ObjectiveTo summarize the research status of the relationship between hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx), hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) at home and abroad, and to prospect its clinical significance.MethodThe literatures about HBx, HBV genotypes and HCC were reviewed.ResultsThere was a close relationship between HBx and the occurrence, development, migration and metastasis of HCC. There was a certain association between HBV genotypes and HCC, but the specific mechanism had not been clarified.ConclusionsHBx and HBV genotypes play an important role in the occurrence and development of HCC. With the further study of molecular mechanism, it will promote the diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis B, liver cirrhosis and liver cancer, and provide more individualized intervention for clinical workers.
ObjectiveTo understand the role of complement system in the immune mechanism of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its potential therapy value. MethodThe national and international literature relavant researches of complement system in the HCC was reviewed. ResultsBased on HCC as an immunogenic cancer and the complement system as a part of the innate immune system, it had potential application value in immunotherapy. Eight complement components (complement intrinsic components C1q, C3, and mannose binding lectin, soluble regulatory proteins complement factor H and C4b, and membrane regulatory proteins CD46 and CD59, as well as complement receptor C5aR1) were closely associated with HCC. The activation of the complement system could participate in the occurrence and development of HCC through various mechanisms. The complement inhibitor, it could regulate the activity of complement related activation pathways, enhance anti-tumor ability, and provide a potential new strategy for immunotherapy of HCC. ConclusionsAt present, only a few complement components have been found in HCC research. Although it has been found that multiple complement components play a role in regulating the immune mechanism of HCC, there is still no definite or recognized theoretical basis. In the future, further exploration of the protective or pathogenic mechanisms of complement components in HCC immunity is needed to objectively evaluate the risks and benefits of complement related inhibitor therapy and in combination with other anti-tumor immune therapies.
The Chinese human hepatocellular carcinoma cell SMMC7721 has been analysed by flow cytometry, Southern blotting and Western blotting. The results indicated that SMMC7721 cell is a hypoploid cell with a 0.81 DNA index, and that SMMC7721 cell has internal deletion in the 5'-end of its Rb gene and has no Rb gene product (Rb protein). The normal Rb cDNA has been inserted into a retrovirus vector DOL and introduced into SMMC7721 cells by electrporation transfection technique.About 75% of transfected SMMC7721 cells have been killed by Rb gene product. The remain 25% cells are alive as exogenous Rb gene has been mutationally inactivated.
（Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis,1994,10:21-24）
【Abstract】ObjectiveTo investigate the growth effect of methylprednisolone （MP） on human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2.Methods Periodic distribution of cells and cellular apoptosis were detected by using cell culture,immunofluorescence staning of Annex Ⅴ and flow cytometric analysis in hepatocellular carcinoma cell.Results Compared with control group, methylprednisolone increased Ｇ0/Ｇ1 phase cell, decreased S phase cell on human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2 ,which had positive correlation with the time.The apoptosis rate and the necrosis rate of cells had the relation of dose-dependent with the concentration of MP, the cell membrane of early cellular apoptosis was stained green fluorescence. Conclusion Methylprednisolone can induce Ｇ0/Ｇ1 arrest , may play a proliferation-inhibition effect on the hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2.
Objective
To investigate immunological therapeutic effect and safety of dendritic cells (DCs) combined with heat shock protein 70 (HSP70)-peptide complex (PC) derived from autogeneic hepatoma tissue.
Methods
Thirty patients with hepatocellular carcinoma from February 2010 to February 2015 in the Gaochun People’s Hospital of Nanjing and The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University were studied, and subsequently were divided into an immunotherapy group (treated with HSP70-PC/DCs vaccine,n=15) and a chemotherapy group (n=15) according to the prescribed postoperative treatment methods. The levels of T lymphocyte subtypes were assayed by FACS. The toxicity adverse reactions, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), CA19-9, hepatic tumor recurrence rate, survival rate, and KPS of two groups patients were evaluated and compared between these two groups.
Results
① The values of CD3+, CD4+, CD4+/CD8+, and CD3CD56 had no significant differences between the immunotherapy group and the chemotherapy group before treatment (P>0.05), which in the immunotherapy group were significantly higher than those in the chemotherapy group after treatment (P<0.05), and which were significantly higher in the immunotherapy group after treatment as compared with the levels before treatment (P<0.05), and which had no significant differences in the chemotherapy group between after treatment and before treatment (P>0.05). ② Before treatment, the levels of AFP and CA19-9 had no significant differences between the immunotherapy group and the chemotherapy group (P>0.05), which in the immunotherapy group were significantly lower than those in the chemotherapy group after treatment (P<0.05). In the immunotherapy group, the levels of AFP and CA19-9 after treatment were significantly lower than those before treatment (t=2.564，P=0.021；t=2.011，P=0.041), which in the chemotherapy group before treatment were decreased as compared with the levels before treatment (t=2.221,P=0.036;t=2.487,P=0.066). ③ The patients treated with the HSP-PC/DCs vaccines was well tolerated and no obvious toxicity was appeared. ④ All the patients were followed up 5–19 months with median follow-up time of 9 months. The median survival time was 560 d and 436 d in the immunotherapy group and the chemotherapy group, respectively. After treatment, KPS score was significantly higher and recurrence rate was significantly lower in the immunotherapy group as compared with the chemotherapy group (P<0.05). The total survival had no significant difference between the immunotherapy group and the chemotherapy group (P>0.05).
