Esophageal cancer is one of the common malignant tumors with high incidence and poor prognosis. Angiogenesis-related pathways play an important role in the occurrence and development of esophageal cancer. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is the main mediator of angiogenesis. In addition to promoting angiogenesis and maintaining the survival of neovascularization, VEGF can also directly act on esophageal cancer cells and promote the occurrence and development of tumors. This article reviews the biology of VEGF and its effect on blood vessels, the expression of VEGF in esophageal cancer cells and its influencing factors, the role of VEGF in esophageal cancer cells, the immunomodulatory activity of VEGF and the clinical study of VEGF inhibitors. The purpose of this study is to provide a basis for more rational use of VEGF inhibitors in the treatment of esophageal cancer.
Objective To analyze the advances of cancer stem cell (CSC) in recent years, and to propose a prospect for CSC research and cancer therapy. Methods Articles about important advances of CSC theory and cancer therapy were reviewed, and then selected and summarized. Results In 2001, CSC was first put forward as a concept, till now, which has been confirmed in many tissues. In recent years, efforts were dedicated to such topics including: identification of CSC in sol id tumors, the origin of CSC, its niche and growth mechanism, cancer therapy, etc. According to the CSC theory, traditional therapeutic methods have deficiencies, and new treatment targeting CSC may thoroughly el iminate tumors. Conclusion At present, CSC theory is still controversial, while it proposed revolutionary methods and directions for the therapy of cancer.
Objective To review the progress in the cl inical treatment of Kienbouml;ck’s disease. Methods Related l iterature concerning the treatment of Kienbouml;ck’s disease was reviewed, and comprehensive analysis was done. Results The treatment methods of Kienbouml;ck’s disease include non-surgical treatment and surgical treatment, which are primarily guided bythe anatomic factor and Lichtman stage. Non-surgical treatment methods should be selected in patients of children and at stage I. Surgical treatment methods include vascularized bone graft transfer into the cored-out lunate, radial shortening osteotomy, radial lateral wedge osteotomy, etc. All surgical treatment methods have advantages and disadvantages. Conclusion For the treatment of Kienbouml;ck’s disease, none of procedure is superior to another. In short, choosing different treatment strategies based on different patients can achieve the desired outcome.
Healthcare-associated infection management has advanced rapidly in recent years. With the development of more standards and guidelines, infection control measures become more standardized and evidence-based. Evidence-based measures are increasingly applied in infection control, which promote more studies on the prevention and control of healthcare-associated infections. Furthermore, more new ideas of infection control have emerged, with old ones being challenged. The hand hygiene reform, multidrug-resistant organisms, and surgical site infections become the hot topics in recent years. In addition, whole-genome sequencing also provides more bases for understanding pathogen transmission in hospitals. Based on the high-quality studies published in recent years, this opinion review discusses these hot topics in the prevention and control of healthcare-associated infections.
【Abstract】 Objective To review the progress in pathoanatomy, diagnosis, and treatment of posterolateral rotatory instability (PLRI) of the elbow. Methods Related literature concerning PLRI of the elbow was extensively reviewed, comprehensive analysis was done. Results The lateral collateral ligament complex (LCLC), radial head, capitellum, and coronoid process are important constraints to PLRI. Muscle groups that cross the lateral elbow are secondary constraints to PLRI. Clinical examination includes lateral pivot-shift test, lateral pivot-shift apprehension test, chair sign, active floor push-up sign, tabletop relocation test, and posterolateral rotatory drawer test. Radiology, arthroscopy, and ultrasound can help diagnosis of PLRI. Reconstruction of bony fixation or soft tissue fixation can be used for treatment of injured LCLC. Conclusion The primary constraints to PLRI is LCLC. Ultrasound imaging is accurate for identification and measurement of normal LCLC. Therefore, ultrasound may prove valuable in assessment of abnormal lateral ulnar collateral ligaments. Reconstruction of soft tissue fixation, which can avoid iatrogenic fracture, is a selective treatment method.
Objective To review the research progress on the three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction and visual ization of peri pheral nerve. Methods Literature about the research on the 3D reconstruction and visual ization of peripheral nerve both at home and abroad were extensively reviewed and thoroughly analyzed. Results The appl ication of 3D reconstruction and visual ization technology was capable of not only reappearing the 3D outer contour and spatial adjacent relationship of peripheral nerve veritably but also displaying, rotating, zooming, dividing and real-time measuring their 3D internal structure and the del icate pathways in any direction either separately or totally. Prel iminary achievements were achievedin terms of brachial plexus, lumbosacral plexus, the functional cluster of nerve trunk, intramuscular nerve distribution pattern, peripheral nerve regeneration and the 3D reconstruction and visual ization research of complex tissue including peripheral nerve. However, the research on the visual ization of peripheral nerve was still in the initial stage since such problems as recognition, segmentation, registration and fusion of the peripheral nerve information were not resolved yet. Conclusion Researching 3D reconstruction and visual ization of the peripheral nerve is of great value for updating the diagnosis and treatment principle of peripheral nerve injury, improving its diagnosis and treatment method and launching a new way for the studying and teaching, which may be a new growing point for the peripheral nerve surgery.
Objective To review the recent research and clinical progress of artificial osteoconductive materials. Methods Recent and related literatures were extensively and comprehensively reviewed. Results Many achievements about the clinical application of the artificial osteoconductive materials were made. Ithad become one of the hotspots of bone tissue engineering research. Some were clinically applied and good clinical results were achieved. Conclusion As it provides new clinic method for treating bone defect, artificial osteoconductive material is of great potential in its application. To improve its microstructure, macroshape, mechanism of osteoinductive ability, and to accelerate new bone for mation will be the hotspots of the research on artificial osteoconductive material.
Core outcome set (COS) is an agreed and minimal set of outcomes that should be measured and reported in all clinical trials in specific areas of health or healthcare, which can reduce the heterogeneity of outcomes in similar clinical trials, so that much more trials can merge in systematic reviews. Meanwhile, using COS may be easy to identify potential selective reporting bias in clinical trials. The research of COS has been developed for more than 30 years in western countries. At present there are much more researchers focusing on this area in China. However the status and progress of COS remain unclear. This paper reviewed the quantity of COS, the disease distributions of COS, the geographical locations involved in the development of COS, as well as the methodological progress of COS, so as to clarify the general situation of COS.
Objective
To reviewe the research progress of liposomes as antibiotic carriers.
Methods
Domestic and abroad literature concerning liposomes as antibiotic carriers was reviewed and analyzed thoroughly.
Results
Liposomes as antibiotic carriers can significantly improve drug distribution, enhance antibacterial activity, and reduce the side effects of antibiotics during treatment. But it also has some problems, such as poor physical and chemical stabilities and low encapsulation efficiency.
Conclusion
Liposomes as antibiotic carriers can reduce the drug toxicity, improve drug biodistribution, and pharmacokinetics, and bring the dawn to completely curing infections disease.
Febrile seizure is one of the most common emergencies in children, accounting for about 30% of all types of children, and the most common among children aged 6 months to 5 years. At the same time, children in this age group are at the peak of growth and development, and the content of various trace elements in the body is prone to abnormalities. At present, there are few related studies on febrile seizure and trace elements in children. This paper summarizes the related studies on febrile seizure and trace elements in order to provide theoretical guidance for the prevention and treatment of febrile seizure
