光學相干斷層成像觀察病理性近視眼脈絡膜厚度和血管變化[J]. 中華眼視光學與視覺科學雜志, 2021, 23(3): 171-178. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115909-20200807-00325.Wang YY, Lin J, Zhang RY, et al. Changes in choroidal thickness and blood vessels in pathological myopia using swept-source optical coherence tomography[J]. Chin J Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2021, 23(3): 171-178. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115909-20200807-00325.
34. 涂書, 姚昱歐, 曾巧珠, 等. 基于超廣角SS-OCTA的高度近視患者脈絡膜血管改變[J]. 中華實驗眼科雜志, 2024, 42(11): 1020-1027. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115989-20230125-00026.Tu S, Yao YO, Zeng QZ, et al. Choroidal vascular changes in high myopic patients using ultra-widefield SS-OCTA[J]. Chin J Exp Ophthalmol, 2024, 42(11): 1020-1027. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115989-20230125-00026.
35. Park JW, Suh MH, Agrawal R, et al. Peripapillary choroidal vascularity index in glaucoma-A comparison between spectral-domain OCT and OCT angiography[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2018, 59(8): 3694-3701. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24315.
36. Wang D, Xiao H, Lin S, et al. Comparison of the choroid in primary open angle and angle closure glaucoma using optical coherence tomography[J/OL]. J Glaucoma, 2023, 32(11): e137-e144[2023-11-01]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37671543/. DOI: 10.1097/IJG.0000000000002303.
37. Wang YM, Hui VWK, Shi J, et al. Characterization of macular choroid in normal-tension glaucoma: a swept-source optical coherence tomography study[J/OL]. Acta Ophthalmol, 2021, 99 (8): e1421-e1429[2021-03-06]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33675169/. DOI: 10.1111/aos.14829.
38. Huang HL, Wang GH, Niu LL, et al. Three-dimensional choroidal vascularity index and choroidal thickness in fellow eyes of acute and chronic primary angle-closure using swept-source optical coherence tomography[J]. Int J Ophthalmol, 2024, 17(1): 42-52. DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2024.01.06.
39. Loiudice P, Covello G, Figus M, et al. Choroidal vascularity index in central and branch retinal vein occlusion[J/OL]. J Clin Med, 2022, 11(16): 4756[2022-08-15]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36012996/. DOI: 10.3390/jcm11164756.
40. 郎需強, 王康, 李爽, 等. 脈絡膜血管指數在視網膜中央靜脈阻塞治療預后評估中價值初步分析[J]. 臨床眼科雜志, 2019, 27(4): 298-303. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8422.2019.04.003.Lang XQ, Wang K, Li S, et al. A pilot study of choroidal vascularity index as a predictor for treatment outcomes in central retinal vein occlusion[J]. J Clin Ophthalmol, 2019, 27(4): 298-303. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8422.2019.04.003.
41. 任立宇, 李曉麗, 解士勇, 等. 孔源性視網膜脫離患眼鞏膜扣帶手術后視網膜和脈絡膜血流改變[J]. 中華眼底病雜志, 2025, 41(5): 349-357. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20240715-00261.Ren LY, Li XL, Xie SY, et al. The changes in retinal and choroidal blood after scleral buckling surgery for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment[J]. Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 2025, 41(5): 349-357. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20240715-00261.
42. Agrawal R, Salman M, Tan KA, et al. Choroidal vascularity index (CVI)--a novel optical coherence tomography parameter for monitoring patients with panuveitis?[J/OL]. PLoS One, 2016, 11(1): e0146344[2016-01-11]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26751702/. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146344.
43. Avc? E, Kucukoduk A. Choroidal vascular changes in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease[J]. Endokrynol Pol, 2023, 74(4): 430-436. DOI: 10.5603/ep.95686.
44. Zhang Y, Yang L, Gao Y, et al. Choroid and choriocapillaris changes in early-stage Parkinson's disease: a swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography-based cross-sectional study[J/OL]. Alzheimers Res Ther, 2022, 14(1): 116[2022-08-25]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36008844/. DOI: 10.1186/s13195-022-01054-z.
45. Demirlek C, Atas F, Yalincetin B, et al. Choroidal structural analysis in ultra-high risk and first-episode psychosis[J]. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 2023, 70: 72-80. DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.02.016.
46. Mirshahi R, Naseripour M, Shojaei A, et al. Differentiating a pachychoroid and healthy choroid using an unsupervised machine learning approach[J/OL]. Sci Rep, 2022, 12(1): 16323[2022-09-29]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36175534/. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20749-9.
47. D'Aloisio R, Ruggeri ML, Porreca A, et al. Choroidal vascularity index fluctuations in epiretinal membranes in vitreoretinal surgery: comparison between idiopathic and diabetic ones[J/OL]. Transl Vis Sci Technol, 2023, 12(12): 9[2023-12-01]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38060233/. DOI: 10.1167/tvst.12.12.9.
48. Aggarwal R, Sounderajah V, Martin G, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of deep learning in medical imaging: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J/OL]. NPJ Digit Med, 2021, 4(1): 65[2021-04-07]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33828217/. DOI: 10.1038/s41746-021-00438-z.
49. Hormel TT, Hwang TS, Bailey ST, et al. Artificial intelligence in OCT angiography[J/OL]. Prog Retin Eye Res, 2021, 85: 100965[2021-03-22]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33766775/. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100965.
50. Viggiano P, Boscia G, Sadeghi E, et al. Pachychoroid disease spectrum: how multimodal imaging and OCT angiography have improved our knowledge[J/OL]. Prog Retin Eye Res, 2025, 107: 101372[2025-05-23]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40414595/. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2025.101372.

Previous Article
Research progress on the effects of diabetic retinopathy therapies on choroidopathy
Next Article
Research progress on retinal disease modeling using retinal organoids

Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

From two-dimensional to three-dimensional: new advances in choroidal vascularity index in ophthalmology

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Previous Article

Next Article

Format

Content