Conclusions
The preliminary results of limited cases in this study show that HSP70-PC/DC vaccination is safe and effective in treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma, the pulsed DCs are effective in activating specific T-cell responses against hepatocellular carcinoma cells. HSP70-PC/DC vaccine might improve immunity and prevent postoperative recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma.
Objective
To investigate relationship between hypoxia microenvironment and occurrence and development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
Method
The relevant literatures on researches of the relationship between the hypoxic microenvironment and the HCC were review and analyzed.
Results
The hypoxia microenvironment played an important role in inducing the drug resistance and angiogenesis of the HCC cells, and it was an important factor of affecting the ability of tumor metabolism, invasion, and migration. The hypoxia microenvironment could up-regulate the expression of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) and promote its transcriptional activity, promote the expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor gene, and regulate the neovascularization in the tumor. Among them, the HIF-1α played a major role in regulating the angiogenesis, immune escape, tumor invasion and metastasis-related gene expression, participating in the glycolysis, regulating lysyl oxidase 2 and thus regulated epithelial-mesenchymal transition, then promoted the invasion and metastasis of the HCC; HIF-2α was a key regulator of the malignant phenotype involving in the cell proliferation, angiogenesis, apoptosis, metabolism, metastasis, and resistance to chemotherapy. The hypoxia microenvironment posed some difficulties for the treatment of HCC, but it was also a potential therapeutic breakthrough.
Conclusion
Hypoxia microenvironment can promote invasion and metastasis of HCC through various mechanisms, which provides new targets and strategies for clinical treatment of HCC.
ObjectiveTo investigate the impact of elevated fasting blood glucose (FBG) level after open radical hepatectomy on the early recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).MethodsThe clinical data of 112 patients with HCC who underwent the open radical hepatecomy from January 2013 to December 2014 in the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University were retrospectively analyzed. After the radical resection of HCC, 86 patients with level of FBG 3.9–6.1 mmol/L and 26 patients with level of FBG≥6.1 mmol/L were design into a normal FBG group and an elevated FBG group, respectively. The recurrence rates of HCC were compared between the two groups at 1- and 2-year after the opreation.ResultsThere were no significant differences between the 2 groups in the gender, age, history of alcohol drinking, hepatitis B history, preoperative ALT, AST, AFP and Child-Pugh classification, scope of hepatectomy, intraoperative hemorrhage, hepatic blood flow occlusion, diameter of maximal tumor, histopathological differentiation, tumor number, cirrhosis, satellite lesion, postoperative adjuvant TACE treatment or not (P>0.05). The postoperative 1- and 2-year recurrence rates of HCC were 19.8% (17/86) and 33.7% (29/86) in the normal FBG group and 42.3% (11/26) and 61.5% (16/26) in the elevated FBG group, respectively, showing significant differences between the 2 groups (P<0.05). The results of multivariate analysis showed that the level of FBG≥6.1 mmol/L, low histopathological differentiation, and no postoperative TACE treatment were the independent risk factors affecting tumor-free survival rate after the open radical resection of HCC (P<0.05). ConclusionsElevated FBG level after open radical resection has a stimulative effect on early recurrence of HCC. As a result, monitoring and controlling of FBG level after operation is helpful in decreasing early recurrence rate of patients with HCC.
ObjectiveTo elucidate the mechanism of evolimus (EVR) and its application, efficacy and common adverse reactions in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients after liver transplantation.MethodRelevant literatures in recent years were searched through websites such as Wanfang, CNKI and PubMed, and the results were read, analyzed and summarized.ResultsCurrently, there are a wide variety of immunosuppressive agents for HCC patients after liver transplantation, and immunosuppressive treatment options are also diverse and there is no unified standard. Today is more widely used clinically used for transplantation immune inhibitors of calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs), but because of its renal toxicity and side effects and recurrence of HCC risk increases, CNIs in HCC patients after liver transplantation using gradually is restricted, and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors are valued, gradually into clinical immunosuppression after liver transplantation for treatment provides a new way of thinking. As an mTOR inhibitor, EVR is gradually being applied to HCC patients after liver transplantation.ConclusionAs an mTOR inhibitor only approved for use in HCC patients after liver transplantation in recent years, relevant literature studies have shown that EVR plays an important role in improving the success rate of transplantation, protecting renal function and inhibiting HCC recurrence.
Primary liver cancer is the sixth most common malignancy and the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) constitutes the majority of primary liver cancer cases. The Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) was introduced to standardize the lexicon, acquisition, interpretation, reporting, and data collection of imaging results in patients at increased risk for HCC. LI-RADS allows effective categorization of focal liver lesions, and has been applied in the full clinical spectrum of HCC from diagnosis, biological behavior characterization, prognosis prediction, to treatment response assessment. This review aimed to summarize the recent applications of CT/MRI LI-RADS in the diagnosis, biological behavior characterization and prognosis prediction of HCC, discuss current challenges and shed light on potential future directions.
ObjectiveTo investigate the application progress of peripheral blood neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) in various treatment methods of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC), aiming to fully understand the value of NLR and PLR in various treatments of HCC.MethodRetrieved and reviewed domestic and foreign literatures related to peripheral blood NLR and PLR and HCC in recent years.ResultsThe treatment of HCC mainly included liver resection, liver transplantation, transarterial chemoembolization, radiofrequency ablation, and sorafenib. Peripheral blood NLR and PLR were related to the survival of HCC patients after treatment. High NLR and PLR often indicated poor prognosis for HCC patients.ConclusionNLR and PLR play a certain role in various treatment methods of HCC, and have a certain value in judging tumor prognosis, recurrence, and metastasis.
